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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sat Jan 29 18:21:05 EST 2011
commit 4e31f5d20704f1af517936c2a71784b6a572fcb9
Merge: e574b16 6701560
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sat Jan 29 14:37:00 2011 -0800
Merge commit '6701560bddbafb7610e66f588884aaeecff45493' into gh-pages
commit e574b1627fc3af7041ecf902d64de1d8cc8a0971
Merge: d3fdace c010821
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Fri Jan 28 21:28:01 2011 -0800
Merge commit 'c0108219255683ed79c56d70b1fed337967ff352' into gh-pages
commit 6701560bddbafb7610e66f588884aaeecff45493
Merge: c010821 5b85cff
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Tue Jan 4 21:13:50 2011 -0500
docbook2html_prepocess improvement and jbophrase stuff in chapter 4.
commit c0108219255683ed79c56d70b1fed337967ff352
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Tue Jan 4 20:46:37 2011 -0500
Reverted inline simplelists in chapter 3 (ab3a84b5994b565d40fed0b9ccc4167fd1b793a1)
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index 34ca43c..348dc8e 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -1,15 +1,22 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-phonology">
<title>The Hills Are Alive With The Sounds Of Lojban</title>
<section xml:id="section-orthography">
<title>Orthography</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>orthography</primary><secondary>relation to pronunciation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronunciation</primary><secondary>relation to orthography</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>audio-visual isomorphism</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>isomorphism</primary><secondary>audio-visual</secondary></indexterm> Lojban is designed so that any properly spoken Lojban utterance can be uniquely transcribed in writing, and any properly written Lojban can be spoken so as to be uniquely reproduced by another person. As a consequence, the standard Lojban orthography must assign to each distinct sound, or phoneme, a unique letter or symbol. Each letter or symbol has only one sound or, more accurately, a limited range of sounds that are permitted pronunciations for that phoneme. Some symbols indicate stress (speech emphasis) and pause, which are also essential to Lojban word recognition. In addition, everything that is represented in other languages by punctuation (when written) or by tone of voice (when spoken) is represented in Lojban by words. These two properties together are known technically as <quote>audio-visual isomorphism</quote>.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>orthography</primary><secondary>relation to pronunciation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronunciation</primary><secondary>relation to orthography</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>audio-visual isomorphism</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>isomorphism</primary><secondary>audio-visual</secondary></indexterm> Lojban is designed so that any properly spoken Lojban utterance can be uniquely transcribed in writing, and any properly written Lojban can be spoken so as to be uniquely reproduced by another person. As a consequence, the standard Lojban orthography must assign to each distinct sound, or phoneme, a unique letter or symbol. Each letter or symbol has only one sound or, more accurately, a limited range of sounds that are permitted pronunciations for that phoneme. Some symbols indicate stress (speech emphasis) and pause, which are also essential to Lojban word recognition. In addition, everything that is represented in other languages by punctuation (when written) or by tone of voice (when spoken) is represented in Lojban by words. These two properties together are known technically as
+
+
+ <quote>audio-visual isomorphism</quote>.</para>
+
+
+
+
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>alphabet</primary><secondary>Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Lojban alphabet</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Latin alphabet</primary></indexterm> Lojban uses a variant of the Latin (Roman) alphabet, consisting of the following letters and symbols:
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="26">
<member>'</member>
<member>,</member>
<member>.</member>
<member>a</member>
<member>b</member>
<member>c</member>
<member>d</member>
<member>e</member>
@@ -91,227 +98,131 @@
<entry>the syllable separator</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">.</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ʔ]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[?]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a glottal stop or a pause</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[a]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɑ]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[a]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[A]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[a]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[A]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>an open vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[b]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[b]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a voiced bilabial stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ʂ]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[ʃ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ʂ]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[S]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[s`]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[S]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[s`]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>an unvoiced coronal sibilant</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">d</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[d]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[d]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a voiced dental/alveolar stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɛ]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[e]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[ɛ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[e]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[E]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[e]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[E]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[e]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a front mid vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">f</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[f]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɸ]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[f]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɸ]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[f]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[p\]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[f]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[p\]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>an unvoiced labial fricative</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ɡ]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[g]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a voiced velar stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[i]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[i]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a front close vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ʐ]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[ʒ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ʐ]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[Z]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[z`]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[Z]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[z`]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced coronal sibilant</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[k]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced velar stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[l̩]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[l̩]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[l]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[l=]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[l]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[l=]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced lateral approximant (may be syllabic)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[m̩]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[m̩]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[m]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[m=]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[m]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[m=]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced bilabial nasal (may be syllabic)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[n̩]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ŋ̍]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ŋ̩]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[n̩]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ŋ̍]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ŋ̩]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[n]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[n=]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[N]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[N=]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[n]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[n=]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[N]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[N=]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced dental or velar nasal (may be syllabic)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɔ]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[o]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɔ]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[o]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[O]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[o]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[O]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a back mid vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[p]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[p]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced bilabial stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɹ]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ʀ]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[r̩]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɾ̩]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ʀ̩]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɹ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ʀ]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[r̩]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ɾ̩]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[ʀ̩]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r\]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[4]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[R\]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r=]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r\=]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[4=]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[R\=]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r\]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[4]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[R\]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r=]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[r\=]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[4=]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[R\=]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a rhotic sound</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[s]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced alveolar sibilant</entry>
</row>
<row>
@@ -321,31 +232,23 @@
<entry>an unvoiced dental/alveolar stop</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[u]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[u]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a back close vowel</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[v]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[β]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="IPA">[v]</phrase>, <phrase role="IPA">[β]</phrase>
</entry>
- <entry>
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[v]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[B]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[v]</phrase>, <phrase role="X-SAMPA">[B]</phrase>
</entry>
<entry>a voiced labial fricative</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[x]</phrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="X-SAMPA">[x]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an unvoiced velar fricative</entry>
</row>
<row>
@@ -435,27 +338,24 @@
<phrase role="IPA">[ʔ]</phrase>) is considered a pause of shortest length. A pause (or glottal stop) may appear between any two words, and in certain cases - explained in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-morphology"/>- must occur. In particular, a word beginning with a vowel is always preceded by a pause, and a word ending in a consonant is always followed by a pause.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>optional</secondary></indexterm> Technically, the period is an optional reminder to the reader of a mandatory pause that is dictated by the rules of the language; because these rules are unambiguous, a missing period can be inferred from otherwise correct text. Periods are included only as an aid to the reader.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>within a word</secondary></indexterm> A period also may be found apparently embedded in a word. When this occurs, such a written string is not one word but two, written together to indicate that the writer intends a unitary meaning for the compound. It is not really necessary to use a space between words if a period appears.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pause</primary><secondary>contrasted with syllable break</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>contrasted with pause</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllable break</primary><secondary>representation in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> The comma is used to indicate a syllable break within a word, generally one that is not obvious to the reader. Such a comma is written to separate syllables, but indicates that there must be no pause between them, in contrast to the period. Between two vowels, a comma indicates that some type of glide may be necessary to avoid a pause that would split the two syllables into separate words. It is always legal to use the apostrophe (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[h]</phrase>) sound in pronouncing a comma. However, a comma cannot be pronounced as a pause or glottal stop between the two letters separated by the comma, because that pronunciation would split the word into two words.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>optional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comma</primary><secondary>main use of</secondary></indexterm> Otherwise, a comma is usually only used to clarify the presence of syllabic
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> or</member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></member>
- </simplelist>
- (discussed later). Commas are never required: no two Lojban words differ solely because of the presence or placement of a comma.</para>
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, or
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> (discussed later). Commas are never required: no two Lojban words differ solely because of the presence or placement of a comma.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>period</primary><secondary>example of</secondary></indexterm> Here is a somewhat artificial example of the difference in pronunciation between periods, commas and apostrophes. In the English song about Old MacDonald's Farm, the vowel string which is written as
<quote>ee-i-ee-i-o</quote> in English could be Lojbanized with periods as:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2B4">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Old McDonald</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c3e3d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>.i.ai.i.ai.o</jbo>
<ipa><phrase role="IPA">[ʔi ʔaj ʔi ʔaj ʔo]</phrase></ipa>
@@ -526,21 +426,21 @@
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Letters</entry>
<entry>IPA</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
- <!-- zort found the first row of the very first table pasted here for some reason; if you find anything funny going on that may have to do with it -->
+ <!--zort found the first row of the very first table pasted here for some reason; if you find anything funny going on that may have to do with it-->
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[aj]</phrase></entry>
<entry>an open vowel with palatal off-glide</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[ɛj]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a front mid vowel with palatal off-glide</entry>
</row>
@@ -612,57 +512,48 @@
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="diphthong">uy</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><phrase role="IPA">[wə]</phrase></entry>
<entry>a central mid vowel with labial on-glide</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>(Approximate English equivalents of most of these diphthongs exist: see
<xref linkend="section-anglophone-diphthongs"/> for examples.)</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>classification of</secondary></indexterm> The first four diphthongs above (
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase> and</member>
- <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase></member>
- </simplelist>
- , the ones with off-glides) are freely used in most types of Lojban words; the ten following ones are used only as stand-alone words and in Lojbanized names and borrowings; and the last two (<jbophrase role="diphthong">iy</jbophrase> and <jbophrase role="diphthong">uy</jbophrase>) are used only in Lojbanized names.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>syllabic</secondary></indexterm> The syllabic consonants of Lojban,
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[l̩]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[m̩]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[n̩]</phrase> and</member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[r̩]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
- , are variants of the non-syllabic
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase> and</member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist>
- respectively. They normally have only a limited distribution, appearing in Lojban names and borrowings, although in principle any
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> or</member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></member>
- </simplelist>
- may be pronounced syllabically. If a syllabic consonant appears next to a
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> or</member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></member>
- </simplelist>
- that is not syllabic, it may not be clear which is which:</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>diphthongs</primary><secondary>classification of</secondary></indexterm> The first four diphthongs above (
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase>, and
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase>, the ones with off-glides) are freely used in most types of Lojban words; the ten following ones are used only as stand-alone words and in Lojbanized names and borrowings; and the last two (
+
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">iy</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase role="diphthong">uy</jbophrase>) are used only in Lojbanized names.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>syllabic consonants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>syllabic</secondary></indexterm> The syllabic consonants of Lojban,
+
+ <phrase role="IPA">[l̩]</phrase>,
+ <phrase role="IPA">[m̩]</phrase>,
+ <phrase role="IPA">[n̩]</phrase>, and
+ <phrase role="IPA">[r̩]</phrase>, are variants of the non-syllabic
+ <phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase>,
+ <phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase>,
+ <phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase>, and
+ <phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase> respectively. They normally have only a limited distribution, appearing in Lojban names and borrowings, although in principle any
+
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, or
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> may be pronounced syllabically. If a syllabic consonant appears next to a
+
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, or
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> that is not syllabic, it may not be clear which is which:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2CE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e4d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>brlgan.</jbo>
<ipa><phrase role="IPA">[br̩l gan]</phrase></ipa>
or <!--FIXME: this gets deleted-->
<ipa><phrase role="IPA">[brl̩ gan]</phrase></ipa>
</pronunciation>
@@ -811,80 +702,72 @@
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
<entry>-</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para>The consonant
- <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> has no voiced counterpart in Lojban. The remaining consonants,
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> and</member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></member>
- </simplelist>, are typically pronounced with voice, but can be pronounced unvoiced.</para>
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> has no voiced counterpart in Lojban. The remaining consonants,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, and
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>, are typically pronounced with voice, but can be pronounced unvoiced.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>contrasted with single consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>contrasted with doubled consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doubled consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with consonant clusters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>doubled consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with single consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with consonant clusters</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>single consonants</primary><secondary>contrasted with doubled consonants</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> Consonant sounds occur in languages as single consonants, or as doubled, or as clustered combinations. Single consonant sounds are isolated by word boundaries or by intervening vowel sounds from other consonant sounds. Doubled consonant sounds are either lengthened like
<phrase role="IPA">[s]</phrase> in English
<quote>hiss</quote>, or repeated like
<phrase role="IPA">[k]</phrase> in English
<quote>backcourt</quote>. Consonant clusters consist of two or more single or doubled consonant sounds in a group, each of which is different from its immediate neighbor. In Lojban, doubled consonants are excluded altogether, and clusters are limited to two or three members, except in Lojbanized names.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>position of</secondary></indexterm> Consonants can occur in three positions in words: initial (at the beginning), medial (in the middle), and final (at the end). In many languages, the sound of a consonant varies depending upon its position in the word. In Lojban, as much as possible, the sound of a consonant is unrelated to its position. In particular, the common American English trait of changing a
<quote>t</quote> between vowels into a
<quote>d</quote> or even an alveolar tap (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[ɾ]</phrase>) is unacceptable in Lojban.
</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>final</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonants</primary><secondary>restrictions on</secondary></indexterm> Lojban imposes no restrictions on the appearance of single consonants in any valid consonant position; however, no consonant (including syllabic consonants) occurs final in a word except in Lojbanized names.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant pairs</primary><secondary>restrictions on</secondary></indexterm> Pairs of consonants can also appear freely, with the following restrictions:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>It is forbidden for both consonants to be the same, as this would violate the rule against double consonants.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>voiced/unvoiced consonants</primary><secondary>restrictions on</secondary></indexterm> It is forbidden for one consonant to be voiced and the other unvoiced. The consonants
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> and</member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></member>
- </simplelist> are exempt from this restriction. As a result,
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">bf</jbophrase> is forbidden, and so is
- <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">sd</jbophrase>, but both
- <jbophrase role="morphology">fl</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="morphology">vl</jbophrase>, and both
- <jbophrase role="morphology">ls</jbophrase> and
- <jbophrase role="morphology">lz</jbophrase>, are permitted.
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, and
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase> are exempt from this restriction. As a result,
+ <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">bf</jbophrase> is forbidden, and so is
+ <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">sd</jbophrase>, but both
+ <jbophrase role="morphology">fl</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase role="morphology">vl</jbophrase>, and both
+ <jbophrase role="morphology">ls</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase role="morphology">lz</jbophrase>, are permitted.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>It is forbidden for both consonants to be drawn from the set
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase> and</member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></member>
- </simplelist>
+ <para>It is forbidden for both consonants to be drawn from the set
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">c</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>The specific pairs
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">cx</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">kx</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">xc</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">xk</jbophrase> and</member>
- <member><jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">mz</jbophrase></member>
- </simplelist> are forbidden.
+ <para>The specific pairs
+ <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">cx</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">kx</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">xc</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">xk</jbophrase>, and
+ <jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">mz</jbophrase> are forbidden.
</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y</primary><secondary>use in avoiding forbidden consonant pairs</secondary></indexterm> These rules apply to all kinds of words, even Lojbanized names. If a name would normally contain a forbidden consonant pair, a
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> can be inserted to break up the pair:
</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2cK">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>James</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c3e6d1"/>
@@ -1124,27 +1007,25 @@
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>more than three consonants in</secondary></indexterm> Lojbanized names can begin or end with any permissible consonant pair, not just the 48 initial consonant pairs listed above, and can have consonant triples in any location, as long as the pairs making up those triples are permissible. In addition, names can contain consonant clusters with more than three consonants, again requiring that each pair within the cluster is valid.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-buffer-vowels">
<title>Buffering Of Consonant Clusters</title>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel</primary><secondary>buffer</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>buffer vowel</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>buffering of</secondary></indexterm> Many languages do not have consonant clusters at all, and even those languages that do have them often allow only a subset of the full Lojban set. As a result, the Lojban design allows the use of a buffer sound between consonant combinations which a speaker finds unpronounceable. This sound may be any non-Lojbanic vowel which is clearly separable by the listener from the Lojban vowels. Some possibilities are IPA
- <simplelist>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ɨ]</phrase></member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ʊ]</phrase> or even</member>
- <member><phrase role="IPA">[ʏ]</phrase></member>
- </simplelist> but there probably is no universally acceptable buffer sound. When using a consonant buffer, the sound should be made as short as possible. Two examples showing such buffering (we will use
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel</primary><secondary>buffer</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>buffer vowel</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>buffering of</secondary></indexterm> Many languages do not have consonant clusters at all, and even those languages that do have them often allow only a subset of the full Lojban set. As a result, the Lojban design allows the use of a buffer sound between consonant combinations which a speaker finds unpronounceable. This sound may be any non-Lojbanic vowel which is clearly separable by the listener from the Lojban vowels. Some possibilities are IPA
+ <phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase>,
+ <phrase role="IPA">[ɨ]</phrase>,
+ <phrase role="IPA">[ʊ]</phrase>, or even
+ <phrase role="IPA">[ʏ]</phrase>, but there probably is no universally acceptable buffer sound. When using a consonant buffer, the sound should be made as short as possible. Two examples showing such buffering (we will use
<phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase> in this chapter) are:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2dg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d1"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>vrusi</jbo>
<ipa><phrase role="IPA">[ˈvru si]</phrase></ipa>
or <!--FIXME: this gets deleted-->
<ipa><phrase role="IPA">[vɪ ˈru si]</phrase></ipa>
@@ -1193,22 +1074,22 @@
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2hN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d5"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>ponyni'u</jbo>
<ipa><phrase role="IPA">[po nə 'ni hu]</phrase></ipa>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>y sound</primary><secondary>contrasted with vowel buffer</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vowel buffer</primary><secondary>contrasted with y sound</secondary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-k2hN"/> cannot contain any buffering vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, which is pronounced
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-k2hN"/> cannot contain any buffering vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, which is pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase>, with the buffer, which has a variety of possible pronunciations and is never written. Consider the contrast between</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2jU">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bone bread</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d6"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
<jbo>bongynanba</jbo>
<ipa><phrase role="IPA">[boŋ gə ˈnan ba]</phrase></ipa>
</pronunciation>
@@ -1322,39 +1203,33 @@
<jbo role="pronunciation">klez,ba</jbo>
<jbo role="pronunciation">kle,zba</jbo>
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para>This word contains the permissible initial pair
<jbophrase role="morphology">zb</jbophrase>, and so may be syllabicated either between
<jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase role="letteral">b</jbophrase> or before
<jbophrase role="morphology">zb</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stressed vowel</primary><secondary>compared with stressed syllable</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stressed syllable</primary><secondary>compared with stressed vowel</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>definition of</secondary></indexterm> Stress is a relatively louder pronunciation of one syllable in a word or group of words. Since every syllable has a vowel sound (or diphthong or syllabic consonant) as its nucleus, and the stress is on the vowel sound itself, the terms
-
<quote>stressed syllable</quote> and
-
-
<quote>stressed vowel</quote> are largely interchangeable concepts.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> Most Lojban words are stressed on the next-to-the-last, or penultimate, syllable. In counting syllables, however, syllables whose vowel is
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> or which contain a syllabic consonant (
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> Most Lojban words are stressed on the next-to-the-last, or penultimate, syllable. In counting syllables, however, syllables whose vowel is <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase> or which contain a syllabic consonant (
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> or</member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></member>
- </simplelist>) are never counted. (The Lojban term for penultimate stress is
- <jbophrase>da'amoi terbasna</jbophrase>.) Similarly, syllables created solely by adding a buffer vowel, such as
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase>, or
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>) are never counted. (The Lojban term for penultimate stress is
+ <jbophrase>da'amoi terbasna</jbophrase>.) Similarly, syllables created solely by adding a buffer vowel, such as
<phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase>, are not counted.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>levels of</secondary></indexterm> There are actually three levels of stress - primary, secondary, and weak. Weak stress is the lowest level, so it really means no stress at all. Weak stress is required for syllables containing
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>, a syllabic consonant, or a buffer vowel.</para>
-
-
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>primary</secondary></indexterm> Primary stress is required on the penultimate syllable of Lojban content words (called
<jbophrase>brivla</jbophrase>). Lojbanized names may be stressed on any syllable, but if a syllable other than the penultimate is stressed, the syllable (or at least its vowel) must be capitalized in writing. Lojban structural words (called
<jbophrase>cmavo</jbophrase>) may be stressed on any syllable or none at all. However, primary stress may not be used in a syllable just preceding a brivla, unless a pause divides them; otherwise, the two words may run together.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>secondary</secondary></indexterm> Secondary stress is the optional and non-distinctive emphasis used for other syllables besides those required to have either weak or primary stress. There are few rules governing secondary stress, which typically will follow a speaker's native language habits or preferences. Secondary stress can be used for contrast, or for emphasis of a point. Secondary stress can be emphasized at any level up to primary stress, although the speaker must not allow a false primary stress in brivla, since errors in word resolution could result.</para>
<para> The following are Lojban words with stress explicitly shown:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cxzt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d6"/>
</title>
<pronunciation>
@@ -1853,21 +1728,21 @@
<quote>d</quote> in the words
<quote>metal</quote> and
<quote>medal</quote> respectively. A tongue-tip flap.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>[ʀ]</term>
<listitem>
<para>One version of Lojban
<jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>. Not an English sound. The French or German
- <phrase xml:lang="de"><quote xml:lang="fr">r</quote></phrase> in <!-- how else to designate two languages at once? -->
+ <phrase xml:lang="de"><quote xml:lang="fr">r</quote></phrase> in <!--not sure how else to designate two languages at once-->
<quote xml:lang="fr">reine</quote> or
<quote xml:lang="de">rot</quote> respectively. A uvular trill.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<phrase role="IPA">[r̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ɹ̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ɾ̩]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ʀ̩]</phrase></term>
@@ -2114,23 +1989,26 @@
<para>
<jbophrase role="diphthong">ia</jbophrase> through
<jbophrase role="diphthong">iu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase role="diphthong">ua</jbophrase> through
<jbophrase role="diphthong">uu</jbophrase> remain unchanged.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>a'i</jbophrase>,
+
<jbophrase>e'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>o'i</jbophrase> and
+
<jbophrase>a'o</jbophrase> become
+
<jbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">a,i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">e,i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">o,i</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase glossary="false" valid="false">a,o</jbophrase>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<jbophrase>i'a</jbophrase> through
<jbophrase>i'u</jbophrase> and
@@ -2145,63 +2023,63 @@
<jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">i,u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">u,a</jbophrase> through
<jbophrase role="diphthong" valid="false">u,u</jbophrase> in names, fu'ivla, and attitudinal cmavo.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>All other vowel pairs simply drop the apostrophe.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
- <para>The result of these rules is to eliminate the apostrophe altogether, replacing it with comma where necessary, and otherwise with nothing. In addition, names and the cmavo <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> are capitalized, and irregular stress is marked with an apostrophe (now no longer used for a sound) following the stressed syllable.</para>
+ <para>The result of these rules is to eliminate the apostrophe altogether, replacing it with comma where necessary, and otherwise with nothing. In addition, names and the cmavo
+ <jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> are capitalized, and irregular stress is marked with an apostrophe (now no longer used for a sound) following the stressed syllable.</para>
+
+
<para>Three points must be emphasized about this alternative orthography:</para>
+
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
- <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-standard orthographies</primary><secondary>caveat</secondary></indexterm>It is not standard, and has not been used.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-standard orthographies</primary><secondary>caveat</secondary></indexterm> It is not standard, and has not been used.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>It does not represent any changes to the standard Lojban phonology; it is simply a representation of the same phonology using a different written form.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>It was designed to aid in a planned rapprochement between the Logical Language Group and The Loglan Institute, a group headed by James Cooke Brown. The rapprochement never took place.</para>
+
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-standard orthographies</primary><secondary>Cyrillic</secondary></indexterm> There also exists a Cyrillic orthography for Lojban which was designed when the introductory Lojban brochure was translated into Russian. It uses the
- <simplelist type="inline">
- <member><quote>а</quote></member>
- <member><quote>б</quote></member>
- <member><quote>в</quote></member>
- <member><quote>г</quote></member>
- <member><quote>д</quote></member>
- <member><quote>е</quote></member>
- <member><quote>ж</quote></member>
- <member><quote>з</quote></member>
- <member><quote>и</quote></member>
- <member><quote>к</quote></member>
- <member><quote>л</quote></member>
- <member><quote>м</quote></member>
- <member><quote>н</quote></member>
- <member><quote>о</quote></member>
- <member><quote>п</quote></member>
- <member><quote>р</quote></member>
- <member><quote>с</quote></member>
- <member><quote>т</quote></member>
- <member><quote>у</quote></member>
- <member><quote>ф</quote></member>
- <member><quote>х</quote> and</member>
- <member><quote>ш</quote></member>
- </simplelist> in the obvious ways. The Latin letter
- <quote>y</quote> is mapped onto the hard sign
- <quote>ъ</quote>, as in Bulgarian. The apostrophe, comma, and period are unchanged. Diphthongs are written as vowel pairs, as in the Roman representation.
- </para>
-
-
+ <quote>а</quote>,
+ <quote>б</quote>,
+ <quote>в</quote>,
+ <quote>г</quote>,
+ <quote>д</quote>,
+ <quote>е</quote>,
+ <quote>ж</quote>,
+ <quote>з</quote>,
+ <quote>и</quote>,
+ <quote>к</quote>,
+ <quote>л</quote>,
+ <quote>м</quote>,
+ <quote>н</quote>,
+ <quote>о</quote>,
+ <quote>п</quote>,
+ <quote>р</quote>,
+ <quote>с</quote>,
+ <quote>т</quote>,
+ <quote>у</quote>,
+ <quote>ф</quote>,
+ <quote>х</quote>, and
+ <quote>ш</quote> in the obvious ways. The Latin letter
+ <quote>y</quote> is mapped onto the hard sign
+ <quote>ъ</quote>, as in Bulgarian. The apostrophe, comma, and period are unchanged. Diphthongs are written as vowel pairs, as in the Roman representation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Tolkien</primary><secondary>and non-standard Lojban orthography</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-standard orthographies</primary><secondary>Tengwar</secondary></indexterm> Finally, an orthography using the Tengwar of Féanor, a fictional orthography invented by J. R. R. Tolkien and described in the Appendixes to
<citation>The Lord Of The Rings</citation>, has been devised for Lojban. The following mapping, which closely resembles that used for Westron, will be meaningful only to those who have read those appendixes. In brief, the tincotéma and parmatéma are used in the conventional ways; the calmatéma represents palatal consonants, and the quessetéma represents velar consonants.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="2">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
<colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
<tbody>
@@ -2317,15 +2195,13 @@
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase> only when those letters are used to represent glides. Of the additional letters,
<jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase> are written with
<quote xml:lang="art">rómen</quote>,
<quote xml:lang="art">lambe</quote>,
<quote xml:lang="art">silme</quote>, and
<quote xml:lang="art">áre</quote>/
<quote xml:lang="art">esse</quote> respectively; the inverted forms are used as free variants.</para>
- <para>Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are read as following the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehtar are used for the five regular vowels, and the dot below for
- <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. The Lojban apostrophe is represented by
- <quote xml:lang="art">halla</quote>. There is no equivalent of the Lojban comma or period.</para>
+ <para>Lojban, like Quenya, is a vowel-last language, so tehtar are read as following the tengwar on which they are placed. The conventional tehtar are used for the five regular vowels, and the dot below for <jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>. The Lojban apostrophe is represented by <quote xml:lang="art">halla</quote>. There is no equivalent of the Lojban comma or period.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 33e929f..95ea717 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -21,24 +21,24 @@
<jbophrase role="letteral">y</jbophrase>; that is, it represents
<jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase role="letteral">o</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>VV string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a double vowel</secondary></indexterm> VV represents either a diphthong, one of the following:
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="4">
- <member><jbophrase role="dipthong">ai</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="dipthong">ei</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="dipthong">oi</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="dipthong">au</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">ai</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">ei</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">oi</jbophrase></member>
+ <member><jbophrase role="diphthong">au</jbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
or a two-syllable vowel pair with an apostrophe separating the vowels, one of the following:
<simplelist type="horiz" columns="5">
<member><jbophrase>a'a</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>a'e</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>a'i</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>a'o</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>a'u</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase>e'a</jbophrase></member>
@@ -78,29 +78,28 @@
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">j</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">k</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">p</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">s</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">t</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">v</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></member>
- or
+ <member><jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase> or</member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">z</jbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
. Syllabic
<simplelist type="inline">
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">l</jbophrase></member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">m</jbophrase></member>
- <member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase></member> and
+ <member><jbophrase role="letteral">n</jbophrase> and</member>
<member><jbophrase role="letteral">r</jbophrase></member>
</simplelist>
always count as consonants for the purposes of this chapter.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>CC string</primary><secondary>as a symbol for a permissible initial consonant pair</secondary></indexterm> CC represents two adjacent consonants of type C which constitute one of the 48 permissible initial consonant pairs:
<!-- FIXME: There's a table of the permissible initial pairs in chapter 3, too; however, the pairs are grouped differently in that table. Can we copy that or must we use this specific grouping here? Also, in draft CLL it's not even a table, just a straight inline list. -->
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
bl br
@@ -1854,21 +1853,21 @@
<entry><jbophrase>.eLIS.</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Johnson</quote></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>djansn.</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>William</quote></entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>.uiliam.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>.uil,iam.</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>.uiliam.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase glossary="false">.uil,iam.</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Brown</quote></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>braun.</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>English</entry>
<entry><quote>Charles</quote></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>tcarlz.</jbophrase></entry>
--
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