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Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sun Jan 30 18:01:53 2011 -0800
Merge commit '2f7fa5018f795b2ecbd348f41ead67f74c714cb0' into gh-pages
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Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sun Jan 30 17:56:13 2011 -0800
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Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sun Jan 30 17:49:15 2011 -0800
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commit 2f7fa5018f795b2ecbd348f41ead67f74c714cb0
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Fri Jan 7 22:00:09 2011 -0500
Chapter 5, 6, 7 examples and jbophrases. Invented example role="english" and <place-structure>.
"english" is for those examples which consist entirely of English, e,g. the "John picked up a stick and shook it". <english> replaces <interlinear-gloss> in these examples. <place-structure> is for paragraphs that stand out from the text, so named because four out of five times so far the text in question is the place structure definition of a valsi.
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 7fb00f2..5459ee9 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -739,58 +739,58 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N5Bt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi je nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(beautiful and girl) type-of school.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It can be understood as:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FCDa">
+ <example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FCDa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d9"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <gloss>That is a girls' school and a beautiful school.</gloss>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <english>
+ <en>That is a girls' school and a beautiful school.</en>
+ </english>
</example>
<para>or as:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aFxm">
+ <example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aFxm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d10"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
+ <english>
<en>That is a school for things which are both girls and beautiful.</en>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ </english>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary><secondary>ambiguity of</secondary></indexterm> The interpretation specified by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-FCDa"/> treats the tanru as a sort of abbreviation for:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pHHw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ke melbi ckule ke'e je ke nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-( beautiful type-of school ) and ( girl type-of school )</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>whereas the interpretation specified by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-aFxm"/> does not. This is a kind of semantic ambiguity for which Lojban does not compel a firm resolution. The way in which the school is said to be of type
<quote>beautiful and girl</quote> may entail that it is separately a beautiful school and a girls' school; but the alternative interpretation, that the members of the school are beautiful and girls, is also possible. Still another interpretation is:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2cjH">
+ <example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2cjH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d12"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
+ <english>
<en>That is a school for beautiful things and also for girls.</en>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ </english>
</example>
<para>so while the logical connectives help to resolve the meaning of tanru, they by no means compel a single meaning in and of themselves.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connectives in tanru</primary><secondary>effect on formal logical manipulations</secondary></indexterm> In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot undergo the formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical connectives that exist outside tanru; see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> for further details.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JA selma'o</primary></indexterm> The logical connective
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase> is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qJse" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d13"/>
</title>
@@ -1494,31 +1494,29 @@
<jbo>la djan. klama be le zarci be'o troci</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-goer (to the market) type-of trier.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the whole bridi of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2UvG"/> has been packaged up into the single word
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> and inserted into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-EvoD"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>as an exception within GOhA selma'o</secondary></indexterm> The exceptional member of GOhA is
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, which represents the relation of identity. Its place structure is:</para>
- <!-- FIXME: This definition is supposed to be set out from the rest of the text, but which Docbook tag to use? -->
- <para>x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...</para>
+ <place-structure>x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...</place-structure>
<para>for as many places as are given. More information on selma'o GOhA is available in
<xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>containing mathematical expressions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mathematical expressions in tanru</primary></indexterm> Lojban mathematical expressions (mekso) can be incorporated into selbri in two different ways. Mathematical operators such as
<jbophrase>su'i</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>plus</quote>, can be transformed into selbri by prefixing them with
<jbophrase>nu'a</jbophrase> (of selma'o NUhA). The resulting place structure is:</para>
- <!-- FIXME: This definition is supposed to be set out from the rest of the text, but which Docbook tag to use? -->
- <para>x1 is the result of applying (the operator) to arguments x2, x3, etc.</para>
+ <place-structure>x1 is the result of applying (the operator) to arguments x2, x3, etc.</place-structure>
<para>for as many arguments as are required. (The result goes in the x1 place because the number of following places may be indefinite.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pp6j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo nu'a su'i li re li re</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 4 is-the-sum-of the-number 2 and-the-number 2.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1602,22 +1600,21 @@
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>me'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>MEhU</selmaho>
<description>terminator for <jbophrase>me</jbophrase></description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>MEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ME selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>me</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion of sumti into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti into selbri</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri from sumti</primary></indexterm> A sumti can be made into a simple selbri by preceding it with
<jbophrase>me</jbophrase> (of selma'o ME) and following it with the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>me'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o MEhU). This makes a selbri with the place structure</para>
- <!-- FIXME: This definition is supposed to be set out from the rest of the text, but which Docbook tag to use? -->
- <para>x1 is one of the referents of <quote>[the sumti]</quote></para>
+ <place-structure>x1 is one of the referents of <quote>[the sumti]</quote></place-structure>
<para>which is true of the thing, or things, that are the referents of the sumti, and not of anything else. For example, consider the sumti</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v6QW">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Three Kings</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c5e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ci nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>the three noblest-governors</gloss>
<en>the three kings</en>
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index 4ab7fae..1c72c00 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -559,24 +559,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ratcu cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rats is-large.</gloss>
<en>There are a lot of rats.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The mass of rats is small because at least one rat is small; the mass of rats is also large; the set of rats, though, is unquestionably large - it has billions of members. The mass of rats is also brown, since some of its components are; but it would be incorrect to call the set of rats brown - brown-ness is not the sort of property that sets possess.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>use in Lojban place structure</secondary></indexterm> Lojban speakers should generally think twice before employing the set descriptors. However, certain predicates have places that require set sumti to fill them. For example, the place structure of
<jbophrase>fadni</jbophrase> is:</para>
- <!-- FIXME: This definition is supposed to be set out from the rest of the text, but which Docbook tag to use? invent <place-structure>?-->
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is ordinary/common/typical/usual in property x2 among the members of set x3
- </programlisting>
+ <place-structure>x1 is ordinary/common/typical/usual in property x2 among the members of set x3</place-structure>
<para>Why is it necessary for the x3 place of
<jbophrase>fadni</jbophrase> to be a set? Because it makes no sense for an individual to be typical of another individual: an individual is typical of a group. In order to make sure that the bridi containing
<jbophrase>fadni</jbophrase> is about an entire group, its x3 place must be filled with a set:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xIXo">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Lojban user</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fadni zo'e lo'i lobypli</jbo>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index 9a006a0..bc61b3f 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -1,71 +1,66 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo">
<title>Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi</title>
<section xml:id="section-introduction">
<title>What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for?</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns in English</primary><secondary>as noun abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time we referred to something, we had to express a complete description of it, life would be too short to say what we have to say. In English, we have words called
<quote>pronouns</quote> which allow us to replace nouns or noun phrases with shorter terms. An English with no pronouns might look something like this:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KeL4">
+ <example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KeL4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages,</jbo>
- <gloss>require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time</gloss>
- <gloss>speakers of Lojban referred to a thing to which</gloss>
- <gloss>speakers of Lojban refer, speakers of Lojban had to</gloss>
- <gloss>express a complete description of what speakers</gloss>
- <gloss>of Lojban referred to, life would be too short to say</gloss>
- <en>what speakers of Lojban have to say.</en>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <english>
+ <en>Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time speakers of Lojban referred to a thing to which speakers of Lojban refer, speakers of Lojban had to express a complete description of what speakers of Lojban referred to, life would be too short to say what speakers of Lojban have to say.</en>
+ </english>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns in English</primary><secondary>as independent of abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> Speakers of this kind of English would get mightily sick of talking. Furthermore, there are uses of pronouns in English which are independent of abbreviation. There is all the difference in the world between:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VISf">
- <title>
+ <example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VISf">
+ <title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in two examples -->
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shook stick</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John picked up a stick and shook it.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <english>
+ <en>John picked up a stick and shook it.</en>
+ </english>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>shook stick</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> and</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GoqJ">
+ <para>and</para>
+ <example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GoqJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d3"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John picked up a stick and shook a stick.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <english>
+ <en>John picked up a stick and shook a stick.</en>
+ </english>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GoqJ"/> does not imply that the two sticks are necessarily the same, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VISf"/> requires that they are.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared to pro-bridi as means of abbreviation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>compared to pro-sumti as means of abbreviation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared to pronouns in usage as abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns</primary><secondary>compared to pro-sumti in usage as abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, we have sumti rather than nouns, so our equivalent of pronouns are called by the hybrid term
<quote>pro-sumti</quote>. A purely Lojban term would be
<jbophrase>sumti cmavo</jbophrase>: all of the pro-sumti are cmavo belonging to selma'o KOhA. In exactly the same way, Lojban has a group of cmavo (belonging to selma'o GOhA) which serve as selbri or full bridi. These may be called
<quote>pro-bridi</quote> or
<jbophrase>bridi cmavo</jbophrase>. This chapter explains the uses of all the members of selma'o KOhA and GOhA. They fall into a number of groups, known as series: thus, in selma'o KOhA, we have among others the mi-series, the ko'a-series, the da-series, and so on. In each section, a series of pro-sumti is explained, and if there is a corresponding series of pro-bridi, it is explained and contrasted. Many pro-sumti series don't have pro-bridi analogues, however.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent of pro-bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent of pro-bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent of pro-sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent of pro-sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A few technical terms: The term
<quote>referent</quote> means the thing to which a pro-sumti (by extension, a pro-bridi) refers. If the speaker of a sentence is James, then the referent of the word
<quote>I</quote> is James. On the other hand, the term
<quote>antecedent</quote> refers to a piece of language which a pro-sumti (or pro-bridi) implicitly repeats. In</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AnBS">
+ <example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AnBS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d4"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>John loves himself</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <english>
+ <en>John loves himself</en>
+ </english>
</example>
<para>the antecedent of
<quote>himself</quote> is
<quote>John</quote>; not the person, but a piece of text (a name, in this case). John, the person, would be the referent of
<quote>himself</quote>. Not all pro-sumti or pro-bridi have antecedents, but all of them have referents.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-mi-series">
<title>Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
@@ -74,21 +69,21 @@
do KOhA mi-series you
mi'o KOhA mi-series you and I
mi'a KOhA mi-series I and others, we but not you
ma'a KOhA mi-series you and I and others
do'o KOhA mi-series you and others
ko KOhA mi-series you-imperative
</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>foreman of a jury</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with mi-series for I/you</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for listener(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for speaker(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>mi-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series</primary><secondary>of pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations.
+ <para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <jbophrase>'d) word --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do</primary></indexterm><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <jbophrase>'d) word --> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>foreman of a jury</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with mi-series for I/you</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for listener(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for speaker(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>mi-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series</primary><secondary>of pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations.
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to the speaker and perhaps others for whom the speaker speaks; it may be a Lojbanic mass.
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> refers to the listener or listeners. Neither
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> nor
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> is specific about the number of persons referred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the jury as
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, since in speaking officially he represents all of them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "do"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "mi"</secondary></indexterm> The referents of
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> are usually obvious from the context, but may be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>. The vocative
@@ -142,27 +137,27 @@
<quote>we</quote> can mean
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase> or even
<jbophrase>ma'a</jbophrase>, and English-speakers often suffer because they cannot easily distinguish
<jbophrase>mi'o</jbophrase> from
<jbophrase>mi'a</jbophrase>:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-22dg">
+ <example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-22dg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d2"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>We're going to the store.</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ <english>
+ <en>We're going to the store.</en>
+ </english>
</example>
<para>Does this include the listener or not? There's no way to be sure.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>use for commands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>use for imperatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>with ko</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commands</primary><secondary>with ko</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> is logically equivalent to
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>; its referent is the listener. However, its use alters an assertion about the listener into a command to the listener to make the assertion true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-n1Rv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -252,30 +247,31 @@
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>, that is convenient when pointing is not possible; for example, when talking by telephone. In written text, on the other hand, the meaning of the ti-series is inherently vague; is the writer to be taken as pointing to something, and if so, to what? In all cases, what counts as
<quote>near</quote> and
<quote>far away</quote> is relative to the current situation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>pronoun expression with ti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti</primary><secondary>as pronoun expression for English this</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective usage contrasted with pronoun usage</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>pronoun usage contrasted with adjective usage</secondary></indexterm> It is important to distinguish between the English pronoun
<quote>this</quote> and the English adjective
<quote>this</quote> as in
<quote>this boat</quote>. The latter is not represented in Lojban by
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IWi7">
- <title>
+ <title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in multiple examples -->
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>this boat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ti bloti</jbo>
<en>the this boat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>this boat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective expression with vi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi</primary><secondary>as adjective expression for English this</secondary></indexterm> does not mean
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective expression with vi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi</primary><secondary>as adjective expression for English this</secondary></indexterm> does not mean
<quote>this boat</quote> but rather
<quote>this one's boat</quote>,
<quote>the boat associated with this thing</quote>, as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>. A correct Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-IWi7"/> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rfUc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d2"/>
</title>
@@ -345,47 +341,48 @@
<en>You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is-a-false-sentence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with ta</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ta</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u</secondary></indexterm> Using
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase> instead of
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> would cause the listener to look around to see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'u</primary></indexterm> As with
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>tu</jbophrase>, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes: a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use the
- <jbophrase>i</jbophrase>/
- <quote>a</quote>/
- <quote>u</quote> vowel convention of the demonstratives in
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>/
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase>/
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">u</jbophrase> vowel convention of the demonstratives in
<xref linkend="section-ti-series"/> without causing collisions with other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique
- <jbophrase>i</jbophrase>/
- <jbophrase>e</jbophrase>/
- <quote>a</quote> convention in the first vowel of the cmavo.</para>
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>/
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">e</jbophrase>/
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">a</jbophrase> convention in the first vowel of the cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> Most references in speech are to the past (what has already been said), so
<jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>de'e</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>da'e</jbophrase> are not very useful when speaking. In writing, they are frequently handy:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-erEL">
<title>
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Simon says</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la saimn. cusku di'e</jbo>
<gloss>Simon expresses the-following-utterance.</gloss>
<en>Simon says:</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Simon says</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erEL"/> would typically be followed by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of something Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would appear after
<xref linkend="example-random-id-erEL"/>, and so
<jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase> is appropriate.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>dei</primary></indexterm> The remaining two cmavo,
<jbophrase>dei</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, refer respectively to the very utterance that the speaker is uttering, and to some vague or unspecified utterance uttered by someone at some time:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLmA" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d4"/>
@@ -407,21 +404,21 @@
<quote>that</quote> is not necessarily what was just said).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo of the di'u-series have a meaning that is relative to the context. The referent of
<jbophrase>dei</jbophrase> in the current utterance is the same as the referent of
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> in the next utterance. The term
<quote>utterance</quote> is used rather than
<quote>sentence</quote> because the amount of speech or written text referred to by any of these words is vague. Often, a single bridi is intended, but longer utterances may be thus referred to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>la'e</primary></indexterm> Note one very common construction with
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> and the cmavo
- <quote>la'e</quote> (of selma'o LAhE; see
+ <jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o LAhE; see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti"/>) which precedes a sumti and means
<quote>the thing referred to by (the sumti)</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MsUd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u</jbo>
<gloss>I love Jane. And I like the-referent-of the-last-utterance.</gloss>
<en>I love Jane, and I like that.</en>
@@ -500,21 +497,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English gloss
<quote>it-1</quote>, plus knowledge about the real world, would tend to make English-speakers believe that
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> refers to the store; in other words, that its antecedent is
<jbophrase>le zarci</jbophrase>. To a Lojbanist, however,
<jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase> is just as likely an antecedent, in which case
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdCR"/> means that Alice, not the store, is blue.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>goi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>assigning with goi</secondary></indexterm> To avoid this pitfall, Lojban employs special syntax, using the cmavo
- <quote>goi</quote>:</para>
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-duGR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a goi la .alis. cu blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>assignment with goi as symmetrical</secondary></indexterm> Syntactically,
@@ -527,65 +524,66 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oKaM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary></indexterm> in other words,
- <quote>goi</quote> is symmetrical. There is a terminator,
- <quote>ge'u</quote> (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable. The details are in
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> is symmetrical. There is a terminator,
+ <jbophrase>ge'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable. The details are in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi assignment of ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>use in speech contrasted with writing</secondary></indexterm> The afterthought form of
- <quote>goi</quote> shown in
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> shown in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-duGR"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oKaM"/> is probably most common in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> may be assigned at the point where Alice is first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of
- <quote>goi</quote> is:</para>
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1FJV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci .i ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hereafter known as</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>legal jargon</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Again,
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hereafter known as</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>legal jargon</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Again,
<jbophrase>ko'a goi la .alis.</jbophrase> would have been entirely acceptable in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1FJV"/>. This last form is reminiscent of legal jargon:
<quote>The party of the first part, hereafter known as Buyer, ...</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>as abbreviation for bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series for pro-bridi</primary><secondary>compared with ko'a-series for pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series for pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared with broda-series for pro-bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>broda-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> Just as the ko'a-series of pro-sumti allows a substitute for a sumti which is long or complex, or which for some other reason we do not want to repeat, so the broda-series of pro-bridi allows a substitute for a selbri or even a whole bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yXYT">
<title>
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thingy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda</jbo>
<gloss>.i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu</gloss>
<gloss>These are plastic cat-food can covers or thingies.</gloss>
<en>The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>broda</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thingy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>word-form rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei</primary><secondary>for broda-series pro-bridi assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>assigning with cei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi for ko'a-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with cei for broda-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei for broda-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with goi for ko'a-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent</primary><secondary>for pro-bridi</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>broda</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>word-form rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei</primary><secondary>for broda-series pro-bridi assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>assigning with cei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi for ko'a-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with cei for broda-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei for broda-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with goi for ko'a-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent</primary><secondary>for pro-bridi</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> has as its antecedent the selbri
<jbophrase>slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri</jbophrase>. The cmavo
- <quote>cei</quote> performs the role of
+ <jbophrase>cei</jbophrase> performs the role of
- <quote>goi</quote> in assigning
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> in assigning
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> to this long phrase, and
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> can then be used just like any other brivla. (In fact,
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> and its relatives actually
<emphasis>are</emphasis> brivla: they are gismu in morphology, although they behave exactly like the members of selma'o GOhA. The reasons for using gismu rather than cmavo are buried in the Loglan Project's history.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent</primary><secondary>for pro-bridi as full bridi</secondary></indexterm> Note that pro-bridi are so called because, even though they have the grammar of selbri, their antecedents are whole bridi. In the following rather contrived example, the antecedent of
<jbophrase>brode</jbophrase> is the whole bridi
<jbophrase>mi klama le zarci</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UFJf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d6"/>
@@ -635,23 +633,23 @@
<quote>Arf!</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>use in assigning lerfu as pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu as pro-sumti</primary><secondary>explicit assignment of antecedent</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban word
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> begins with
<jbophrase>g</jbophrase>, so the antecedent of
<jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase>, the cmavo for the letter
<jbophrase>g</jbophrase>, must be
<jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase>. In the English translation, we use the same principle to refer to the dog as
<quote>D</quote>. Of course, in case of ambiguity,
- <quote>goi</quote> can be used to make an explicit assignment.</para>
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> can be used to make an explicit assignment.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>assigning with goi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>use in assigning name</secondary></indexterm> Furthermore,
- <quote>goi</quote> can even be used to assign a name:</para>
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> can even be used to assign a name:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rbPr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ninmu goi la sam. cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>The woman also-known-as Sam goes to-the store.</gloss>
<en>The woman, whom I'll call Sam, goes to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -826,21 +824,21 @@
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> must be something even further back in the utterance than
<jbophrase>lo forca</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lo smuci</jbophrase> is the obvious candidate.</para>
<para>The meaning of
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> must be determined every time it is used. Since
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> are more vaguely defined, they may well retain the same meaning for a while, but the listener cannot count on this behavior. To make a permanent reference to something repeated by
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase>, use
- <quote>goi</quote> and a ko'a-series cmavo:</para>
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> and a ko'a-series cmavo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xIRG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ri goi ko'a blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. It-last-mentioned also-known-as it-1 is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>allows the store to be referred to henceforth as
@@ -949,21 +947,21 @@
<gloss>The black cat goes-to the store.</gloss>
<gloss>That-described-as-the-x1-place-of [repeat last bridi] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The black cat goes to the store. It walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> repeats
<jbophrase>le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci</jbophrase>, and since
- <quote>le</quote> makes the x1 place into a description, and the x1 place of this bridi is
+ <jbophrase>le</jbophrase> makes the x1 place into a description, and the x1 place of this bridi is
<jbophrase>le xekri mlatu</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>le go'i</jbophrase> means
<jbophrase>le xekri mlatu</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<jbophrase>go'o</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>nei</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>no'a</jbophrase> have been little used so far. They repeat respectively some future bridi, the current bridi, and the bridi that encloses the current bridi (
@@ -1013,22 +1011,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba klama ca le nu do no'a</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] go [present] the event-of you [repeats outer bridi]</gloss>
<en>I will go when you do.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i ra'o</primary><secondary>contrasted with go'i</secondary></indexterm> Finally,
- <quote>ra'o</quote> is a cmavo that can be appended to any go'i-series cmavo, or indeed any cmavo of selma'o GOhA, to signal that pro-sumti or pro-bridi cmavo in the antecedent are to be repeated literally and reinterpreted in their new context. Normally, any pro-sumti used within the antecedent of the pro-bridi keep their meanings intact. In the presence of
- <quote>ra'o</quote>, however, their meanings must be reinterpreted with reference to the new environment. If someone says to you:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ra'o</jbophrase> is a cmavo that can be appended to any go'i-series cmavo, or indeed any cmavo of selma'o GOhA, to signal that pro-sumti or pro-bridi cmavo in the antecedent are to be repeated literally and reinterpreted in their new context. Normally, any pro-sumti used within the antecedent of the pro-bridi keep their meanings intact. In the presence of
+ <jbophrase>ra'o</jbophrase>, however, their meanings must be reinterpreted with reference to the new environment. If someone says to you:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9Uq6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d16"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba lumci lemi karce</jbo>
<en>I will wash my car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>you might reply either:</para>
@@ -1046,21 +1044,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d18"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi go'i ra'o</jbo>
<en>I will wash my car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <quote>ra'o</quote> forces the second
+ <jbophrase>ra'o</jbophrase> forces the second
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> from the original bridi to mean the new speaker rather than the former speaker. This means that
<jbophrase>go'e ra'o</jbophrase> would be an acceptable alternative to
<jbophrase>do go'e</jbophrase> in B's statement in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9hf5"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>in quotations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>in quotations</secondary></indexterm> The anaphoric pro-sumti of this section can be used in quotations, but never refer to any of the supporting text outside the quotation, since speakers presumably do not know that they may be quoted by someone else.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>in quotation series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>in quotation series</secondary></indexterm> However, a
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>-series or
@@ -1142,23 +1140,21 @@
<quote>by standard</quote> places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>irrelevant</primary><secondary>specifying of sumti place</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>irrelevant to relationship</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> represents a value which does not even exist. When a bridi fills one of its places with
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase>, what is really meant is that the selbri has a place which is irrelevant to the true relationship the speaker wishes to express. For example, the place structure of
<jbophrase>zbasu</jbophrase> is</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zbasu: actor x1 makes x2 from materials x3
</programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>living things</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Consider the sentence</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- Living things are made from cells.
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>Living things are made from cells.</place-structure> <!-- FIXME: not really a place structure, but needs to be set out from text... egh... -->
<para>This cannot be correctly expressed as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ipCV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jmive cu se zbasu [zo'e] fi loi selci</jbo>
<en>The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-mass-of cells</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1272,64 +1268,66 @@
soi SOI reciprocity
se'u SEhU soi terminator
</programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocal pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reflexive pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>referring to place of same bridi with vo'a-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>vo'a-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphora</primary><secondary>pro-sumti vo'a-series as</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of the vo'a-series are pro-sumti anaphora, like those of the ri-series, but have a specific function. These cmavo refer to the other places of the same bridi; the five of them represent up to five places. The same vo'a-series cmavo mean different things in different bridi. Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLqT" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>wash self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi lumci vo'a</jbo>
<en>I wash myself</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLqV" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci vo'e</jbo>
<en>I go to the store from itself [by some route unspecified].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>wash self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>referring to place of different bridi with go'i-series</secondary></indexterm> To refer to places of neighboring bridi, constructions like
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'a</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>referring to place of different bridi with go'i-series</secondary></indexterm> To refer to places of neighboring bridi, constructions like
<jbophrase>le se go'i ku</jbophrase> do the job: this refers to the 2nd place of the previous main bridi, as explained in
<xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>soi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary><secondary>English</secondary><tertiary>expressing with vo'a-series pro-sumti and soi</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vo'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>use in expressing reciprocity with soi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>soi</primary><secondary>use in expressing reciprocity with vo'a-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocity</primary><secondary>expressing with vo'a-series pro-sumti and soi</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of the vo'a-series are also used with
- <quote>soi</quote> (of selma'o SOI) to precisely express reciprocity, which in English is imprecisely expressed with a discursive phrase like
+ <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> (of selma'o SOI) to precisely express reciprocity, which in English is imprecisely expressed with a discursive phrase like
<quote>vice versa</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vpb3">
- <title>
+ <title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in multiple examples -->
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami do soi vo'a vo'e</jbo>
<gloss>I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi] [x2 of this bridi].</gloss>
<en>I love you and vice versa (swapping
<quote>I</quote> and
<quote>you</quote>).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>soi with one following sumti</primary><secondary>convention</secondary></indexterm> The significance of
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>soi with one following sumti</primary><secondary>convention</secondary></indexterm> The significance of
<jbophrase>soi vo'a vo'e</jbophrase> is that the bridi is still true even if the x1 (specified by
<jbophrase>vo'a</jbophrase>) and the x2 (specified by
<jbophrase>vo'e</jbophrase>) places are interchanged. If only a single sumti follows
- <quote>soi</quote>, then the sumti immediately preceding
- <quote>soi</quote> is understood to be one of those involved:</para>
+ <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase>, then the sumti immediately preceding
+ <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> is understood to be one of those involved:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CMQ1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami do soi vo'a</jbo>
<en>I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1341,27 +1339,27 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e</jbo>
<gloss>mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e vo'i</gloss>
<gloss>soi vo'e vo'i mi bajykla ti ta</gloss>
<en>I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa (to that from this).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se'u</primary><secondary>elidability considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se'u</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for soi</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for
- <quote>soi</quote> is
- <quote>se'u</quote> (selma'o SEhU), which is normally needed only if there is just one sumti after the
- <quote>soi</quote>, and the
- <quote>soi</quote> construction is not at the end of the bridi. Constructions using
- <quote>soi</quote> are free modifiers, and as such can go almost anywhere. Here is an example where
+ <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> is
+ <jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> (selma'o SEhU), which is normally needed only if there is just one sumti after the
+ <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase>, and the
+ <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> construction is not at the end of the bridi. Constructions using
+ <jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> are free modifiers, and as such can go almost anywhere. Here is an example where
- <quote>se'u</quote> is required:</para>
+ <jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> is required:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RFBV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bajykla ti soi vo'i se'u ta</jbo>
<gloss>I runningly-go to-this [reciprocity] [x3 of this bridi] from-that</gloss>
<en>I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa.</en>
@@ -1415,29 +1413,30 @@
<en>What are you?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8HKo"/> is a truly pregnant question that will have several meanings depending on context.</para>
<para>(One thing it probably does not mean is
<quote>Who are you?</quote> in the sense
<quote>What is your name/identity?</quote>, which is better expressed by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8HKo">
<title>
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>what is your name</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma cmene do</jbo>
<gloss>What sumti is-the-name-of you?</gloss>
<en>What is your name?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>what is your name</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> or even</para>
+ <para>or even</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-y4Yi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi ma</jbo>
<en>O [what sumti?]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which uses the vocative
@@ -1478,31 +1477,32 @@
<cmavo>ke'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>relativized sumti</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>use of ke'a for referral to relativized sumti in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> This pro-sumti is used in relative clauses (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>) to indicate how the sumti being relativized fits within the clause. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UNBb">
<title>
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cat of plastic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [zo'e] zbasu</jbo>
<gloss>ke'a lei slasi</gloss>
<gloss>I see a cat such-that something-unspecified makes</gloss>
<gloss>the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] from-some-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
<en>I see a cat made of plastic.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cat of plastic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>ambiguity when omitted</secondary></indexterm> If
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>ambiguity when omitted</secondary></indexterm> If
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> were omitted from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UNBb"/>, it might be confused with:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0EWp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [ke'a]</jbo>
<gloss>zbasu lei slasi</gloss>
<gloss>I see a cat such-that the-thing-being-relativized</gloss>
@@ -1530,40 +1530,41 @@
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ce'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>abstraction focus</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'u</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase> is used within abstraction bridi, particularly property abstractions introduced by the cmavo
- <quote>ka</quote>. Abstractions, including the uses of
+ <jbophrase>ka</jbophrase>. Abstractions, including the uses of
<jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase>, are discussed in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ce'u</primary><secondary>use in specifying sumti place of property in abstraction</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>property abstraction</primary><secondary>specifying sumti place of property with ce'u</secondary></indexterm> In brief: Every property abstraction specifies a property of one of the sumti in it; that sumti place is filled by using
<jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase>. This convention enables us to distinguish clearly between:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ELxF">
<title>
+ <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happiness</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka ce'u gleki</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of (X being-happy)</gloss>
<gloss>the property of being happy</gloss>
<en>happiness</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>happiness</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> and</para>
+ <para>and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VSw3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka gleki ce'u</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of (being-happy about-X)</gloss>
<en>the property of being that which someone is happy about</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1603,22 +1604,22 @@
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>da'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>DAhO</selmaho>
<description>cancel all pro-sumti/pro-bridi</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> How long does a pro-sumti or pro-bridi remain stable? In other words, once we know the referent of a pro-sumti or pro-bridi, how long can we be sure that future uses of the same cmavo have the same referent? The answer to this question depends on which series the cmavo belongs to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>goi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bound variable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>assignable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>explicit cancellation of by rebinding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>assignable pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit cancellation of by change of speaker/listener</secondary></indexterm> Personal pro-sumti are stable until there is a change of speaker or listener, possibly signaled by a vocative. Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi last indefinitely or until rebound with
- <quote>goi</quote> or
- <quote>cei</quote>. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi also generally last until re-bound; details are available in
+ <jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> or
+ <jbophrase>cei</jbophrase>. Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi also generally last until re-bound; details are available in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphoric pro-bridi</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphoric pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reflexive pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterance pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> Utterance pro-sumti are stable only within the utterance in which they appear; similarly, reflexive pro-sumti are stable only within the bridi in which they appear; and
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> is stable only within its relative clause. Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi are stable only within narrow limits depending on the rules for the particular cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-bridi</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrative pro-sumti</primary><secondary>stability of</secondary></indexterm> Demonstrative pro-sumti, indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi, and sumti and bridi questions potentially change referents every time they are used.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>DAhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da'o</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da'o</primary><secondary>for cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>with da'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>explicit cancellation of with da'o</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary><secondary>explicit cancellation of with da'o</secondary></indexterm> However, there are ways to cancel all pro-sumti and pro-bridi, so that none of them have known referents. (Some, such as
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, will acquire the same referent as soon as they are used again after the cancellation.) The simplest way to cancel everything is with the cmavo
@@ -1686,36 +1687,36 @@
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase>, but
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> has a third place which
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> lacks: the standard of equality.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anaphoric-rafsi">
<title>lujvo based on pro-sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>based on pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, but they are rarely used. (See
<xref linkend="section-koha-summary"/> for a complete list.) The obvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually stand as the first rafsi in their lujvo.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-talk</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>pro-sumti rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Thus
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-talk</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>pro-sumti rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Thus
<jbophrase>donta'a</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>you-talk</quote>, would be interpreted as
<jbophrase>tavla be do</jbophrase>, and would have the place structure</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-unmV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>t1 talks to you about subject t3 in language t4</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>since t2 (the addressee) is already known to be
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-cmavo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand, the lujvo
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-cmavo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand, the lujvo
<jbophrase>donma'o</jbophrase>, literally
<quote>you-cmavo</quote>, which means
<quote>a second person personal pronoun</quote>, would be interpreted as
<jbophrase>cmavo be zo do</jbophrase>, and have the place structure:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H5NB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1733,66 +1734,66 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tH6w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fo'a goi le kulnrsu,omi .i lo fo'arselsanga</jbo>
<en>x6 stands for Finnish-culture. An x6-song.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beverage</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>zi'o rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Finally, lujvo involving
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beverage</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>zi'o rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Finally, lujvo involving
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> are also possible, and are fully discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>. In brief, the convention is to use the rafsi for
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> as a prefix immediately followed by the rafsi for the number of the place to be deleted. Thus, if we consider a beverage (something drunk without considering who, if anyone, drinks it) as a
<jbophrase>se pinxe be zi'o</jbophrase>, the lujvo corresponding to this is
<jbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase> (deleting the second place of
<jbophrase>se pinxe</jbophrase>). Deleting the x1 place in this fashion would move all remaining places up by one. This would mean that
<jbophrase>zilpavypinxe</jbophrase> has the same place structure as
<jbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lo zilpavypinxe</jbophrase>, like
<jbophrase>lo zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase>, refers to a beverage, and not to a non-existent drinker.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi rafsi</primary><secondary>as producing context-dependent meanings</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'a</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi rafsi</primary><secondary>as producing context-dependent meanings</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase> also have rafsi, which can be used just as if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>-based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanings.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-koha-summary">
<title>KOhA cmavo by series</title>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi-series:
mi I (rafsi:
-<quote>mib</quote>)
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">mib</jbophrase>)
do you (rafsi:
-<quote>don</quote> and
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">don</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>)
mi'o you and I
mi'a I and others, we but not you
ma'a you and I and others
do'o you and others
ko you-imperative
ti-series:
ti this here; something nearby (rafsi:
-<quote>tif</quote>)
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">tif</jbophrase>)
ta that there; something distant (rafsi:
-<quote>taz</quote>)
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">taz</jbophrase>)
tu that yonder; something far distant (rafsi:
-<quote>tuf</quote>)
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">tuf</jbophrase>)
di'u-series:
di'u the previous utterance
de'u an earlier utterance
da'u a much earlier utterance
di'e the next utterance
de'e a later utterance
@@ -1836,22 +1837,22 @@
vo'a-series:
vo'a x1 of this bridi
vo'e x2 of this bridi
vo'i x3 of this bridi
vo'o x4 of this bridi
vo'u x5 of this bridi
da-series:
da something-1 (rafsi:
-<quote>dav</quote>/
-<quote>dza</quote>)
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">dav</jbophrase>/
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">dza</jbophrase>)
de something-2
di something-3
others:
ke'a relativized sumti
ma sumti question
ce'u abstraction focus
</programlisting>
</section>
@@ -1875,35 +1876,35 @@
go'o (repeats a future bridi)
nei (repeats the current bridi)
no'a (repeats the next outer bridi)
bu'a-series:
bu'a some-predicate-1 (rafsi:
-<quote>bul</quote>)
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">bul</jbophrase>)
bu'e some-predicate-2
bu'i some-predicate-3
others:
co'e has the obvious relationship (rafsi:
-<quote>com</quote>/
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">com</jbophrase>/
<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>)
mo bridi question
du identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi:
-<quote>dub</quote>/
+<jbophrase role="rafsi">dub</jbophrase>/
<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>)
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-other-summary">
<title>Other cmavo discussed in this chapter</title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>goi</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
<description>pro-sumti assignment (ko'a-series)</description>
commit 47934dede03380911a5bb271e49953f7e6783b21
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Fri Jan 7 15:33:06 2011 -0500
Chapter 7 section IDs.
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index e8e7178..4ad1e92 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -152,21 +152,21 @@
<para>Specifies whether a bridi refers to an actual fact, a potential (achieved or not), or merely an innate capability.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ro datka ka'e flulimna
All ducks [capability] are-float-swimmers.
All ducks have the capability of swimming by floating.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="CEI"/> selma'o CEI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-koha-broda-series"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Assigns a selbri definition to one of the five pro-bridi gismu: “broda”, “brode”, “brodi”, “brodo”, or “brodu”, for later use.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda
.i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu
This is a plastic cat-food can cover, or thingy.
The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.
</programlisting>
@@ -221,21 +221,21 @@
<xref linkend="CAhA"/>,
<xref linkend="TAhE"/>, and
<xref linkend="BAI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
do cu'e klama le zarci
You [When/Where?] go to-the store?
When are you going to the store?
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="DAhO"/> selma'o DAhO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section13"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-daho"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Cancels the assigned significance of all sumti cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="KOhA"/>) and bridi cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="GOhA"/>).</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="DOI"/> selma'o DOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section14"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without
<xref linkend="COI"/>. No pause is required between “doi” and a following name. See
<xref linkend="DOhU"/>.</para>
@@ -418,21 +418,21 @@
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies the beginning of a relative phrase, which associates a subordinate sumti (following) to another sumti (preceding). Terminated by
<xref linkend="GEhU"/> See
<xref linkend="NOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. goi ko'a cu blanu
John (referred to as it-1) is blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="GOhA"/> selma'o GOhA (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A general selma'o for all cmavo which can take the place of brivla. There are several groups of these.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
A: mi klama le zarci
B: mi go'i
A: I’m going to the market.
B: Me, too.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="GUhA"/> selma'o GUhA (
@@ -532,21 +532,21 @@
That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school.
That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KI"/> selma'o KI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>When preceded by a tense or modal, makes it “sticky”, so that it applies to all further bridi until reset by another appearance of
<xref linkend="KI"/>. When alone, eliminates all sticky tenses.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KOhA"/> selma'o KOhA (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-introduction"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>A general selma'o which contains all cmavo which can substitute for sumti. These cmavo are divided into several groups.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le blanu zdani goi ko'a cu barda .i ko'a na cmamau ti
The blue house (referred to as it-1) is big. It-1 is-not smaller-than this-thing.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="KU"/> selma'o KU (
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-section-basic-descriptors"/>,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
@@ -915,21 +915,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="PU"/> selma'o PU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section4"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies simple time directions (future, past, or neither).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi pu klama le zarci
I [past] go-to the market.
I went to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="RAhO"/> selma'o RAhO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-ri-gohi-series"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>The pro-bridi update flag: changes the meaning of sumti implicitly attached to a pro-bridi (see
<xref linkend="GOhA"/>) to fit the current context rather than the original context.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
A: mi ba lumci le mi karce
B: mi go'i
A: I [future] wash my car.
B: I do-the-same-thing (i.e. wash A’s car).
@@ -990,21 +990,21 @@
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SI"/> selma'o SI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Erases the previous single word.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi si do klama le zarci
I, er, you go to-the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SOI"/> selma'o SOI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section8"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo-section-voha-series"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Marks reciprocity between two sumti (like “vice versa” in English).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi prami do soi mi
I love you [reciprocally] me.
I love you and vice versa.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SU"/> selma'o SU (
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index 2a1bbbc..4ab7fae 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -1719,21 +1719,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>name-words</primary><secondary>permissible consonant combinations</secondary></indexterm> A name may not contain any consonant combination that is illegal in Lojban words generally: the
<quote>impermissible consonant clusters</quote> of Lojban morphology (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-phonology"/>). Thus
<jbophrase valid="false">djeimz.</jbophrase> is not a valid version of
- <jbophrase>James</jbophrase> (because
+ <quote>James</quote> (because
<jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">mz</jbophrase> is invalid):
<jbophrase>djeimyz</jbophrase> will suffice. Similarly,
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> may be replaced by
<jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>ly'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>dai</jbophrase>. Here are a few examples:</para>
@@ -1748,21 +1748,21 @@
<entry><jbophrase valid="false">*doi,l</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>do'il</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>dai,l</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><jbophrase>Lyra</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase valid="false">*lairas</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>ly'iras</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
<row>
- <entry><jbophrase>Lottie </jbophrase>(American pron.)</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>Lottie </jbophrase>(American pronunciation)</entry>
<entry><jbophrase valid="false">*latis</jbophrase></entry>
<entry><jbophrase>LYtis.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>lotis.</jbophrase></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<para><!-- FIXME: these indexterms have nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Doyle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lyra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lottie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>using rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Names may be borrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi
<jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase>- for
<jbophrase>logji</jbophrase> (logical) and
<jbophrase role="rafsi">ban</jbophrase>- for
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index aace431..9a006a0 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-anaphoric-cmavo">
<title>Brevity Is The Soul Of Language: Pro-sumti And Pro-bridi</title>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section1">
+ <section xml:id="section-introduction">
<title>What are pro-sumti and pro-bridi? What are they for?</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns in English</primary><secondary>as noun abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages, require mechanisms of abbreviation. If every time we referred to something, we had to express a complete description of it, life would be too short to say what we have to say. In English, we have words called
<quote>pronouns</quote> which allow us to replace nouns or noun phrases with shorter terms. An English with no pronouns might look something like this:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KeL4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Speakers of Lojban, like speakers of other languages,</jbo>
@@ -58,21 +58,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John loves himself</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the antecedent of
<quote>himself</quote> is
<quote>John</quote>; not the person, but a piece of text (a name, in this case). John, the person, would be the referent of
<quote>himself</quote>. Not all pro-sumti or pro-bridi have antecedents, but all of them have referents.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section2">
+ <section xml:id="section-mi-series">
<title>Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi KOhA mi-series I, me
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
do KOhA mi-series you
mi'o KOhA mi-series you and I
mi'a KOhA mi-series I and others, we but not you
ma'a KOhA mi-series you and I and others
@@ -209,23 +209,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le prenu poi prami ko</jbo>
<gloss>I see the person that loves you [imperative]</gloss>
<gloss>Make
<quote>I see the person that loves you</quote> true!</gloss>
<gloss>Be such that the person who loves you is seen by me!</gloss>
<en>Show me the person who loves you!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lack of pro-bridi equivalent</secondary></indexterm> As mentioned in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1"/>, some pro-sumti series have corresponding pro-bridi series. However, there is no equivalent of the mi-series among pro-bridi, since a person isn't a relationship.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, some pro-sumti series have corresponding pro-bridi series. However, there is no equivalent of the mi-series among pro-bridi, since a person isn't a relationship.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section3">
+ <section xml:id="section-ti-series">
<title>Demonstrative pro-sumti: the ti-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ti KOhA ti-series this here, a nearby object
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
ta KOhA ti-series that there, a medium-distant object
tu KOhA ti-series that yonder, a far-distant object
</programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>ti-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>as pointing referents only</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this/that in English</primary><secondary>compared with ti-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared with English this/that</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrative pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pointing</primary><secondary>reference by</secondary></indexterm> It is often useful to refer to things by pointing to them or by some related non-linguistic mechanism. In English, the words
<quote>this</quote> and
@@ -293,21 +293,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti noi bloti</jbo>
<en>this-thing which-incidentally is-a-boat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lack of pro-bridi equivalent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective expression with ti noi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti noi</primary><secondary>as adjective expression for this</secondary></indexterm> There are no demonstrative pro-bridi to correspond to the ti-series: you can't point to a relationship.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section4">
+ <section xml:id="section-dihu-series">
<title>Utterance pro-sumti: the di'u-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
di'u KOhA di'u-series the previous utterance
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
de'u KOhA di'u-series an earlier utterance
da'u KOhA di'u-series a much earlier utterance
di'e KOhA di'u-series the next utterance
@@ -348,21 +348,21 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with ta</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ta</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u</secondary></indexterm> Using
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase> instead of
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> would cause the listener to look around to see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'u</primary></indexterm> As with
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>tu</jbophrase>, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes: a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use the
<jbophrase>i</jbophrase>/
<quote>a</quote>/
<quote>u</quote> vowel convention of the demonstratives in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section3"/> without causing collisions with other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique
+ <xref linkend="section-ti-series"/> without causing collisions with other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique
<jbophrase>i</jbophrase>/
<jbophrase>e</jbophrase>/
<quote>a</quote> convention in the first vowel of the cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm> Most references in speech are to the past (what has already been said), so
<jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>de'e</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>da'e</jbophrase> are not very useful when speaking. In writing, they are frequently handy:</para>
@@ -440,21 +440,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci di'u</jbo>
<en>I love Jane. And I like the-last-utterance.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>says that the speaker likes one of his own sentences.</para>
<para>There are no pro-bridi corresponding to the di'u-series.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section5">
+ <section xml:id="section-koha-broda-series">
<title>Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ko'a-series and the broda-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo and gismu are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ko'a KOhA ko'a-series it-1
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
ko'e KOhA ko'a-series it-2
ko'i KOhA ko'a-series it-3
ko'o KOhA ko'a-series it-4
ko'u KOhA ko'a-series it-5
@@ -469,21 +469,21 @@
brodi BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-3
brodo BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-4
brodu BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-5
goi GOI pro-sumti assignment
cei CEI pro-bridi assignment
</programlisting>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>ko'a-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with ko'a-series for he/she/it/they</secondary></indexterm> The discussion of personal pro-sumti in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section2"/> may have seemed incomplete. In English, the personal pronouns include not only
+ <xref linkend="section-mi-series"/> may have seemed incomplete. In English, the personal pronouns include not only
<quote>I</quote> and
<quote>you</quote> but also
<quote>he</quote>,
<quote>she</quote>,
<quote>it</quote>, and
<quote>they</quote>. Lojban does have equivalents of this latter group: in fact, it has more of them than English does. However, they are organized and used very differently.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>as assignable</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns for he/she/it/they</primary><secondary>English contrasted with Lojban in organization</secondary></indexterm> There are ten cmavo in the ko'a-series, and they may be assigned freely to any sumti whatsoever. The English word
<quote>he</quote> can refer only to males,
<quote>she</quote> only to females (and ships and a few other things),
@@ -652,21 +652,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ninmu goi la sam. cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>The woman also-known-as Sam goes to-the store.</gloss>
<en>The woman, whom I'll call Sam, goes to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This usage does not imply that the woman's name is Sam, or even that the speaker usually calls the woman
<quote>Sam</quote>.
<quote>Sam</quote> is simply a name chosen, as if at random, for use in the current context only.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section6">
+ <section xml:id="section-ri-gohi-series">
<title>Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ri-series and the go'i-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ri KOhA ri-series (repeats last sumti)
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
ra KOhA ri-series (repeats previous sumti)
ru KOhA ri-series (repeats long-ago sumti)
go'i GOhA go'i-series (repeats last bridi)
go'a GOhA go'i-series (repeats previous bridi)
@@ -1076,21 +1076,21 @@
<gloss>John says [quote] I go-to the store [unquote].</gloss>
<gloss>Alice says [quote] I [repeat] [unquote].</gloss>
<gloss>John says,
<quote>I am going to the store.</quote></gloss>
<en>Alice says,
<quote>Me too.</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>in narrative about quotation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>in narrative about quotation</secondary></indexterm> Of course, there is no problem with narrative material referring to something within a quotation: people who quote, unlike people who are quoted, are aware of what they are doing.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section7">
+ <section xml:id="section-zohe-cohe-series">
<title>Indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the zo'e-series and the co'e-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zo'e KOhA zo'e-series the obvious value
zu'i KOhA zo'e-series the typical value
@@ -1249,21 +1249,21 @@
<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase> was chosen to resemble
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>; the cmavo
<jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase> of selma'o BAI (see
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>) also belongs to the same group of cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e-series</primary><secondary>compared with do'i as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>do'i</primary><secondary>compared with zo'e-series as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, of the di'u-series, is also a kind of indefinite pro-sumti: it is indefinite in referent, but is restricted to referring only to an utterance.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section8">
+ <section xml:id="section-voha-series">
<title>Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
vo'a KOhA vo'a-series x1 of this bridi
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
vo'e KOhA vo'a-series x2 of this bridi
vo'i KOhA vo'a-series x3 of this bridi
vo'o KOhA vo'a-series x4 of this bridi
@@ -1290,21 +1290,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci vo'e</jbo>
<en>I go to the store from itself [by some route unspecified].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>wash self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>referring to place of different bridi with go'i-series</secondary></indexterm> To refer to places of neighboring bridi, constructions like
<jbophrase>le se go'i ku</jbophrase> do the job: this refers to the 2nd place of the previous main bridi, as explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-ri-gohi-series"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SOI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>soi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vice versa</primary><secondary>English</secondary><tertiary>expressing with vo'a-series pro-sumti and soi</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vo'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>use in expressing reciprocity with soi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>soi</primary><secondary>use in expressing reciprocity with vo'a-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocity</primary><secondary>expressing with vo'a-series pro-sumti and soi</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of the vo'a-series are also used with
<quote>soi</quote> (of selma'o SOI) to precisely express reciprocity, which in English is imprecisely expressed with a discursive phrase like
<quote>vice versa</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vpb3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1361,21 +1361,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bajykla ti soi vo'i se'u ta</jbo>
<gloss>I runningly-go to-this [reciprocity] [x3 of this bridi] from-that</gloss>
<en>I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section9">
+ <section xml:id="section-questions">
<title>sumti and bridi questions:
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ma</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>sumti question</description>
@@ -1462,21 +1462,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma djuno ma</jbo>
<gloss>[What sumti] knows [what sumti]?</gloss>
<en>Who knows what?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section10">
+ <section xml:id="section-keha">
<title>Relativized pro-sumti:
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>relativized sumti</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1516,21 +1516,21 @@
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UNBb"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0EWp"/>, because the relativized sumti is not yet complete when the
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> appears.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>subscripts</primary><secondary>on ke'a for nested relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>subscripting for nested relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>and abstract descriptions</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> is used only with relative clauses, and not with other embedded bridi such as abstract descriptions. In the case of relative clauses within relative clauses,
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> may be subscripted to make the difference clear (see
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>).</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section11">
+ <section xml:id="section-cehu">
<title>Abstraction focus pro-sumti:
<jbophrase>ce'u</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ce'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<description>abstraction focus</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
@@ -1561,21 +1561,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka gleki ce'u</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of (being-happy about-X)</gloss>
<en>the property of being that which someone is happy about</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section12">
+ <section xml:id="section-da-buha-series">
<title>Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the da-series and the bu'a-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
da KOhA da-series something-1
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
de KOhA da-series something-2
di KOhA da-series something-3
bu'a GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-1
bu'e GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-2
@@ -1590,21 +1590,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu lafti da poi grana ku'o gi'e desygau da</jbo>
<gloss>John raised something-1 which is-a-stick and shake-did something-1.</gloss>
<en>John picked up a stick and shook it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section13">
+ <section xml:id="section-daho">
<title>Pro-sumti and pro-bridi cancelling</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>da'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>DAhO</selmaho>
<description>cancel all pro-sumti/pro-bridi</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
@@ -1624,21 +1624,21 @@
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, will acquire the same referent as soon as they are used again after the cancellation.) The simplest way to cancel everything is with the cmavo
<jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase> of selma'o DAhO, which is used solely for this purpose; it may appear anywhere, and has no effect on the grammar of texts containing it. One use of
<jbophrase>da'o</jbophrase> is when entering a conversation, to indicate that one's pro-sumti assignments have nothing to do with any assignments already made by other participants in the conversation.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi assignment</primary><secondary>no'i effect on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary><secondary>no'i effect on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>no'i</primary><secondary>effect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignments</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ni'o</primary><secondary>effect on pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignments</secondary></indexterm> In addition, the cmavo
<jbophrase>ni'o</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>no'i</jbophrase> of selma'o NIhO, which are used primarily to indicate shifts in topic, may also have the effect of canceling pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignments, or of reinstating ones formerly in effect. More explanations of NIhO can be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section14">
+ <section xml:id="section-du">
<title>The identity predicate: du</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>identity</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
@@ -1682,24 +1682,24 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-prfu"/>, however, predicates; it is used to make a claim about the identity of
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase>, which presumably has been defined previously.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dunli</primary><secondary>contrasted with du</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>contrasted with dunli</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>derivation of</secondary></indexterm> Note:
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> historically is derived from
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase>, but
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> has a third place which
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> lacks: the standard of equality.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section15">
+ <section xml:id="section-anaphoric-rafsi">
<title>lujvo based on pro-sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>based on pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, but they are rarely used. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section16"/> for a complete list.) The obvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually stand as the first rafsi in their lujvo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-koha-summary"/> for a complete list.) The obvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually stand as the first rafsi in their lujvo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-talk</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>pro-sumti rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Thus
<jbophrase>donta'a</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>you-talk</quote>, would be interpreted as
<jbophrase>tavla be do</jbophrase>, and would have the place structure</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-unmV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1754,21 +1754,21 @@
<jbophrase>lo zilpavypinxe</jbophrase>, like
<jbophrase>lo zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase>, refers to a beverage, and not to a non-existent drinker.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi rafsi</primary><secondary>as producing context-dependent meanings</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase> also have rafsi, which can be used just as if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>-based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanings.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section16">
+ <section xml:id="section-koha-summary">
<title>KOhA cmavo by series</title>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi-series:
mi I (rafsi:
<quote>mib</quote>)
do you (rafsi:
<quote>don</quote> and
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>)
mi'o you and I
mi'a I and others, we but not you
@@ -1848,21 +1848,21 @@
de something-2
di something-3
others:
ke'a relativized sumti
ma sumti question
ce'u abstraction focus
</programlisting>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section17">
+ <section xml:id="section-goha-summary">
<title>GOhA and other pro-bridi by series</title>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
broda-series (not GOhA):
broda is-1; 1st assignable pro-bridi
brode is-2; 2nd assignable pro-bridi
brodi is-3; 3rd assignable pro-bridi
brodo is-4; 4th assignable pro-bridi
brodu is-5; 5th assignable pro-bridi
go'i-series:
@@ -1893,21 +1893,21 @@
<quote>com</quote>/
<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>)
mo bridi question
du identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi:
<quote>dub</quote>/
<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>)
</programlisting>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section18">
+ <section xml:id="section-other-summary">
<title>Other cmavo discussed in this chapter</title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>goi</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
<description>pro-sumti assignment (ko'a-series)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cei</cmavo>
commit b91d653f84d33d6ced5b51ac65065ca508fa88f7
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Thu Jan 6 19:33:21 2011 -0500
Chapter 6: cmavolist to table and miscellanious things.
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index ea9c9ef..2a1bbbc 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -54,22 +54,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Dx1s">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>e'osai ko sarji la lojban.</jbo>
<en>Please support Lojban!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-Dx1s"/> exhibits
- <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-Dx1s"/> exhibits
+ <jbophrase>ko</jbophrase>, a pro-sumti; and
<jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase>, a name.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-v1mS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu e'osai li'u le tcidu</jbo>
<en>I express
<quote>Please!</quote> to-the reader.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -544,38 +544,39 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL2Y" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi ratcu cu cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really-are rats are-small.</gloss>
<en>Rats are small.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
-<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo and loi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo and lo'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with loi and lo'i</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo'i</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo and loi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>loi</primary><secondary>contrasted with lo and lo'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo</primary><secondary>contrasted with loi and lo'i</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL3V" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ratcu cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>The-set-of rats is-large.</gloss>
<en>There are a lot of rats.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The mass of rats is small because at least one rat is small; the mass of rats is also large; the set of rats, though, is unquestionably large - it has billions of members. The mass of rats is also brown, since some of its components are; but it would be incorrect to call the set of rats brown - brown-ness is not the sort of property that sets possess.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sets</primary><secondary>use in Lojban place structure</secondary></indexterm> Lojban speakers should generally think twice before employing the set descriptors. However, certain predicates have places that require set sumti to fill them. For example, the place structure of
<jbophrase>fadni</jbophrase> is:</para>
+ <!-- FIXME: This definition is supposed to be set out from the rest of the text, but which Docbook tag to use? invent <place-structure>?-->
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is ordinary/common/typical/usual in property x2 among the members of set x3
-</programlisting>
+ </programlisting>
<para>Why is it necessary for the x3 place of
<jbophrase>fadni</jbophrase> to be a set? Because it makes no sense for an individual to be typical of another individual: an individual is typical of a group. In order to make sure that the bridi containing
<jbophrase>fadni</jbophrase> is about an entire group, its x3 place must be filled with a set:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xIXo">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>typical Lojban user</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fadni zo'e lo'i lobypli</jbo>
@@ -718,21 +719,21 @@
<para>Every Lojban sumti may optionally be preceded by an explicit quantifier. The purpose of this quantifier is to specify how many of the things referred to by the sumti are being talked about. Here are some simple examples contrasting sumti with and without explicit quantifiers:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qL61" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>You walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
-<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLAH" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of you walk-on the ice.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference between
@@ -810,21 +811,21 @@
<quote>I say every occurrence of the sentence 'You walk on the ice'</quote>. Of course I don't say every occurrence of it, only some occurrences. One might suppose that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3eMo"/> means that I express exactly one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unspecified, as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it at least once.</para>
<para>The Lojban cmavo meaning
<quote>at least</quote> is
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase>, and if no ordinary number follows,
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> means
<quote>at least once</quote>. (See
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gLpy"/> for the use of
<jbophrase>su'o</jbophrase> with an ordinary number). Therefore, the explicitly quantified version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3eMo"/> is</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>implicit quantifier</primary><secondary>for quotations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotations</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su'o</primary><secondary>as implicit quantifier for quotations</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>implicit quantifier</primary><secondary>for quotations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quotations</primary><secondary>implicit quantifier for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>su'o</primary><secondary>as implicit quantifier for quotations</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-P558">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku su'o lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I express at-least-one-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</gloss>
<gloss>I say one or more instances of
<quote>You walk on the ice</quote>.</gloss>
<en>I say
@@ -892,99 +893,100 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ci gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>The three dogs are-white.</gloss>
<en>The three dogs are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>outer quantifier</primary><secondary>implicit on descriptors</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>inner quantifier</primary><secondary>implicit on descriptors</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptors</primary><secondary>implicit quantifiers for</secondary></indexterm> There are rules for each of the 11 descriptors specifying what the implicit values for the inner and outer quantifiers are. They are meant to provide sensible default values when context is absent, not necessarily to prescribe hard and fast rules. The following table lists the implicit values:</para>
-<!--This stuff was here before, not sure what it means - zort-->
-<!--<lx "le"> XE "le" -->
-<!--<lx "ro"> XE "ro" -->
-<!--<lx "su'o"> XE "su'o" -->
-<!--<lx "lo"> XE "lo" <dl compact><p>-->
-<!--<lx "la"> XE "la" <dl compact><p>-->
-<!--<lx "lei"> XE "lei" <dl compact><p>-->
-<!--<lx "loi"> XE "loi" <dl compact><p>-->
-<!--<lx "lai"> XE "lai" <dl compact><p>-->
-<!--<lx "le'i"> XE "le'i" <dl compact><p>-->
-<!--<lx "lo'i"> XE "lo'i" <dl compact><p>-->
-<!--<lx "la'i"> XE "la'i" <dl compact><p>-->
-<!--<lx "le'e"> XE "le'e" <dl compact><p>-->
-<!--<lx "lo'e"> XE "lo'e" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--This stuff was here before, not sure what it means - zort-->
+ <!--<lx "le"> XE "le" -->
+ <!--<lx "ro"> XE "ro" -->
+ <!--<lx "su'o"> XE "su'o" -->
+ <!--<lx "lo"> XE "lo" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--<lx "la"> XE "la" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--<lx "lei"> XE "lei" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--<lx "loi"> XE "loi" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--<lx "lai"> XE "lai" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--<lx "le'i"> XE "le'i" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--<lx "lo'i"> XE "lo'i" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--<lx "la'i"> XE "la'i" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--<lx "le'e"> XE "le'e" <dl compact><p>-->
+ <!--<lx "lo'e"> XE "lo'e" <dl compact><p>-->
-<informaltable>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>le</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ro le su'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>all of the at-least-one described as</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>su'o lo ro</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>at least one of all of those which really are</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>la</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ro la su'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>all of the at least one named</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pisu'o lei su'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>some part of the mass of the at-least-one described as</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pisu'o loi ro</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>some part of the mass of all those that really are</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>pisu'o lai su'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>some part of the mass of the at-least-one named</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>piro le'i su'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>the whole of the set of the at-least-one described as</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>piro lo'i ro</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>the whole of the set of all those that really are</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>piro la'i su'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>the whole of the set of the at-least-one named</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>ro le'e su'o</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>all the stereotypes of the at-least-one described as</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase>:</entry>
- <entry><jbophrase>su'o lo'e ro</jbophrase></entry>
- <entry>at least one of the types of all those that really are</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
-</informaltable> <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>as encompassing le-series and la-series descriptors for quantification discussion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la-series descriptors</primary><secondary>compared with le-series in implicit quantification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series descriptors</primary><secondary>compared with la-series in implicit quantification</secondary></indexterm> When examined for the first time, this table looks dreadfully arbitrary. In fact, there are quite a few regularities in it. First of all, the la-series (that is, the descriptors
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>le</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ro le su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>all of the at-least-one described as</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>lo</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>su'o lo ro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>at least one of all of those which really are</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ro la su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>all of the at least one named</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pisu'o lei su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>some part of the mass of the at-least-one described as</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>loi</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pisu'o loi ro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>some part of the mass of all those that really are</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pisu'o lai su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>some part of the mass of the at-least-one named</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>piro le'i su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>the whole of the set of the at-least-one described as</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>lo'i</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>piro lo'i ro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>the whole of the set of all those that really are</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>piro la'i su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>the whole of the set of the at-least-one named</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ro le'e su'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>all the stereotypes of the at-least-one described as</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>lo'e</jbophrase>:</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>su'o lo'e ro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>at least one of the types of all those that really are</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>as encompassing le-series and la-series descriptors for quantification discussion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la-series descriptors</primary><secondary>compared with le-series in implicit quantification</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series descriptors</primary><secondary>compared with la-series in implicit quantification</secondary></indexterm> When examined for the first time, this table looks dreadfully arbitrary. In fact, there are quite a few regularities in it. First of all, the la-series (that is, the descriptors
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>la'i</jbophrase>) and the le-series (that is, the descriptors
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lei</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>le'i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>le'e</jbophrase>) always have corresponding implicit quantifiers, so we may subsume the la-series under the le-series for the rest of this discussion:
<quote>le-series cmavo</quote> will refer to both the le-series proper and to the la-series.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>le-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rule for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lo-series cmavo</primary><secondary>rule for implicit inner quantifier</secondary></indexterm> The rule for the inner quantifier is very simple: the lo-series cmavo (namely,
@@ -1151,27 +1153,27 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLAr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le re do cu nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>The two-of you are men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qLaQ"/> simply specifies that of the group of listeners, size unknown, two are men.
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-qLAr"/>, which has the sumti-based description
-
- <jbophrase>le re do</jbophrase>, says that of the two listeners, all (the implicit outer quantifier
- <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier
- <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> gives the number of individuals which the inner sumti
-
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qLaQ"/> simply specifies that of the group of listeners, size unknown, two are men.
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-qLAr"/>, which has the sumti-based description
+
+ <jbophrase>le re do</jbophrase>, says that of the two listeners, all (the implicit outer quantifier
+ <jbophrase>ro</jbophrase>) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier
+ <jbophrase>re</jbophrase> gives the number of individuals which the inner sumti
+
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> refers to.</para>
<para>Here is another group of examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLbf" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches three examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three bears</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le ci cribe cu bunre</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the three bears are-brown.</gloss>
@@ -1276,21 +1278,21 @@
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> of selma'o BO. Syntactically, you can prefix a sumti qualifier to any sumti and produce another simple sumti. (You may need to add the elidable terminator
<jbophrase>lu'u</jbophrase> to show where the qualified sumti ends.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>as short forms for common special cases</secondary></indexterm> Semantically, sumti qualifiers represent short forms of certain common special cases. Suppose you want to say
<quote>I see 'The Red Pony'</quote>, where
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is the title of a book. How about:</para>
-<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unqualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>qualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with unqualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unqualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with qualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>qualified sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with unqualified sumti</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6W3v">
<title> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches two examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Red Pony</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1331,21 +1333,21 @@
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent</primary><secondary>referring to with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dereferencing a pointer</primary><secondary>with la'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>la'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le selsinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> So when
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> is prefixed to a sumti referring to a symbol, it produces a sumti referring to the referent of that symbol. (In computer jargon,
<jbophrase>la'e</jbophrase> dereferences a pointer.)</para>
<para>By introducing a sumti qualifier, we correct a false sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6W3v"/>), which too closely resembles its literal English equivalent, into a true sentence (
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ajty"/>), without having to change it overmuch; in particular, the structure remains the same. Most of the uses of sumti qualifiers are of this general kind.</para>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>symbol</primary><secondary>referring to with lu'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>effect of on meaning</secondary></indexterm> The sumti qualifier
<jbophrase>lu'e</jbophrase> provides the converse operation: it can be prefixed to a sumti referring to some thing to produce a sumti referring to a sign or symbol for the thing. For example,</para>
-<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le sinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lu'e</primary><secondary>as short for <jbophrase>le sinxa be</jbophrase></secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7ytm">
<title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm matches two examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>title of book</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu cusku lu'e le vi cukta</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] express a-symbol-for the nearby book.</gloss>
<en>I said the title of this book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1422,21 +1424,21 @@
<jbo>mi ce do girzu .i lu'o ri gunma .i vu'i ri porsi</jbo>
<gloss>I in-a-set-with you are-a-set. The-mass-of it-last-mentioned is-a-mass. The-sequence-of it-last-mentioned is-a-sequence</gloss>
<en>The set of you and me is a set. The mass of you and me is a mass. The sequence of you and me is a sequence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Yes, I know these examples are a bit silly. This set was introduced for completeness, and practical examples are as yet hard to come by.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>meanings of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti qualifiers</primary><secondary>for negation</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the four sumti qualifiers formed from a cmavo of NAhE and
<jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> are all concerned with negation, which is discussed in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. Here are a few examples of negation sumti qualifiers:</para>
-<para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4Mte">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska na'ebo le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I see something-other-than the dog.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1493,21 +1495,21 @@
<jbo>je'e</jbo>
<gloss>[acknowledgement]</gloss>
<en>Uh-huh.</en>
<en>Roger!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vocative word</primary><secondary>phrase following</secondary></indexterm> In these cases, the person being addressed is obvious from the context. However, a vocative word (more precisely, one or more cmavo of COI, possibly followed by
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>, or else just
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by itself) can be followed by one of several kinds of phrases, all of which are intended to indicate the addressee. The most common case is a name:</para>
-<para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm isn't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>coi</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Bega">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi. djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A pause is required (for morphological reasons) between a member of COI and a name. You can use
@@ -1728,42 +1730,49 @@
<jbophrase role="morphology" valid="false">mz</jbophrase> is invalid):
<jbophrase>djeimyz</jbophrase> will suffice. Similarly,
<jbophrase>la</jbophrase> may be replaced by
<jbophrase>ly</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>lai</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>ly'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> by
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase> or
<jbophrase>dai</jbophrase>. Here are a few examples:</para>
- <cmavo-list>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>Doyle</cmavo>
- <selmaho>*doi,l</selmaho>
- <description>do'il or dai,l</description>
-
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>Lyra</cmavo>
- <selmaho>*lairas</selmaho>
- <description>ly'iras</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo-entry>
- <cmavo>Lottie</cmavo>
- <selmaho>*latis</selmaho>
- <description>LYtis. or lotis.</description>
- </cmavo-entry>
- </cmavo-list>
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Doyle</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase valid="false">*doi,l</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>do'il</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>dai,l</jbophrase></entry>
+
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>Lyra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase valid="false">*lairas</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ly'iras</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>Lottie </jbophrase>(American pron.)</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase valid="false">*latis</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>LYtis.</jbophrase> or <jbophrase>lotis.</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
<para><!-- FIXME: these indexterms have nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Doyle</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lyra</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Lottie</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>using rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Names may be borrowed from other languages or created arbitrarily. Another common practice is to use one or more rafsi, arranged to end with a consonant, to form a name: thus the rafsi
- <quote>loj-</quote> for
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">loj</jbophrase>- for
<jbophrase>logji</jbophrase> (logical) and
- <quote>ban-</quote> for
+ <jbophrase role="rafsi">ban</jbophrase>- for
<jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase> (language) unite to form the name of this language:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uXAY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lojban.</jbo>
<en>Lojban</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1994,21 +2003,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu mi'e djan. li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I say the-text [quote] I-am John [unquote].</gloss>
<en>I say <quote>I'm John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word quotation</primary><secondary>internal grammar of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>word quotation</primary><secondary>as morphologically valid</secondary></indexterm> Words quotations are quotations of one or more Lojban words. The words need not mean anything, but they must be morphologically valid so that the end of the quotation can be discerned.</para>
-<para> <!-- FIXME: these indexterms aren't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'u</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: these indexterms aren't <jbophrase>d alone --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>le'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>lo'u</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UMDQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lo'u li mi le'u</jbo>
<gloss>I say the-words [quote] <jbophrase>li mi</jbophrase> [unquote].</gloss>
<en>I say <jbophrase>li mi</jbophrase>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2082,21 +2091,21 @@
<jbophrase>me'o</jbophrase> refer to the actual expression, rather than its value. Thus
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLIm"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qLis"/> above have the same meaning, the number four, whereas</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sW7u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-expression four</gloss>
- <en><quote><inlineequation><mathphrase></mathphrase></inlineequation>4</quote></en>
+ <en><quote><inlineequation><mathphrase>4</mathphrase></inlineequation></quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3s82">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o re su'i re</jbo>
<gloss>the-expression two plus two</gloss>
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