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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Mon Jan 31 23:21:04 EST 2011
commit 9d59de41f6bf1eb982fb9e10c29275dbf21ce0cf
Merge: f11b9d0 9133367
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Mon Jan 31 14:18:30 2011 -0800
Merge commit '913336780806e86e99828ec1e2da4d62bb4ec1be' into gh-pages
commit 913336780806e86e99828ec1e2da4d62bb4ec1be
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Sat Jan 8 17:30:38 2011 -0500
Chapter 9, except index stuff.
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index bd9c42a..d837b6a 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -11,21 +11,21 @@
<bridgehead> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>A</primary><secondary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection</primary><secondary>of sumti</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="A"/> selma'o A (<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section6"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”), usually between sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. .a la djein. klama le zarci
John and/or Jane goes to the store.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used to create vowel lerfu words when followed with “bu”.</para>
<bridgehead> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI</primary><secondary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti place</primary><secondary>additional</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="BAI"/> selma'o BAI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section6"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-BAI"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>May be prefixed to a sumti to specify an additional place, not otherwise present in the place structure of the selbri, and derived from a single place of some other selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi tavla bau la lojban.
I speak in-language Lojban.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAhE</primary><secondary>selma'o catalog</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nonce word</primary><secondary>marking</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emphasis</primary><secondary>marking</secondary><tertiary>selma'o catalog</tertiary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="BAhE"/> selma'o BAhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section11"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Emphasizes the next single word, or marks it as a nonce word (one invented for the occasion).</para>
@@ -199,21 +199,21 @@
<para>When prefixed to a name, description, or sumti, produces a vocative: a phrase which indicates who is being spoken to (or who is speaking). Vocatives are used in conversational protocols, including greeting, farewell, and radio communication. Terminated by
<xref linkend="DOhU"/>. See
<xref linkend="DOI"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi .djan.
Greetings, John.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="CU"/> selma'o CU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-cu"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Separates the selbri of a bridi from any sumti which precede it. Never strictly necessary, but often useful to eliminate various elidable terminators.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le gerku cu klama le zarci
The dog goes to-the store.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="CUhE"/> selma'o CUhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section24"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Forms a question which asks when, where, or in what mode the rest of the bridi is true. See
@@ -251,21 +251,21 @@
<xref linkend="COI"/> or
<xref linkend="DOI"/>. Signals the end of a vocative.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi do'u
Greetings [terminator]
Greetings, O unspecified one!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FA"/> selma'o FA (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-FA"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Prefix for a sumti, indicating which numbered place in the place structure the sumti belongs in; overrides word order.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
fa mi cu klama fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. fo le dargu fu le karce
x1= I go x3= Atlanta x2= Boston x4= the road x5= the car.
I go from Atlanta to Boston via the road using the car.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FAhA"/> selma'o FAhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section2"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies the direction in which, or toward which (when marked with
@@ -289,31 +289,31 @@
<xref linkend="ROI"/>, or
<xref linkend="ZAhO"/>) refers to space rather than time.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ko vi'i fe'e di'i sombo le gurni
You-imperative [1-dimensional] [space] [regularly] sow the grain.
Sow the grain in a line and evenly!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FEhU"/> selma'o FEhU (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-selbri-modals"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="FIhO"/>. Indicates the end of an ad hoc modal tag: the tagged sumti immediately follows.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska do fi'o kanla [fe'u] le zunle
I see you [modal] eye: the left-thing
I see you with the left eye.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FIhO"/> selma'o FIhO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-selbri-modals"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>When placed before a selbri, transforms the selbri into a modal tag, grammatically and semantically equivalent to a member of selma'o
<xref linkend="BAI"/>. Terminated by
<xref linkend="FEhU"/>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska do fi'o kanla le zunle
I see you with eye the left-thing
I see you with my left eye.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="FOI"/> selma'o FOI (
@@ -455,21 +455,21 @@
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="JA"/> selma'o JA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section3"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”) between two tanru units, mathematical operands, tenses, or abstractions.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ti blanu je zdani
This is-blue and a-house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="JAI"/> selma'o JAI (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section12"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-jai"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>When followed by a tense or modal, creates a conversion operator attachable to a selbri which exchanges the modal place with the x1 place of the selbri. When alone, is a conversion operator exchanging the x1 place of the selbri (which should be an abstract sumti) with one of the places of the abstracted-over bridi.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi jai gau galfi le bitmu skari
I am-the-actor-in modifying the wall color.
I act so as to modify the wall color.
I change the color of the wall.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="JOI"/> selma'o JOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14"/>)</bridgehead>
@@ -952,21 +952,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="SA"/> selma'o SA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Erases the previous phrase or sentence.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama sa do klama le zarci
I go, er, you go-to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SE"/> selma'o SE (
<xref linkend="section-brivla"/>,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4"/>)</bridgehead>
+ <xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita-section-SE"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Converts a selbri, rearranging the order of places by exchanging the x1 place with a specified numbered place.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zarci cu se klama mi
The market is-gone-to by me.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used in constructing connective and modal compound cmavo.</para>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="SEI"/> selma'o SEI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12"/>)</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of metalinguistic insertions which comment on the main bridi. Terminated by
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index ccbe441..c957336 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -1,97 +1,123 @@
<chapter xml:id="chapter-sumti-tcita">
<title>To Boston Via The Road Go I, With An Excursion Into The Land Of Modals</title>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section1">
+ <section xml:id="section-introduction">
<title>Introductory</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship</primary><secondary>objects of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relationship</primary><secondary>as basis of sentence</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sentence</primary><secondary>basic Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The basic type of Lojban sentence is the bridi: a claim by the speaker that certain objects are related in a certain way. The objects are expressed by Lojban grammatical forms called
<jbophrase>sumti</jbophrase>; the relationship is expressed by the Lojban grammatical form called a
<jbophrase>selbri</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>as objects in place structure slots</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>empty slots in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The sumti are not randomly associated with the selbri, but according to a systematic pattern known as the
<quote>place structure</quote> of the selbri. This chapter describes the various ways in which the place structure of Lojban bridi is expressed and by which it can be manipulated. The place structure of a selbri is a sequence of empty slots into which the sumti associated with that selbri are placed. The sumti are said to occupy the places of the selbri.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure of selbri</primary><secondary>determining</secondary></indexterm> For our present purposes, every selbri is assumed to have a well-known place structure. If the selbri is a brivla, the place structure can be looked up in a dictionary (or, if the brivla is a lujvo not in any dictionary, inferred from the principles of lujvo construction as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>); if the selbri is a tanru, the place structure is the same as that of the final component in the tanru.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>klama</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>x1</primary><secondary>in place structure notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>klama</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The stock example of a place structure is that of the gismu
+ <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>x1</primary><secondary>in place structure notation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>notation conventions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>klama</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> The stock example of a place structure is that of the gismu
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- klama: x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4
- employing means of transport x5.
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ <jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>: x1 comes/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4 employing means of transport x5.
+ </place-structure>
<para>The
<quote>x1 ... x5</quote> indicates that
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> is a five-place predicate, and show the natural order (as assigned by the language engineers) of those places: agent, destination, origin, route, means.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>instability of</secondary></indexterm> The place structures of brivla are not absolutely stable aspects of the language. The work done so far has attempted to establish a basic place structure on which all users can, at first, agree. In the light of actual experience with the individual selbri of the language, there will inevitably be some degree of change to the brivla place structures.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section2">
+ <section xml:id="section-cu">
<title>Standard bridi form:
- <quote>cu</quote></title>
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cu</cmavo>
<selmaho>CU</selmaho>
<description>prefixed selbri separator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>building from selbri and sumti</secondary></indexterm> The most usual way of constructing a bridi from a selbri such as
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> and an appropriate number of sumti is to place the sumti intended for the x1 place before the selbri, and all the other sumti in order after the selbri, thus:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Boston from Atlanta</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ji94">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cu klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce</jbo>
- <en>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</en>
+ <gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the sumti are assigned to the places as follows:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 agent mi
- x2 destination la bastn.
- x3 origin la .atlantas.
- x4 route le dargu
- x5 means le karce
-</programlisting>
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x1</entry>
+ <entry>agent</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x2</entry>
+ <entry>destination</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la bastn.</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x3</entry>
+ <entry>origin</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la .atlantas.</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x4</entry>
+ <entry>route</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>le dargu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x5</entry>
+ <entry>means</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
<para>(Note: Many of the examples in the rest of this chapter will turn out to have the same meaning as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ji94"/>; this fact will not be reiterated.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>non-standard form</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>standard bridi form</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>standard form of</secondary></indexterm> This ordering, with the x1 place before the selbri and all other places in natural order after the selbri, is called
<quote>standard bridi form</quote>, and is found in the bulk of Lojban bridi, whether used in main sentences or in subordinate clauses. However, many other forms are possible, such as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yLqT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce cu klama</jbo>
- <en>I, to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car, go.</en>
+ <gloss>I, to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car, go.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>effect of alternate form on sumti order</secondary></indexterm> Here the selbri is at the end; all the sumti are placed before it. However, the same order is maintained.</para>
<para>Similarly, we may split up the sumti, putting some before the selbri and others after it:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-vzNY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi la bastn. cu klama la .atlantas. le dargu le karce</jbo>
- <en>I to-Boston go from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</en>
+ <gloss>I to-Boston go from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>emphasis</primary><secondary>changing by using non-standard form of bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>effect of using non-standard form</secondary></indexterm> All of the variant forms in this section and following sections can be used to place emphasis on the part or parts which have been moved out of their standard places. Thus,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yLqT"/> places emphasis on the selbri (because it is at the end);
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vzNY"/> emphasizes
<jbophrase>la bastn.</jbophrase>, because it has been moved before the selbri. Moving more than one component may dilute this emphasis. It is permitted, but no stylistic significance has yet been established for drastic reordering.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidable terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>usefulness of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>necessity of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>as selbri separator</secondary></indexterm> In all these examples, the cmavo
- <quote>cu</quote> (belonging to selma'o CU) is used to separate the selbri from any preceding sumti. It is never absolutely necessary to use
- <quote>cu</quote>. However, providing it helps the reader or listener to locate the selbri quickly, and may make it possible to place a complex sumti just before the selbri, allowing the speaker to omit elidable terminators, possibly a whole stream of them, that would otherwise be necessary.</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>CU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect on elidable terminators</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>usefulness of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>necessity of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>as selbri separator</secondary></indexterm> In all these examples, the cmavo
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> (belonging to selma'o CU) is used to separate the selbri from any preceding sumti. It is never absolutely necessary to use
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase>. However, providing it helps the reader or listener to locate the selbri quickly, and may make it possible to place a complex sumti just before the selbri, allowing the speaker to omit elidable terminators, possibly a whole stream of them, that would otherwise be necessary.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>selbri-first as exceptional</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri-first bridi</primary><secondary>effect on sumti places</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>omitted first place in selbri-first bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>order in selbri-first bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>order in selbri</secondary></indexterm> The general rule, then, is that the selbri may occur anywhere in the bridi as long as the sumti maintain their order. The only exception (and it is an important one) is that if the selbri appears first, the x1 sumti is taken to have been omitted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-aQtM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le dargu le karce</jbo>
<gloss>A-goer to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
<gloss>Goes to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</gloss>
@@ -112,59 +138,57 @@
<para>(There is a way to both provide a sumti for the x1 place and put the selbri first in the bridi: see
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oDES"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>leaving end sumti places unspecified in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>dropping trailing unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified trailing sumti</primary><secondary>dropping</secondary></indexterm> Suppose the speaker desires to omit a place other than the x1 place? (Presumably it is obvious or, for one reason or another, not worth saying.) Places at the end may simply be dropped:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Eqa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas.</jbo>
- <en>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta (via an unspecified route, using an unspecified means).</en>
+ <gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta (via an unspecified route, using an unspecified means).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>unspecified route</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified sumti</primary><secondary>non-trailing</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-5Eqa"/> has empty x4 and x5 places: the speaker does not specify the route or the means of transport. However, simple omission will not work for a place when the places around it are to be specified: in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jh7T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le karce</jbo>
- <en>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the car.</en>
+ <gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> occupies the x4 place, and therefore
+ <jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> occupies the x4 place, and therefore
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jh7T"/> means:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- I go to Boston from Atlanta, using the car as a route.
-
-
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ I go to Boston from Atlanta, using the car as a route.
+ </place-structure>
<para>This is nonsense, since a car cannot be a route. What the speaker presumably meant is expressed by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tqoQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. zo'e le karce</jbo>
- <en>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-something-unspecified using-the car.</en>
+ <gloss>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-something-unspecified using-the car.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structures</primary><secondary>omitting places with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>leaving a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>leaving a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>as place-holder for unspecified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified sumti</primary><secondary>using zo'e as place-holder for</secondary></indexterm> Here the sumti cmavo
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structures</primary><secondary>omitting places with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>leaving a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi</primary><secondary>leaving a sumti place unspecified in with zo'e</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>as place-holder for unspecified sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>unspecified sumti</primary><secondary>using zo'e as place-holder for</secondary></indexterm> Here the sumti cmavo
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> is used to explicitly fill the x4 place;
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> means
<quote>the unspecified thing</quote> and has the same meaning as leaving the place empty: the listener must infer the correct meaning from context.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section3">
+ <section xml:id="section-FA">
<title>Tagging places: FA</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fa</cmavo>
<selmaho>FA</selmaho>
<description>tags x1 place</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fe</cmavo>
@@ -186,21 +210,21 @@
<selmaho>FA</selmaho>
<description>tags x5 place</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fi'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>FA</selmaho>
<description>place structure question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fa</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> In sentences like
+ <para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>syntax of</secondary></indexterm> In sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ji94"/>, it is easy to get lost and forget which sumti falls in which place, especially if the sumti are more complicated than simple names or descriptions. The place structure tags of selma'o FA may be used to help clarify place structures. The five cmavo
<jbophrase>fa</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>fe</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>fi</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>fo</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>fu</jbophrase> may be inserted just before the sumti in the x1 to x5 places respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yLop">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d1"/>
</title>
@@ -222,66 +246,93 @@
<jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> occupies it.</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yLop"/>, the tags are overkill; they serve only to make
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Ji94"/> even longer than it is. Here is a better illustration of the use of FA tags for clarification:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3CPJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fa mi klama fe le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau fi la nu,IORK.</jbo>
- <en>x1= I go x2= (the house of me) which is-rural x3= New York.</en>
+ <gloss>x1= I go x2= (the house of me) which is-rural x3= New York.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-3CPJ"/>, the place structure of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> is as follows:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 agent mi
- x2 destination le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau
- x3 origin la nu,IORK.
- x4 route (empty)
- x5 means (empty)
-</programlisting>
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col3"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x1</entry>
+ <entry>agent</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x2</entry>
+ <entry>destination</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x3</entry>
+ <entry>origin</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la nu,IORK.</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x4</entry>
+ <entry>route</entry>
+ <entry>(empty)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry>x5</entry>
+ <entry>means</entry>
+ <entry>(empty)</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>as a reminder of place in place structure</secondary></indexterm> The
<jbophrase>fi</jbophrase> tag serves to remind the hearer that what follows is in the x3 place of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>; after listening to the complex sumti occupying the x2 place, it's easy to get lost.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>re-ordering with FA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri-first bridi</primary><secondary>specifying first sumti place in with fa</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure order</primary><secondary>effect of FA on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on place structure order</secondary></indexterm> Of course, once the sumti have been tagged, the order in which they are specified no longer carries the burden of distinguishing the places. Therefore, it is perfectly all right to scramble them into any order desired, and to move the selbri to anywhere in the bridi, even the beginning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YmN2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama fa mi fi la .atlantas. fu le karce fe la bastn. fo le dargu</jbo>
<gloss>go x1= I x3= Atlanta x5= the car x2= Boston x4= the road.</gloss>
<en>Go I from Atlanta using the car to Boston via the road.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri-first bridi</primary><secondary>effect on use of cu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect of selbri-first bridi on</secondary></indexterm> Note that no
- <quote>cu</quote> is permitted before the selbri in
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri-first bridi</primary><secondary>effect on use of cu</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cu</primary><secondary>effect of selbri-first bridi on</secondary></indexterm> Note that no
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> is permitted before the selbri in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YmN2"/>, because
- <quote>cu</quote> separates the selbri from any preceding sumti, and
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> separates the selbri from any preceding sumti, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YmN2"/> has no such sumti.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-fG8R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fu le karce fo le dargu fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. cu klama fa mi</jbo>
<gloss>x5= the car x4= the road x3= Atlanta x2= Boston go x1=I</gloss>
<en>Using the car, via the road, from Atlanta to Boston go I.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-fG8R"/> exhibits the reverse of the standard bridi form seen in
-
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-Ji94"/> and
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-fG8R"/> exhibits the reverse of the standard bridi form seen in
+
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-Ji94"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-yLop"/>, but still means exactly the same thing. If the FA tags were left out, however, producing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-j7Nu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce le dargu la .atlantas. la bastn. cu klama mi</jbo>
<gloss>The car to-the road from-Atlanta via-Boston goes using-me.</gloss>
<en>The car goes to the road from Atlanta, with Boston as the route, using me as a means of transport.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -341,66 +392,66 @@
<jbophrase>fe</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase> skips over the already-occupied x3 and x4 places to land in the x5 place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>avoidance of complex usage of</secondary></indexterm> Such a convoluted use of tags should probably be avoided except when trying for a literal translation of some English (or other natural-language) sentence; the rules stated here are merely given so that some standard interpretation is possible.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple sumti in one place</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>multiple in one place with FA</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary><secondary>for putting more than one sumti in a single place</secondary></indexterm> It is grammatically permitted to tag more than one sumti with the same FA cmavo. The effect is that of making more than one claim:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N1aE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[fa] la rik. fa la djein. klama [fe] le skina fe le zdani fe le zarci</jbo>
- <en>[x1=] Rick x1= Jane goes-to x2= the movie x2= the house x2= the office</en>
+ <gloss>[x1=] Rick x1= Jane goes-to x2= the movie x2= the house x2= the office</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>to movie</primary><secondary>house</secondary><tertiary>office: example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple sumti in one place</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> may be taken to say that both Rick and Jane go to the movie, the house, and the office, merging six claims into one. More likely, however, it will simply confuse the listener. There are better ways, involving logical connectives (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>), to say such things in Lojban. In fact, putting more than one sumti into a place is odd enough that it can only be done by explicit FA usage: this is the motivation for the proviso above, that already-occupied places are skipped. In this way, no sumti can be forced into a place already occupied unless it has an explicit FA cmavo tagging it.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give or receive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>place structure position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure questions</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
+ <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>give or receive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>place structure position</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure questions</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> also belongs to selma'o FA, and allows Lojban users to ask questions about place structures. A bridi containing
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> is a question, asking the listener to supply the appropriate other member of FA which will make the bridi a true statement:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GnTu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fi'a do dunda [fe] le vi rozgu</jbo>
<gloss>[what place]? you give x2= the nearby rose</gloss>
<gloss>In what way are you involved in the giving of this rose?</gloss>
<en>Are you the giver or the receiver of this rose?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GnTu"/>, the speaker uses the selbri
<jbophrase>dunda</jbophrase>, whose place structure is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- dunda: x1 gives x2 to x3
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ <jbophrase>dunda</jbophrase>: x1 gives x2 to x3
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>answers</primary><secondary>to place structure questions</secondary></indexterm> The tagged sumti
<jbophrase>fi'a do</jbophrase> indicates that the speaker wishes to know whether the sumti
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> falls in the x1 or the x3 place (the x2 place is already occupied by
<jbophrase>le rozgu</jbophrase>). The listener can reply with a sentence consisting solely of a FA cmavo:
<jbophrase>fa</jbophrase> if the listener is the giver,
<jbophrase>fi</jbophrase> if he/she is the receiver.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'a</primary><secondary>effect on subsequent untagged sumti</secondary></indexterm> I have inserted the tag
<jbophrase>fe</jbophrase> in brackets into
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GnTu"/>, but it is actually not necessary, because
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase> does not count as a numeric tag; therefore,
<jbophrase>le vi rozgu</jbophrase> would necessarily be in the x2 place even if no tag were present, because it immediately follows the selbri.</para>
<para>There is also another member of FA, namely
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase>, which is discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section12"/>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-jai"/>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section4">
+ <section xml:id="section-SE">
<title>Conversion: SE</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se</cmavo>
<selmaho>SE</selmaho>
<description>2nd place conversion</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>te</cmavo>
@@ -411,48 +462,46 @@
<cmavo>ve</cmavo>
<selmaho>SE</selmaho>
<description>4th place conversion</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xe</cmavo>
<selmaho>SE</selmaho>
<description>5th place conversion</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>for converting place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on selbri place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>as different selbri from unconverted</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>forming with SE</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> So far we have seen ways to move sumti around within a bridi, but the actual place structure of the selbri has always remained untouched. The conversion cmavo of selma'o SE are incorporated within the selbri itself, and produce a new selbri (called a converted selbri) with a different place structure. In particular, after the application of any SE cmavo, the number and purposes of the places remain the same, but two of them have been exchanged, the x1 place and another. Which place has been exchanged with x1 depends on the cmavo chosen. Thus, for example, when
+ <para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>for converting place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on selbri place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>as different selbri from unconverted</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>forming with SE</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> So far we have seen ways to move sumti around within a bridi, but the actual place structure of the selbri has always remained untouched. The conversion cmavo of selma'o SE are incorporated within the selbri itself, and produce a new selbri (called a converted selbri) with a different place structure. In particular, after the application of any SE cmavo, the number and purposes of the places remain the same, but two of them have been exchanged, the x1 place and another. Which place has been exchanged with x1 depends on the cmavo chosen. Thus, for example, when
- <quote>se</quote> is used, the x1 place is swapped with the x2 place.</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is used, the x1 place is swapped with the x2 place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>word formation of cmavo in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>rationale for no 1st place conversion</secondary></indexterm> Note that the cmavo of SE begin with consecutive consonants in alphabetical order. There is no
<quote>1st place conversion</quote> cmavo, because exchanging the x1 place with itself is a pointless maneuver.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se klama</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Here are the place structures of
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is the destination of x2's going from x3 via x4 using x5
-
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ x1 is the destination of x2's going from x3 via x4 using x5
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>te</primary></indexterm> and
<jbophrase>te klama</jbophrase>:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is the origin and x2 the destination of x3 going via x4 using x5
-
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ x1 is the origin and x2 the destination of x3 going via x4 using x5
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve</primary></indexterm> and
<jbophrase>ve klama</jbophrase>:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is the route to x2 from x3 used by x4 going via x5
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ x1 is the route to x2 from x3 used by x4 going via x5
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>xe</primary></indexterm> and
<jbophrase>xe klama</jbophrase>:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is the means in going to x2 from x3 via x4 employed by x5
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ x1 is the means in going to x2 from x3 via x4 employed by x5
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on place structure numbering</secondary></indexterm> Note that the place structure numbers in each case continue to be listed in the usual order, x1 to x5.</para>
<para>Consider the following pair of examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmHh" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la bastn. cu se klama mi</jbo>
<gloss>Boston is-the-destination of-me.</gloss>
<gloss>Boston is my destination.</gloss>
@@ -483,28 +532,28 @@
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, and uses a non-standard order.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>in descriptions</secondary></indexterm> The most important use of conversion is in the construction of descriptions. A description is a sumti which begins with a cmavo of selma'o LA or LE, called the descriptor, and contains (in the simplest case) a selbri. We have already seen the descriptions
<jbophrase>le dargu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>le karce</jbophrase>. To this we could add:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3YoA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le klama</jbo>
- <en>the go-er, the one who goes</en>
+ <gloss>the go-er, the one who goes</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the go-er</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>converted selbri</primary><secondary>to access non-first place in description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>use of SE in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>as based on first place of following selbri</secondary></indexterm> In every case, the description is about something which fits into the x1 place of the selbri. In order to get a description of a destination (that is, something fitting the x2 place of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>), we must convert the selbri to
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>, whose x1 place is a destination. The result is</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the destination</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>the destination</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-brDN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le se klama</jbo>
<en>the destination gone to by someone</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -547,148 +596,147 @@
<quote>road</quote> on Mars, on which no one has traveled or is ever likely to, may be called
<jbophrase>le pluta</jbophrase>, but it cannot be
<jbophrase>le ve klama</jbophrase>, since there exists no one for whom it is
<jbophrase>le ve klama be fo da</jbophrase> (the route taken in an actual journey by someone [da]).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>extending scope of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>extending scope of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>scope of</secondary></indexterm> When converting selbri that are more complex than a single brivla, it is important to realize that the scope of a SE cmavo is only the following brivla (or equivalent unit). In order to convert an entire tanru, it is necessary to enclose the tanru in
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> brackets:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> brackets:</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>blue house</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wQbB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se ke blanu zdani [ke'e] ti</jbo>
- <en>I [2nd conversion] blue house this-thing</en>
+ <gloss>I [2nd conversion] blue house this-thing</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The place structure of
<jbophrase>blanu zdani</jbophrase> (blue house) is the same as that of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase>, by the rule given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section1"/>. The place structure of
+ <xref linkend="section-introduction"/>. The place structure of
<jbophrase>zdani</jbophrase> is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- zdani: x1 is a house/nest/lair/den for inhabitant x2
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ zdani: x1 is a house/nest/lair/den for inhabitant x2
+ </place-structure>
<para>The place structure of
- <quote>se ke blanu zdani [ke'e]</quote> is therefore:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is the inhabitant of the blue house (etc.) x2
-</programlisting>
+ <jbophrase>se ke blanu zdani [ke'e]</jbophrase> is therefore:</para>
+ <place-structure>
+ x1 is the inhabitant of the blue house (etc.) x2
+ </place-structure>
<para>Consequently,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wQbB"/> means:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- I am the inhabitant of the blue house which is this thing.
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ I am the inhabitant of the blue house which is this thing.
+ </place-structure>
<para>Conversion applied to only part of a tanru has subtler effects which are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple conversion</primary><secondary>effect of ordering</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>effect of multiple on a selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple SE</primary><secondary>effect of ordering</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of multiple on a selbri</secondary></indexterm> It is grammatical to convert a selbri more than once with SE; later (inner) conversions are applied before earlier (outer) ones. For example, the place structure of
<jbophrase>se te klama</jbophrase> is achieved by exchanging the x1 and x2 place of
<jbophrase>te klama</jbophrase>, producing:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se te</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is the destination and x2 is the origin of x3 going via x4 using x5
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se te</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <place-structure>
+ x1 is the destination and x2 is the origin of x3 going via x4 using x5
-</programlisting>
+ </place-structure>
<para>On the other hand,
<jbophrase>te se klama</jbophrase> has a place structure derived from swapping the x1 and x3 places of
<jbophrase>se klama</jbophrase>:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- x1 is the origin of x2's going to x3 via x4 using x5
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ x1 is the origin of x2's going to x3 via x4 using x5
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple conversion</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> which is quite different. However, multiple conversions like this are never necessary. Arbitrary scrambling of places can be achieved more easily and far more intelligibly with FA tags, and only a single conversion is ever needed in a description.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>setese</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>swapping non-first places</secondary></indexterm> (Although no one has made any real use of it, it is perhaps worth noting that compound conversions of the form
- <quote>setese</quote>, where the first and third cmavo are the same, effectively swap the two given places while leaving the others, including x1, alone:
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>swapping non-first places</secondary></indexterm> (Although no one has made any real use of it, it is perhaps worth noting that compound conversions of the form
+ <jbophrase>setese</jbophrase>, where the first and third cmavo are the same, effectively swap the two given places while leaving the others, including x1, alone:
- <quote>setese</quote> (or equivalently
+ <jbophrase>setese</jbophrase> (or equivalently
- <quote>tesete</quote>) swap the x2 and x3 places, whereas
- <quote>texete</quote> (or
- <quote>xetexe</quote>) swap the x3 and x5 places.)</para>
+ <jbophrase>tesete</jbophrase>) swap the x2 and x3 places, whereas
+ <jbophrase>texete</jbophrase> (or
+ <jbophrase>xetexe</jbophrase>) swap the x3 and x5 places.)</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section5">
+ <section xml:id="section-selbri-modals">
<title>Modal places: FIhO, FEhU</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fi'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>FIhO</selmaho>
<description>modal place prefix</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>fe'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>FEhU</selmaho>
<description>modal terminator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Sometimes the place structures engineered into Lojban are inadequate to meet the needs of actual speech. Consider the gismu
<jbophrase>viska</jbophrase>, whose place structure is:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>viska</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- viska: x1 sees x2 under conditions x3
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ viska: x1 sees x2 under conditions x3
+ </place-structure>
<para>Seeing is a threefold relationship, involving an agent (le viska), an object of sight (le se viska), and an environment that makes seeing possible (le te viska). Seeing is done with one or more eyes, of course; in general, the eyes belong to the entity in the x1 place.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fe'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FIhO selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>see with left eye</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>use in adding places to place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>adding new places to with modal sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>as modal tag</secondary></indexterm> Suppose, however, that you are blind in one eye and are talking to someone who doesn't know that. You might want to say,
<quote>I see you with the left eye.</quote> There is no place in the place structure of
<jbophrase>viska</jbophrase> such as
<quote>with eye x4</quote> or the like. Lojban allows you to solve the problem by adding a new place, changing the relationship:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BSAc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska do fi'o kanla [fe'u] le zunle</jbo>
<gloss>I see you [modal] eye: the left-thing</gloss>
<en>I see you with the left eye.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o with selbri</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tag</primary><secondary>fi'o with selbri as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>effect on following selbri</secondary></indexterm> The three-place relation
<jbophrase>viska</jbophrase> has now acquired a fourth place specifying the eye used for seeing. The combination of the cmavo
- <quote>fi'o</quote> (of selma'o FIhO) followed by a selbri, in this case the gismu
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase> (of selma'o FIhO) followed by a selbri, in this case the gismu
<jbophrase>kanla</jbophrase>, forms a tag which is prefixed to the sumti filling the new place, namely
<jbophrase>le zunle</jbophrase>. The semantics of
<jbophrase>fi'o kanla le zunle</jbophrase> is that
<jbophrase>le zunle</jbophrase> fills the x1 place of
<jbophrase>kanla</jbophrase>, whose place structure is</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- kanla: x1 is an/the eye of body x2
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ kanla: x1 is an/the eye of body x2
+ </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>as first place of modal tag selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place relation</primary><secondary>importance of first place in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o tag</primary><secondary>relation of modal sumti following to selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>relation of to selbri</secondary></indexterm> Thus
<jbophrase>le zunle</jbophrase> is an eye. The x2 place of
<jbophrase>kanla</jbophrase> is unspecified and must be inferred from the context. It is important to remember that even though
<jbophrase>le zunle</jbophrase> is placed following
<jbophrase>fi'o kanla</jbophrase>, semantically it belongs in the x1 place of
<jbophrase>kanla</jbophrase>. The selbri may be terminated with
- <quote>fe'u</quote> (of selma'o FEhU), an elidable terminator which is rarely required unless a non-logical connective follows the tag (omitting
- <quote>fe'u</quote> in that case would make the connective affect the selbri).</para>
+ <jbophrase>fe'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o FEhU), an elidable terminator which is rarely required unless a non-logical connective follows the tag (omitting
+ <jbophrase>fe'u</jbophrase> in that case would make the connective affect the selbri).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>and FA marking</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>effect on place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>position in bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>seltcita sumti</primary><secondary>definition (see also modal sumti)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti tcita</primary><secondary>definition (see also modal tag)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>definition (see also seltcita sumti)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tag</primary><secondary>definition (see also sumti tcita)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>rationale for term name</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The term for such an added place is a
<quote>modal place</quote>, as distinguished from the regular numbered places. (This use of the word
<quote>modal</quote> is specific to the Loglan Project, and does not agree with the standard uses in either logic or linguistics, but is now too entrenched to change easily.) The
- <quote>fi'o</quote> construction marking a modal place is called a
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase> construction marking a modal place is called a
<quote>modal tag</quote>, and the sumti which follows it a
<quote>modal sumti</quote>; the purely Lojban terms
<jbophrase>sumti tcita</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>seltcita sumti</jbophrase>, respectively, are also commonly used. Modal sumti may be placed anywhere within the bridi, in any order; they have no effect whatever on the rules for assigning unmarked bridi to numbered places, and they may not be marked with FA cmavo.</para>
<para>Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSAc"/> again. Another way to view the situation is to consider the speaker's left eye as a tool, a tool for seeing. The relevant selbri then becomes
<jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase>, whose place structure is</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3
+ </place-structure>
<para>and we can rewrite
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BSAc"/> as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Lu15">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska do fi'o se pilno le zunle kanla</jbo>
<gloss>I see you [modal] [conversion] use: the left eye.</gloss>
<en>I see you using my left eye.</en>
@@ -699,74 +747,89 @@
<jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase> is necessary in order to get the
<quote>tool</quote> place into x1, since only x1 can be the modal sumti. The
<quote>tool user</quote> place is the x2 of
<jbophrase>se pilno</jbophrase> (because it is the x1 of
<jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase>) and remains unspecified. The tag
<jbophrase>fi'o pilno</jbophrase> would mean
<quote>with tool user</quote>, leaving the tool unspecified.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section6">
+ <section xml:id="section-BAI">
<title>Modal tags: BAI</title>
<para>There are certain selbri which seem particularly useful in constructing modal tags. In particular,
<jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase> is one of them. The place structure of
<jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase> is:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3
-</programlisting>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>sepi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI modal tags</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> and almost any selbri which represents an action may need to specify a tool. Having to say
+ <place-structure>
+ pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3
+ </place-structure>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI modal tags</primary><secondary>rationale for</secondary></indexterm> and almost any selbri which represents an action may need to specify a tool. Having to say
<jbophrase>fi'o se pilno</jbophrase> frequently would make many Lojban sentences unnecessarily verbose and clunky, so an abbreviation is provided in the language design: the compound cmavo
<jbophrase>sepi'o</jbophrase>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pi'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>of BAI cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tags</primary><secondary>short forms as BAI cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o constructs</primary><secondary>short forms as BAI cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary><secondary>as short forms for fi'o constructs</secondary></indexterm> Here
- <quote>se</quote> is used before a cmavo, namely
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>of BAI cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tags</primary><secondary>short forms as BAI cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o constructs</primary><secondary>short forms as BAI cmavo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary><secondary>as short forms for fi'o constructs</secondary></indexterm> Here
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> is used before a cmavo, namely
<jbophrase>pi'o</jbophrase>, rather than before a brivla. The meaning of this cmavo, which belongs to selma'o BAI, is exactly the same as that of
<jbophrase>fi'o pilno fe'u</jbophrase>. Since what we want is a tag based on
<jbophrase>se pilno</jbophrase> rather than
<jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase>- the tool, not the tool user - the grammar allows a BAI cmavo to be converted using a SE cmavo.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Lu15"/> may therefore be rewritten as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N32m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska do sepi'o le zunle kanla</jbo>
<gloss>I see you with-tool: the left eye</gloss>
<en>I see you using my left eye.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The compound cmavo
<jbophrase>sepi'o</jbophrase> is much shorter than
- <quote>fi'o se pilno [fe'u]</quote> and can be thought of as a single word meaning
+ <jbophrase>fi'o se pilno [fe'u]</jbophrase> and can be thought of as a single word meaning
<quote>with-tool</quote>. The modal tag
<jbophrase>pi'o</jbophrase>, with no
- <quote>se</quote>, similarly means
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>, similarly means
<quote>with-tool-user</quote>, probably a less useful concept. Nevertheless, the parallelism with the place structure of
<jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase> makes the additional syllable worthwhile.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ka'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>effect on BAI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of conversion on</secondary></indexterm> Some BAI cmavo make sense with as well as without a SE cmavo; for example,
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>effect on BAI</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect of conversion on</secondary></indexterm> Some BAI cmavo make sense with as well as without a SE cmavo; for example,
<jbophrase>ka'a</jbophrase>, the BAI corresponding to the gismu
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase>, has five usable forms corresponding to the five places of
<jbophrase>klama</jbophrase> respectively:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ka'a with-goer
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>ka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>with-goer</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
- seka'a with-destination
- teka'a with-origin
- veka'a with-route
- xeka'a with-means-of-transport
-</programlisting>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>seka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>with-destination</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>teka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>with-origin</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>veka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>with-route</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>xeka'a</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><para>with-means-of-transport</para></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
<para>Any of these tags may be used to provide modal places for bridi, as in the following examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-r0QA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .eivn. cu vecnu loi flira cinta ka'a mi</jbo>
<gloss>Avon sells a-mass-of face paint with-goer me.</gloss>
@@ -810,63 +873,54 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMMX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi citka xeka'a le vinji</jbo>
<gloss>I eat with-means-of-transport the airplane.</gloss>
<en>I eat in the airplane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>English prepositions</primary><secondary>contrasted with modal tags in preciseness</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tags</primary><secondary>contrasted with English prepositions in preciseness</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI cmavo</primary><secondary>rationale for selection</secondary></indexterm> There are sixty-odd cmavo of selma'o BAI, based on selected gismu that seemed useful in a variety of settings. The list is somewhat biased toward English, because many of the cmavo were selected on the basis of corresponding English prepositions and preposition compounds such as
-
-
-
-
-
- <quote>with</quote>,
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>English prepositions</primary><secondary>contrasted with modal tags in preciseness</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tags</primary><secondary>contrasted with English prepositions in preciseness</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI cmavo</primary><secondary>rationale for selection</secondary></indexterm> There are sixty-odd cmavo of selma'o BAI, based on selected gismu that seemed useful in a variety of settings. The list is somewhat biased toward English, because many of the cmavo were selected on the basis of corresponding English prepositions and preposition compounds such as <quote>with</quote>,
<quote>without</quote>, and
<quote>by means of</quote>. The BAI cmavo, however, are far more precise than English prepositions, because their meanings are fixed by the place structures of the corresponding gismu.</para>
-
-
-
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary><secondary>form of cmavo in</secondary></indexterm> All BAI cmavo have the form CV'V or CVV. Most of them are CV'V, where the C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu and the two Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The table in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section16"/> shows the exceptions.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vague relationship</primary><secondary>modal tag for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tag</primary><secondary>for vague relationship</secondary></indexterm> There is one additional BAI cmavo that is not derived from a gismu:
+ <xref linkend="section-irregular-BAI"/> shows the exceptions.</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vague relationship</primary><secondary>modal tag for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal tag</primary><secondary>for vague relationship</secondary></indexterm> There is one additional BAI cmavo that is not derived from a gismu:
<jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase>. This cmavo is used when an extra place is needed, but it seems useful to be vague about the semantic implications of the extra place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2vMd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo nanmu be do'e le berti cu klama le tcadu</jbo>
<gloss>Some man [related to] the north came to-the city.</gloss>
<en>A man of the north came to the city.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>be</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>on description selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"of"</primary><secondary>in English</secondary><tertiary>compared with do'e</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>do'e</primary><secondary>compared with English "of"</secondary></indexterm> Here
+ <para><!-- FIXME: what to do with these "s? --><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal place</primary><secondary>on description selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"of"</primary><secondary>in English</secondary><tertiary>compared with do'e</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>do'e</primary><secondary>compared with English "of"</secondary></indexterm> Here
<jbophrase>le berti</jbophrase> is provided as a modal place of the selbri
<jbophrase>nanmu</jbophrase>, but its exact significance is vague, and is paralleled in the colloquial translation by the vague English preposition
<quote>of</quote>.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2vMd"/> also illustrates a modal place bound into a selbri with
- <quote>be</quote>. This construction is useful when the selbri of a description requires a modal place; this and other uses of
- <quote>be</quote> are more fully explained in
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase>. This construction is useful when the selbri of a description requires a modal place; this and other uses of
+ <jbophrase>be</jbophrase> are more fully explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-selbri"/>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section7">
+ <section xml:id="section-causals">
<title>Modal sentence connection: the causals</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ri'a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ni'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ri'a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ri'a</cmavo>
<selmaho>BAI</selmaho>
<description>rinka modal: physical cause</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>BAI</selmaho>
@@ -894,26 +948,38 @@
<jbophrase>seja'e</jbophrase> means
<quote>with cause of unspecified nature</quote>; likewise,
<jbophrase>gau</jbophrase> means
<quote>with agent</quote> and
<jbophrase>tezu'e</jbophrase> means
<quote>with purpose</quote>. These other modal cmavo will not be further discussed here, as my purpose is to explain modal sentence connection rather than Lojbanic views of causation.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>causals</primary><secondary>gismu</secondary></indexterm> There are four causal gismu in Lojban, distinguishing different versions of the relationships lumped in English as
<quote>causal</quote>:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- rinka: event x1 physically causes event x2
- krinu: event x1 is the justification for event x2
- mukti: event x1 is the (human) motive for event x2
- nibli: event x1 logically entails event x2
-</programlisting>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>>event x1 physically causes event x2</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>krinu</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>>event x1 is the justification for event x2</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>mukti</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>>event x1 is the (human) motive for event x2</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>nibli</jbophrase></term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>>event x1 logically entails event x2</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal causals</primary><secondary>implication differences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>causals</primary><secondary>modal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>for causal gismu</secondary></indexterm> Each of these gismu has a related modal:
<jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ki'u</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>mu'i</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>ni'i</jbophrase> respectively. Using these gismu and these modals, we can create various causal sentences with different implications:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmMz" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
@@ -982,64 +1048,61 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>with the
<jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase> changed to
<jbophrase>seri'a</jbophrase>. In addition, there are also symmetrical forms:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1YHv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati cu rinka</jbo>
- <gloss>le nu le spati cu banro</gloss>
- <gloss>The event-of (you water-give to the plant) causes</gloss>
- <gloss>the event-of (the plant grows).</gloss>
- <gloss>Your watering the plant causes its growth.</gloss>
- <en>If you water the plant, then it grows.</en>
+ <jbo>le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati cu rinka le nu le spati cu banro</jbo>
+ <gloss>The event-of (you water-give to the plant) causes the event-of (the plant grows).</gloss>
+ <en>Your watering the plant causes its growth. If you water the plant, then it grows.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>does not claim either event, but asserts only the causal relationship between them. So in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1YHv"/>, I am not saying that the plant grows nor that you have in fact watered it. The second colloquial translation shows a form of
<quote>if-then</quote> in English quite distinct from the logical connective
<quote>if-then</quote> explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>.</para>
<para>Suppose we wish to claim both events as well as their causal relationship? We can use one of two methods:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMnX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le spati cu banro .iri'abo do djacu dunda fi le spati</jbo>
<gloss>The plant grows. Because you water-give to the plant.</gloss>
<en>The plant grows because you water it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>.iri'abo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMPn" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do djacu dunda fi le spati .iseri'abo le spati cu banro</jbo>
<gloss>You water-give to the plant. Therefore it grows.</gloss>
<en>You water the plant; therefore, it grows.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The compound cmavo
<jbophrase>.iri'abo</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>.iseri'abo</jbophrase> serve to connect two bridi, as the initial
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> indicates. The final
- <quote>bo</quote> is necessary to prevent the modal from
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> is necessary to prevent the modal from
<quote>taking over</quote> the following sumti. If the
- <quote>bo</quote> were omitted from
+ <jbophrase>bo</jbophrase> were omitted from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMnX"/> we would have:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Wo6K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le spati cu banro .i ri'a do djacu dunda fi le spati</jbo>
<gloss>The plant grows. Because of you, [something] water-gives to the plant.</gloss>
<en>The plant grows. Because of you, water is given to the plant.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1054,46 +1117,45 @@
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMnX"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMPn"/> is that the modal,
<jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase> in this example, no longer modifies an explicit sumti. Instead, the sumti is implicit, the event given by a full bridi. Furthermore, there is a second implication: that the first bridi fills the x2 place of the gismu
<jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase>; it specifies an event which is the effect. I am therefore claiming three things: that the plant grows, that you have watered it, and that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>with other than causals</secondary></indexterm> In principle, any modal tag can appear in a sentence connective of the type exemplified by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMnX"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMPn"/>. However, it makes little sense to use any modals which do not expect events or other abstractions to fill the places of the corresponding gismu. The sentence connective
<jbophrase>.ibaubo</jbophrase> is perfectly grammatical, but it is hard to imagine any two sentences which could be connected by an
<quote>in-language</quote> modal. This is because a sentence describes an event, and an event can be a cause or an effect, but not a language.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8">
+ <section xml:id="section-modal-connectives">
<title>Other modal connections</title>
<para>Like many Lojban grammatical constructions, sentence modal connection has both forethought and afterthought forms. (See
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> for a more detailed discussion of Lojban connectives.)
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7"/> exemplifies only afterthought modal connection, illustrated here by:</para>
+ <xref linkend="section-causals"/> exemplifies only afterthought modal connection, illustrated here by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2D4c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jgari lei djacu .iri'abo mi jgari le kabri</jbo>
-
<gloss>I grasp the-mass-of water with-physical-cause I grasp the cup.</gloss>
<gloss>Causing the mass of water to be grasped by me, I grasped the cup.</gloss>
<en>I grasp the water because I grasp the cup.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>grasp water</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>afterthought connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> An afterthought connection is one that is signaled only by a cmavo (or a compound cmavo, in this case) between the two constructs being connected. Forethought connection uses a signal both before the first construct and between the two: the use of
<quote>both</quote> and
<quote>and</quote> in the first half of this sentence represents a forethought connection (though not a modal one).</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>gi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection</primary></indexterm> To make forethought modal sentence connections in Lojban, place the modal plus
- <quote>gi</quote> before the first bridi, and
- <quote>gi</quote> between the two. No
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>forethought</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection</primary></indexterm> To make forethought modal sentence connections in Lojban, place the modal plus
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> before the first bridi, and
+ <jbophrase>gi</jbophrase> between the two. No
<jbophrase>.i</jbophrase> is used within the construct. The forethought equivalent of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2D4c"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-d2b9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ri'agi mi jgari le kabri gi mi jgari lei djacu</jbo>
<gloss>With-physical-cause I grasp the cup, I grasp the-mass-of water.</gloss>
<en>Because I grasp the cup, I grasp the water.</en>
@@ -1101,237 +1163,232 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>relation to modal of second bridi in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>relation to modal of first bridi in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>forethought modal sentence connection for causals</primary><secondary>order of cause and effect</secondary></indexterm> Note that the cause, the x1 of
<jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase> is now placed first. To keep the two bridi in the original order of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-2D4c"/>, we could say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rQ77">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>seri'agi mi jgari lei djacu gi mi jgari le kabri</jbo>
- <en>With-physical-effect I grasp the-mass-of water, I grasp the cup.</en>
+ <gloss>With-physical-effect I grasp the-mass-of water, I grasp the cup.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In English, the sentence
- <quote>*Therefore I grasp the water, I grasp the cup</quote> is ungrammatical, because
+ <quote>Therefore I grasp the water, I grasp the cup</quote> is ungrammatical, because
<quote>therefore</quote> is not grammatically equivalent to
<quote>because</quote>. In Lojban,
- <quote>seri'agi</quote> can be used just like
- <quote>ri'agi</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>seri'agi</jbophrase> can be used just like
+ <jbophrase>ri'agi</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sentence connection</primary><secondary>condensing</secondary></indexterm> When the two bridi joined by a modal connection have one or more elements (selbri or sumti or both) in common, there are various condensed forms that can be used in place of full modal sentence connection with both bridi completely stated.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti modal connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti connection</primary></indexterm> When the bridi are the same except for a single sumti, as in Examples 8.1 through 8.3, then a sumti modal connection may be employed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-o7FG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jgari ri'agi le kabri gi lei djacu</jbo>
- <en>I grasp because the cup, the-mass-of water.</en>
+ <gloss>I grasp because the cup, the-mass-of water.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-o7FG"/> means exactly the same as
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-2D4c"/> through
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-o7FG"/> means exactly the same as
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-2D4c"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-rQ77"/>, but there is no idiomatic English translation that will distinguish it from them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>termset modal connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>termset connection</secondary></indexterm> If the two connected bridi are different in more than one sumti, then a termset may be employed. Termsets are explained more fully in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>, but are essentially a mechanism for creating connections between multiple sumti simultaneously.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LetE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta la djan. .imu'ibo la djan. dunda lei jdini mi</jbo>
<gloss>I gave the book to John. Motivated-by John gave the-mass-of money to-me.</gloss>
<en>I gave the book to John, because John gave money to me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'i</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nu'i</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tFSC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu'i mu'igi mi le cukta la djan. gi la djan. lei jdini mi nu'u dunda</jbo>
- <en>[start] because I, the book, John; John, the-mass-of money, me [end] gives.</en>
+ <gloss>[start] because I, the book, John; John, the-mass-of money, me [end] gives.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here there are three sumti in each half of the termset, because the two bridi share only their selbri.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi-tail modal connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal bridi-tail connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal connection of selbri</primary><secondary>using bridi-tail modal connection</secondary></indexterm> There is no modal connection between selbri as such: bridi which differ only in the selbri can be modally connected using bridi-tail modal connection. The bridi-tail construct is more fully explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>, but essentially it consists of a selbri with optional sumti following it.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMN7"/> is suitable for bridi-tail connection, and could be shortened to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Do9b">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mu'igi viska le cukta gi lebna le cukta</jbo>
- <en>I, because saw the book, took the book.</en>
+ <gloss>I, because saw the book, took the book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again, no straightforward English translation exists. It is even possible to shorten
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Do9b"/> further to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YXps">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mu'igi viska gi lebna vau le cukta</jbo>
- <en>I because saw, therefore took, the book.</en>
+ <gloss>I because saw, therefore took, the book.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vau</primary></indexterm> where
+ <para>where
<jbophrase>le cukta</jbophrase> is set off by the non-elidable
- <quote>vau</quote> and is made to belong to both bridi-tails - see
+ <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase> and is made to belong to both bridi-tails - see
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> for more explanations.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>shared bridi-tail sumti</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vau for shared bridi-tail sumti</primary><secondary>avoiding</secondary></indexterm> Since this is a chapter on rearranging sumti, it is worth pointing out that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-YXps"/> can be further rearranged to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Pxca">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi le cukta mu'igi viska gi lebna</jbo>
- <en>I, the book, because saw, therefore took.</en>
+ <gloss>I, the book, because saw, therefore took.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which doesn't require the extra
- <quote>vau</quote>; all sumti before a conjunction of bridi-tails are shared.</para>
+ <jbophrase>vau</jbophrase>; all sumti before a conjunction of bridi-tails are shared.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>operand modal connection</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal operand connection</primary></indexterm> Finally, mathematical operands can be modally connected.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-J2T5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>li ny. du li vo</jbo>
- <gloss>.ini'ibo li ny. du li re su'i re</gloss>
- <en>the number</en>
+ <jbo>li ny. du li vo .ini'ibo li ny. du li re su'i re</jbo>
+ <gloss>the number n = the-number 4. Entailed-by the-number n = the-number 2 + 2.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>can be reduced to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Mfe4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ny. du li ni'igi vei re su'i re [ve'o] gi vo</jbo>
- <en>the-number</en>
- </interlinear-gloss>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>= the-number because ( 2 + 2 ) therefore 4.</jbo>
+ <gloss>the-number = the-number because ( 2 + 2 ) therefore 4.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ve'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>vei</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>vei</quote> and
- <quote>ve'o</quote> represent mathematical parentheses, and are required so that
- <quote>ni'igi</quote> affects more than just the immediately following operand, namely the first
+ <para>The cmavo
+ <jbophrase>vei</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase> represent mathematical parentheses, and are required so that
+ <jbophrase>ni'igi</jbophrase> affects more than just the immediately following operand, namely the first
<jbophrase>re</jbophrase>. (The right parenthesis,
- <quote>ve'o</quote>, is an elidable terminator.) As usual, no English translation does
+ <jbophrase>ve'o</jbophrase>, is an elidable terminator.) As usual, no English translation does
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mfe4"/> justice.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal connectives</primary><secondary>fi'o prohibited in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>restriction on use</secondary></indexterm> Note: Due to restrictions on the Lojban parsing algorithm, it is not possible to form modal connectives using the
- <quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predefined modals of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7"/> and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8"/>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase>-plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predefined modals of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in
+ <xref linkend="section-causals"/> and
+ <xref linkend="section-modal-connectives"/>.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section9">
+ <section xml:id="section-modal-selbri">
<title>Modal selbri</title>
<para>Consider the example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-bT4c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank.</jbo>
<gloss>I speak in-language Lojban with-compeller some-act-by Frank.</gloss>
<en>I speak in Lojban, under compulsion by Frank.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>under compulsion</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal sumti</primary><secondary>leaving vague</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bT4c"/> has two modal sumti, using the modals
<jbophrase>bau</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>bai</jbophrase>. Suppose we wanted to specify the language explicitly but be vague about who's doing the compelling. We can simplify
<xref linkend="example-random-id-bT4c"/> to:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ku</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-dbSy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai [ku].</jbo>
- <en>I speak in-language Lojban under-compulsion.</en>
+ <gloss>I speak in-language Lojban under-compulsion.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-dbSy"/>, the elidable terminator
- <quote>ku</quote> has taken the place of the sumti which would normally follow
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> has taken the place of the sumti which would normally follow
<jbophrase>bai</jbophrase>. Alternatively, we could specify the one who compels but keep the language vague:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Qc8w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau [ku] bai tu'a la frank.</jbo>
- <en>I speak in-some-language under-compulsion-by some-act-by Frank.</en>
+ <gloss>I speak in-some-language under-compulsion-by some-act-by Frank.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We are also free to move the modal-plus-
- <quote>ku</quote> around the bridi:</para>
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> around the bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2utY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bau [ku] bai ku mi tavla</jbo>
- <en>In-some-language under-compulsion I speak.</en>
+ <gloss>In-some-language under-compulsion I speak.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal followed by selbri</primary><secondary>effect on eliding cu</secondary></indexterm> An alternative to using
- <quote>ku</quote> is to place the modal cmavo right before the selbri, following the
+ <jbophrase>ku</jbophrase> is to place the modal cmavo right before the selbri, following the
- <quote>cu</quote> which often appears there. When a modal is present, the
- <quote>cu</quote> is almost never necessary.</para>
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> which often appears there. When a modal is present, the
+ <jbophrase>cu</jbophrase> is almost never necessary.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-613h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bai tavla bau la lojban.</jbo>
- <en>I compelledly speak in-language Lojban.</en>
+ <gloss>I compelledly speak in-language Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal followed by selbri</primary><secondary>contrasted with tanru modification in grammar</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal followed by selbri</primary><secondary>compared with tanru modification in meaning</secondary></indexterm> In this use, the modal is like a tanru modifier semantically, although grammatically it is quite distinct.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-613h"/> is very similar in meaning to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pVUT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se bapli tavla bau la lojban.</jbo>
- <en>I compelledly-speak in-language Lojban.</en>
+ <gloss>I compelledly-speak in-language Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
- <quote>se</quote> conversion is needed because
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase> conversion is needed because
<jbophrase>bapli tavla</jbophrase> would be a
<quote>compeller type of speaker</quote> rather than a
<quote>compelled (by someone) type of speaker</quote>, which is what a
<jbophrase>bai tavla</jbophrase> is.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o modal followed by selbri</primary><secondary>effect on eliding fe'u</secondary></indexterm> If the modal preceding a selbri is constructed using
- <quote>fi'o</quote>, then
- <quote>fe'u</quote> is required to prevent the main selbri and the modal selbri from colliding:</para>
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase>, then
+ <jbophrase>fe'u</jbophrase> is required to prevent the main selbri and the modal selbri from colliding:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-SfwV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fi'o kanla fe'u viska do</jbo>
<gloss>I with-eye see you.</gloss>
<en>I see you with my eye(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1345,41 +1402,41 @@
<jbo>mi bai ke ge klama le zarci gi cadzu le bisli [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>I under-compulsion (both go to-the market and walk on-the ice).</gloss>
<en>Under compulsion, I both go to the market and walk on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the
<jbophrase>bai</jbophrase> is spread over both
<jbophrase>klama le zarci</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>cadzu le bisli</jbophrase>, and the
- <quote>ge ... gi</quote> represents the logical connection
+ <jbophrase>ge ... gi</jbophrase> represents the logical connection
<quote>both-and</quote> between the two.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over multiple sentences with tu'e…tu'u</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, a modal can be attached to multiple sentences that have been combined with
- <quote>tu'e</quote> and
- <quote>tu'u</quote>, which are explained in more detail in
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>expanding scope over multiple sentences with tu'e…tu'u</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, a modal can be attached to multiple sentences that have been combined with
+ <jbophrase>tu'e</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>tu'u</jbophrase>, which are explained in more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-boYr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>bai tu'e mi klama le zarci .i mi cadzu le bisli [tu'u]</jbo>
- <en>Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the ice [end].</en>
+ <gloss>Under-compulsion [start] I go to-the market. I walk on-the ice [end].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-vCzL"/>.</para>
<para>Note: Either BAI modals or
- <quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri modals may correctly be used in any of the constructions discussed in this section.</para>
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase>-plus-selbri modals may correctly be used in any of the constructions discussed in this section.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section10">
+ <section xml:id="section-relative-phrases">
<title>Modal relative phrases; Comparison</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
<description>restrictive relative phrase</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ne</cmavo>
@@ -1400,127 +1457,133 @@
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Relative phrases and clauses are explained in much more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>. However, there is a construction which combines a modal with a relative phrase which is relevant to this chapter. Consider the following examples of relative clauses:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmPP" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas. poi se cusku la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
- <en>The Appassionata which is-expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</en>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata which is-expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmPr" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas. noi se finti la betovn. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
- <en>The Appassionata, which is-created-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</en>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata, which is-created-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>poi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Beethoven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Artur Rubenstein</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Appassionata</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In
+ <para><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Beethoven</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Artur Rubenstein</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Appassionata</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPP"/>,
<jbophrase>la .apasionatas.</jbophrase> refers to a particular performance of the sonata, namely the one performed by Rubinstein. Therefore, the relative clause
<jbophrase>poi se cusku</jbophrase> uses the cmavo
- <quote>poi</quote> (of selma'o NOI) to restrict the meaning of
+ <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> (of selma'o NOI) to restrict the meaning of
<jbophrase>la .apasionatas</jbophrase> to the performance in question.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>noi</primary></indexterm> In
+ <para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPr"/>, however,
<jbophrase>la .apasionatas.</jbophrase> refers to the sonata as a whole, and the information that it was composed by Beethoven is merely incidental. The cmavo
- <quote>noi</quote> (also of selma'o NOI) expresses the incidental nature of this relationship.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ne</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pe</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
- <quote>pe</quote> and
- <quote>ne</quote> (of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to
- <quote>poi</quote> and
- <quote>noi</quote> respectively, but are followed by sumti rather than full bridi. We can abbreviate
+ <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> (also of selma'o NOI) expresses the incidental nature of this relationship.</para>
+ <para>The cmavo
+ <jbophrase>pe</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>ne</jbophrase> (of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to
+ <jbophrase>poi</jbophrase> and
+ <jbophrase>noi</jbophrase> respectively, but are followed by sumti rather than full bridi. We can abbreviate
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPr"/> to:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMq1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi</jbo>
- <en>The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</en>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMQ1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas ne la betovn. se nelci mi</jbo>
- <en>The Appassionata, which is of Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</en>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata, which is of Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrases</primary><secondary>contrasted with relative clauses in preciseness</secondary></indexterm> Here the precise selbri of the relative clauses is lost: all we can tell is that the Appassionata is connected in some way with Rubinstein (in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMq1"/>) and Beethoven (in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMQ1"/>), and that the relationships are respectively restrictive and incidental.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cu'u</primary></indexterm> It happens that both
+ <para>It happens that both
<jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>finti</jbophrase> have BAI cmavo, namely
<jbophrase>cu'u</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>fi'e</jbophrase>. We can recast
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMq1"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMQ1"/> as:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMqF" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas pe cu'u la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
- <en>The Appassionata expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</en>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata expressed-by Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmqy" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas ne fi'e la betovn. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
- <en>The Appassionata, invented-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</en>
+ <gloss>The Appassionata, invented-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>improving relative phrase preciseness with </secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrases</primary><secondary>improving preciseness with modals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative phrases with modals</primary><secondary>compared to relative clauses in preciseness</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMqF"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmqy"/> have the full semantic content of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPP"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmPr"/> respectively.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>me'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"less"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>expressing with relative phrases</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"more"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>expressing with relative phrases</tertiary></indexterm> Modal relative phrases are often used with the BAI cmavo
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: what to do with these "s? --><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"less"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>expressing with relative phrases</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"more"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>expressing with relative phrases</tertiary></indexterm> Modal relative phrases are often used with the BAI cmavo
<jbophrase>mau</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>me'a</jbophrase>, which are based on the comparative gismu
<jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase> (more than) and
<jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase> (less than) respectively. The place structures are:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- zmadu: x1 is more than x2 in property/quantity x3 by amount x4
- mleca: x1 is less than x2 in property/quantity x3 by amount x4
-</programlisting>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase>:</term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>>x1 is more than x2 in property/quantity x3 by amount x4</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase>:</term>
+ <listitem><place-structure>>x1 is less than x2 in property/quantity x3 by amount x4</place-structure></listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
<para>Here are some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Jr4V">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. nelci la betis. ne semau la meiris.</jbo>
<gloss>Frank likes Betty, which-is more-than Mary.</gloss>
<en>Frank likes Betty more than (he likes) Mary.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1548,23 +1611,23 @@
<jbophrase>semau</jbophrase>, and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ecf1"/> using
<jbophrase>mau</jbophrase> rather than
<jbophrase>seme'a</jbophrase>, but such usage would be unnecessarily confusing. Like many BAI cmavo,
<jbophrase>mau</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>me'a</jbophrase> are more useful when converted with
- <quote>se</quote>.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"less"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>importance of relative phrase to</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"more"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>importance of relative phrase to</tertiary></indexterm> If the
- <quote>ne</quote> were omitted in
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para>
+ <para> <!-- FIXME: what to do with these "s? --><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"less"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>importance of relative phrase to</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>"more"</primary><secondary>English word</secondary><tertiary>importance of relative phrase to</tertiary></indexterm> If the
+ <jbophrase>ne</jbophrase> were omitted in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Jr4V"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ecf1"/>, the modal sumti (
<jbophrase>la meiris.</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>la betis.</jbophrase> respectively) would become attached to the bridi as a whole, producing a very different translation.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ecf1"/> would become:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5QHA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d9"/>
@@ -1576,77 +1639,75 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which compares a liking with a person, and is therefore nonsense.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bridi-based comparison</primary><secondary>contrasted with comparison with relative phrase</secondary><tertiary>in claims about parts</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparison with relative phrase</primary><secondary>contrasted with bridi-based comparison</secondary><tertiary>in claims about parts</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>comparison</primary><secondary>claims related to based on form</secondary></indexterm> Pure comparison, which states only the comparative information but says nothing about whether Frank actually likes either Mary or Betty (he may like neither, but dislike Betty less), would be expressed differently, as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AAQp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le ni la frank. nelci la betis. cu zmadu</jbo>
- <gloss>le ni la frank. nelci la meiris.</gloss>
- <gloss>The quantity-of Frank's liking Betty is-more-than</gloss>
- <en>the quantity-of Frank's liking Mary.</en>
+ <jbo>le ni la frank. nelci la betis. cu zmadu le ni la frank. nelci la meiris.</jbo>
+ <gloss>The quantity-of Frank's liking Betty is-more-than the quantity-of Frank's liking Mary.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ci'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>seba'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>seme'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>semau</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals often attached with relative phrases</primary><secondary>list</secondary></indexterm> The mechanisms explained in this section are appropriate to many modals other than
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals often attached with relative phrases</primary><secondary>list</secondary></indexterm> The mechanisms explained in this section are appropriate to many modals other than
<jbophrase>semau</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>seme'a</jbophrase>. Some other modals that are often associated with relative phrases are:
<jbophrase>seba'i</jbophrase> (
<quote>instead of</quote>),
<jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase> (
<quote>on scale</quote>),
<jbophrase>de'i</jbophrase> (
<quote>dated</quote>),
<jbophrase>du'i</jbophrase> (
<quote>as much as</quote>). Some BAI tags can be used equally well in relative phrases or attached to bridi; others seem useful only attached to bridi. But it is also possible that the usefulness of particular BAI modals is an English-speaker bias, and that speakers of other languages may find other BAIs useful in divergent ways.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o modals</primary><secondary>usage in relative phrases</secondary></indexterm> Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
- <quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section11">
+ <section xml:id="section-mixed-connection">
<title>Mixed modal connection</title>
<para>It is possible to mix logical connection (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>) with modal connection, in a way that simultaneously asserts the logical connection and the modal relationship. Consider the sentences:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4qz4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .ije mi nelci la djein.</jbo>
- <en>I like you. And I like Jane.</en>
+ <gloss>I like you. And I like Jane.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is a logical connection, and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6EE5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .iki'ubo mi nelci la djein.</jbo>
- <en>I like you. Justified-by I like Jane.</en>
+ <gloss>I like you. Justified-by I like Jane.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mixed modal connection</primary><secondary>of sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal connection</primary><secondary>simultaneous with logical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>connection</primary><secondary>simultaneously modal and logical</secondary></indexterm> The meanings of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-4qz4"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-6EE5"/> can be simultaneously expressed by combining the two compound cmavo, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-W3Le">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .ijeki'ubo mi nelci la djein.</jbo>
- <en>I like you. And justified-by I like Jane.</en>
+ <gloss>I like you. And justified-by I like Jane.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mixed modal connection</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Here the two sentences
<jbophrase>mi nelci do</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mi nelci la djein.</jbophrase> are simultaneously asserted, their logical connection is asserted, and their causal relationship is asserted. The logical connective
<jbophrase>je</jbophrase> comes before the modal
<jbophrase>ki'u</jbophrase> in all such mixed connections.</para>
<para>Since
<jbophrase>mi nelci do</jbophrase> and
@@ -1674,69 +1735,62 @@
<jbo>mi nelci do gi'eki'ubo nelci la djein.</jbo>
<en>I like you and/because like Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The following three complex examples all mean the same thing.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMRB" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi bevri le dakli</jbo>
- <gloss>.ijeseri'abo tu'e mi bevri le gerku .ijadu'ibo mi bevri le mlatu [tu'u]</gloss>
- <gloss>I carry the sack.</gloss>
- <gloss>And [effect] (I carry the dog. And/or [equal] I carry the cat.)</gloss>
- <gloss>I carry the sack.</gloss>
- <en>As a result I carry the dog or I carry the cat, equally.</en>
+ <jbo>mi bevri le dakli .ijeseri'abo tu'e mi bevri le gerku .ijadu'ibo mi bevri le mlatu [tu'u]</jbo>
+ <gloss>I carry the sack. And [effect] (I carry the dog. And/or [equal] I carry the cat.)</gloss>
+ <en>I carry the sack. As a result I carry the dog or I carry the cat, equally.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qmRL" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi bevri le dakli</jbo>
- <gloss>gi'eseri'ake bevri le gerku gi'adu'ibo bevri le mlatu [ke'e]</gloss>
- <gloss>I carry the sack</gloss>
- <gloss>and [effect] (carry the dog and/or [equal] carry the cat).</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi bevri le dakli gi'eseri'ake bevri le gerku gi'adu'ibo bevri le mlatu [ke'e]</jbo>
+ <gloss>I carry the sack and [effect] (carry the dog and/or [equal] carry the cat).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack and as a result carry the dog or carry the cat equally.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMSb" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi bevri le dakli</jbo>
- <gloss>.eseri'ake le gerku .adu'ibo le mlatu [ke'e]</gloss>
- <gloss>I carry the sack</gloss>
- <gloss>and [effect] (the cat and/or [equal] the dog).</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi bevri le dakli .eseri'ake le gerku .adu'ibo le mlatu [ke'e]</jbo>
+ <gloss>I carry the sack and [effect] (the cat and/or [equal] the dog).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack, and as a result the cat or the dog equally.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>carry sack</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMRB"/>, the
- <quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> brackets are the equivalent of the
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> brackets in
+ <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> brackets are the equivalent of the
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> brackets in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qmRL"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMSb"/>, because
- <quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> cannot extend across more than one sentence. It would also be possible to change the
+ <jbophrase>ke ... ke'e</jbophrase> cannot extend across more than one sentence. It would also be possible to change the
<jbophrase>.ijeseri'abo</jbophrase> to
<jbophrase>.ije seri'a</jbophrase>, which would show that the
- <quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> portion was an effect, but would not pin down the
+ <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> portion was an effect, but would not pin down the
<jbophrase>mi bevri le dakli</jbophrase> portion as the cause. It is legal for a modal (or a tense; see
<xref linkend="chapter-tenses"/>) to modify the whole of a
- <quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> construct.</para>
+ <jbophrase>tu'e ... tu'u</jbophrase> construct.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>mixed modal connection with</secondary></indexterm> Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
- <quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section12">
+ <section xml:id="section-jai">
<title>Modal conversion: JAI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>jai</cmavo>
<selmaho>JAI</selmaho>
<description>modal conversion</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -1745,188 +1799,178 @@
<description>modal place structure tag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>BAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>swapping with modal place</secondary></indexterm> So far, conversion of numbered bridi places with SE and the addition of modal places with BAI have been two entirely separate operations. However, it is possible to convert a selbri in such a way that, rather than exchanging two numbered places, a modal place is made into a numbered place. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KMMX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku bau la lojban.</jbo>
- <en>I express [something] in-language Lojban.</en>
+ <gloss>I express [something] in-language Lojban.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>effect of modal conversion on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>modal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> has an explicit x1 place occupied by
+ <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>FA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>place structure</primary><secondary>effect of modal conversion on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>conversion</primary><secondary>modal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>place structure of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>grammar of</secondary></indexterm> has an explicit x1 place occupied by
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and an explicit
<jbophrase>bau</jbophrase> place occupied by
<jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase> To exchange these two, we use a modal conversion operator consisting of
- <quote>jai</quote> (of selma'o JAI) followed by the modal cmavo. Thus, the modal conversion of
+ <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> (of selma'o JAI) followed by the modal cmavo. Thus, the modal conversion of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KMMX"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KjyW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. jai bau cusku fai mi</jbo>
- <en>Lojban is-the-language-of-expression used-by me.</en>
+ <gloss>Lojban is-the-language-of-expression used-by me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fai</primary><secondary>as allowing access to original first place in modal conversion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>access to original first place with fai</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KjyW"/>, the modal place
<jbophrase>la lojban.</jbophrase> has become the x1 place of the new selbri
<jbophrase>jai bau cusku</jbophrase>. What has happened to the old x1 place? There is no numbered place for it to move to, so it moves to a special
<quote>unnumbered place</quote> marked by the tag
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> of selma'o FA.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fai</primary><secondary>effect on numbering of place structure places</secondary></indexterm> Note: For the purposes of place numbering,
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> behaves like
<jbophrase>fi'a</jbophrase>; it does not affect the numbering of the other places around it.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversions</primary><secondary>in descriptions</secondary></indexterm> Like SE conversions, JAI conversions are especially convenient in descriptions. We may refer to
<quote>the language of an expression</quote> as
<jbophrase>le jai bau cusku</jbophrase>, for example.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion</primary><secondary>with no modal specified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jai without modal</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> In addition, it is grammatical to use
- <quote>jai</quote> without a following modal. This usage is not related to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of
- <quote>jai</quote> by itself is to send the x1 place, which should be an abstraction, into the
+ <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> without a following modal. This usage is not related to modals, but is explained here for completeness. The effect of
+ <jbophrase>jai</jbophrase> by itself is to send the x1 place, which should be an abstraction, into the
<jbophrase>fai</jbophrase> position, and to raise one of the sumti from the abstract sub-bridi into the x1 place of the main bridi. This feature is discussed in more detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>. The following two examples mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMsd" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi lebna le cukta cu se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of (I take the book) is-justified-by the event-of (I see the book).</gloss>
<en>My taking the book is justified by my seeing it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMse" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi jai se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta kei</jbo>
- <gloss>[fai le nu mi lebna le cukta]</gloss>
- <gloss>I am-justified by the event-of (I see the book)</gloss>
- <gloss>[namely, the event-of (I take the book)]</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi jai se krinu le nu mi viska le cukta kei [fai le nu mi lebna le cukta]</jbo>
+ <gloss>I am-justified by the event-of (I see the book) [namely, the event-of (I take the book)]</gloss>
<en>I am justified in taking the book by seeing the book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion without modal</primary><secondary>as vague</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMse"/>, with the bracketed part omitted, allows us to say that
<quote>I am justified</quote> whereas in fact it is my action that is justified. This construction is vague, but useful in representing natural-language methods of expression.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>and modal conversion</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal conversion with fi'o</primary></indexterm> Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
- <quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section13">
+ <section xml:id="section-negation">
<title>Modal negation</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of modals</primary></indexterm> Negation is explained in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-negation"/>. There are two forms of negation in Lojban: contradictory and scalar negation. Contradictory negation expresses what is false, whereas scalar negation says that some alternative to what has been stated is true. A simple example is the difference between
<quote>John didn't go to Paris</quote> (contradictory negation) and
<quote>John went to (somewhere) other than Paris</quote> (scalar negation).</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>nai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>contradictory negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of modals</primary><secondary>contradictory</secondary></indexterm> Contradictory negation involving BAI cmavo is performed by appending
- <quote>-nai</quote> (of selma'o NAI) to the BAI. A common use of modals with
- <quote>-nai</quote> is to deny a causal relationship:</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>contradictory negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of modals</primary><secondary>contradictory</secondary></indexterm> Contradictory negation involving BAI cmavo is performed by appending
+ <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> (of selma'o NAI) to the BAI. A common use of modals with
+ <jbophrase>-nai</jbophrase> is to deny a causal relationship:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ej84">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e13d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do mu'inai le nu do nelci mi</jbo>
<en>I like you, but not because you like me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>contradictory negation of modals</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ej84"/> denies that the relationship between my liking you (which is asserted) and your liking me (which is not asserted) is one of motivation. Nothing is said about whether you like me or not, merely that that hypothetical liking is not the motivation for my liking you.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>na'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>scalar negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of modals</primary><secondary>scalar</secondary></indexterm> Scalar negation is achieved by prefixing
- <quote>na'e</quote> (of selma'o NAhE), or any of the other cmavo of NAhE, to the BAI cmavo.</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>scalar negation of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of modals</primary><secondary>scalar</secondary></indexterm> Scalar negation is achieved by prefixing
+ <jbophrase>na'e</jbophrase> (of selma'o NAhE), or any of the other cmavo of NAhE, to the BAI cmavo.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9WC5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e13d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le spati cu banro na'emu'i le nu</jbo>
- <gloss>do djacu dunda fi le spati</gloss>
- <gloss>The plant grows other-than-motivated-by the event-of</gloss>
- <en>you water-give to the plant.</en>
+ <jbo>le spati cu banro na'emu'i le nu do djacu dunda fi le spati</jbo>
+ <gloss>The plant grows other-than-motivated-by the event-of you water-give to the plant.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>plant grows</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>scalar negation of modals</primary><secondary>explanation of meaning</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9WC5"/> says that the relationship between the plant's growth and your watering it is not one of motivation: the plant is not motivated to grow, as plants are not something which can have motivation as a rule. Implicitly, some other relationship between watering and growth exists, but
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9WC5"/> doesn't say what it is (presumably
<jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase>).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o modals</primary><secondary>negation of by negating selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation of fi'o modals</primary><secondary>by negating selbri</secondary></indexterm> Note: Modals made with
- <quote>fi'o</quote> plus a selbri cannot be negated directly. The selbri can itself be negated either with contradictory or with scalar negation, however.</para>
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase> plus a selbri cannot be negated directly. The selbri can itself be negated either with contradictory or with scalar negation, however.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section14">
+ <section xml:id="section-sticky-modals">
<title>Sticky modals</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki</cmavo>
<selmaho>KI</selmaho>
<description>stickiness flag</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ki</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>making sticky</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>making long-scope</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky modals</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Like tenses, modals can be made persistent from the bridi in which they appear to all following bridi. The effect of this
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>making sticky</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modals</primary><secondary>making long-scope</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky modals</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Like tenses, modals can be made persistent from the bridi in which they appear to all following bridi. The effect of this
<quote>stickiness</quote> is to make the modal, along with its following sumti, act as if it appeared in every successive bridi. Stickiness is put into effect by following the modal (but not any following sumti) with the cmavo
<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> of selma'o KI. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1UGf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai ki tu'a la frank.</jbo>
- <gloss>.ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban.</gloss>
- <gloss>I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Frank.</gloss>
- <en>Afterward, I speak in-language English.</en>
+ <jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai ki tu'a la frank. .ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban.</jbo>
+ <gloss>I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Frank. Afterward, I speak in-language English.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
- </example>
- <para>means the same as:</para>
+ </example>
+ means the same as:
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-txFr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank.</jbo>
- <gloss>.ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban.</gloss>
- <gloss>bai tu'a la frank.</gloss>
- <gloss>I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Frank.</gloss>
- <gloss>Afterward, I speak in-language English</gloss>
- <en>compelled-by some-property-of Frank.</en>
+ <jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank. .ibabo mi tavla bau la gliban. bai tu'a la frank.</jbo>
+ <gloss>I speak in-language Lojban compelled-by some-property-of Frank. Afterward, I speak in-language English compelled-by some-property-of Frank.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-1UGf"/>,
<jbophrase>bai</jbophrase> is made sticky, and so Frank's compelling is made applicable to every following bridi.
<jbophrase>bau</jbophrase> is not sticky, and so the language may vary from bridi to bridi, and if not specified in a particular bridi, no assumption can safely be made about its value.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky modals</primary><secondary>canceling</secondary></indexterm> To cancel stickiness, use the form
- <quote>BAI ki ku</quote>, which stops any modal value for the specified BAI from being passed to the next bridi. To cancel stickiness for all modals simultaneously, and also for any sticky tenses that exist (
+ <jbophrase>BAI ki ku</jbophrase>, which stops any modal value for the specified BAI from being passed to the next bridi. To cancel stickiness for all modals simultaneously, and also for any sticky tenses that exist (
<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> is used for both modals and tenses), use
<jbophrase>ki</jbophrase> by itself, either before the selbri or (in the form
<jbophrase>ki ku</jbophrase>) anywhere in the bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sYdo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e14d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ki tavla</jbo>
<en>I speak (no implication about language or compulsion).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fi'o</primary><secondary>proscribed for sticky modals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sticky modals</primary><secondary>fi'o proscribed from</secondary></indexterm> Note: Modals made with
- <quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri cannot be made sticky. This is an unfortunate, but unavoidable, restriction.</para>
+ <jbophrase>fi'o</jbophrase>-plus-selbri cannot be made sticky. This is an unfortunate, but unavoidable, restriction.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section15">
+ <section xml:id="section-connected-modals">
<title>Logical and non-logical connection of modals</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>non-logical connection</primary><secondary>of modals</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical connection</primary><secondary>of modals</secondary></indexterm> Logical and non-logical connectives are explained in detail in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/>. For the purposes of this chapter, it suffices to point out that a logical (or non-logical) connection between two bridi which differ only in a modal can be reduced to a single bridi with a connective between the modals. As a result,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMsx"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qMte"/> mean the same thing:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMsx" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e15d1"/>
</title>
@@ -1939,216 +1983,701 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qMte" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e15d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. bajra seka'a je teka'a le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank runs with-destination and with-origin the house.</gloss>
<en>Frank runs to and from the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je</primary></indexterm> Neither example implies whether a single act, or two acts, of running is referred to. To compel the sentence to refer to a single act of running, you can use the form:</para>
+ <para><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>je</primary></indexterm> Neither example implies whether a single act, or two acts, of running is referred to. To compel the sentence to refer to a single act of running, you can use the form:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-b0LW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani ce'e teka'a le zdani</jbo>
- <en>Frank runs with-destination the house [joined-to] with-origin the-house.</en>
+ <gloss>Frank runs with-destination the house [joined-to] with-origin the-house.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
- <quote>ce'e</quote> creates a termset containing two terms (termsets are explained in
+ <jbophrase>ce'e</jbophrase> creates a termset containing two terms (termsets are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-connectives"/> and
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>). When a termset contains more than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the two tags are derived from a common event.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section16">
+ <section xml:id="section-irregular-BAI">
<title>CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>regular form for derivation</secondary></indexterm> There are 65 cmavo of selma'o BAI, of which all but one (
<jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase>, discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section6"/>), are derived directly from selected gismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the form CV'V, where C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irregular in one way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is divided into sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo appear in more than one sub-table, and are so noted.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- cmavo gismu comments
-
- Monosyllables of the form CVV:
-
- bai bapli
- bau bangu
- cau claxu
- fau fasnu
- gau gasnu
- kai ckaji uses 2nd consonant of gismu
- mau zmadu uses 2nd consonant of gismu
+ <xref linkend="section-BAI"/>), are derived directly from selected gismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the form CV'V, where C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irregular in one way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is divided into sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo appear in more than one sub-table, and are so noted.</para>
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>cmavo</entry>
+ <entry>gismu</entry>
+ <entry>comments</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ </tgroup>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Monosyllables of the form CVV:</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bapli</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>claxu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>kai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ckaji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
+ </row>
- koi korbi
- rai traji uses 2nd consonant of gismu
- sau sarcu
- tai tamsmi based on lujvo, not gismu
- zau zanru
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>koi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>korbi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>rai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>traji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sarcu</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>based on lujvo, not gismu</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zanru</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Second consonant of the gismu as the C: (the gismu is always of the form CCVCV)</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ga'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zgana</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>kai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ckaji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>has CVV form (monosyllable)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ki'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ckini</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>klani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>has irregular 2nd V</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>has irregular 2nd V</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>has CVV form (monosyllable)</entry>
+ </row>
- Second consonant of the gismu as the C:
- (the gismu is always of the form CCVCV)
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>me'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cmene</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ra'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>srana</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ra'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>krasi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>rai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>traji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>has CVV form (monosyllable)</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ti'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>stidi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tu'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>stuzi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Irregular 2nd V:</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fi'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>finti</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
- ga'a zgana
- kai ckaji has CVV form (monosyllable)
- ki'i ckini
- la'u klani has irregular 2nd V
- le'a klesi has irregular 2nd V
- mau zmadu has CVV form (monosyllable)
-
- me'e cmene
- ra'a srana
- ra'i krasi
- rai traji has CVV form (monosyllable)
- ti'i stidi
- tu'i stuzi
-
- Irregular 2nd V:
-
- fi'e finti
-
- la'u klani uses 2nd consonant of gismu
- le'a klesi uses 2nd consonant of gismu
- ma'e marji
- mu'u mupli
- ti'u tcika
- va'o vanbi
-
- Special cases:
-
- ri'i lifri uses 3rd consonant of gismu
- tai tamsmi based on lujvo, not gismu
- va'u xamgu CV'V cmavo can't begin with
-<quote>x</quote>
-</programlisting>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>klani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>uses 2nd consonant of gismu</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ma'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>marji</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mu'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mupli</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ti'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tcika</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>va'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vanbi</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ <tgroup cols="3">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Special cases:</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ri'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>lifri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>uses 3rd consonant of gismu</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>based on lujvo, not gismu</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>va'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>CV'V cmavo can't begin with <jbophrase role="letteral">x</jbophrase></entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section17">
+ <section xml:id="section-all-BAI">
<title>Complete table of BAI cmavo with rough English equivalents</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo table</primary><secondary>format of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>table with English equivalents</secondary></indexterm> The following table shows all the cmavo belonging to selma'o BAI, and has five columns. The first column is the cmavo itself; the second column is the gismu linked to it. The third column gives an English phrase which indicates the meaning of the cmavo; and the fourth column indicates its meaning when preceded by
- <quote>se</quote>.</para>
+ <jbophrase>se</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>For those cmavo with meaningful
- <quote>te</quote>,
- <quote>ve</quote>, and even
- <quote>xe</quote> conversions (depending on the number of places of the underlying gismu), the meanings of these are shown on one or two extra rows following the primary row for that cmavo.</para>
+ <jbophrase>te</jbophrase>,
+ <jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>, and even
+ <jbophrase>xe</jbophrase> conversions (depending on the number of places of the underlying gismu), the meanings of these are shown on one or two extra rows following the primary row for that cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>modal cmavo</primary><secondary>basis in gismu place structure</secondary></indexterm> It should be emphasized that the place structures of the gismu control the meanings of the BAI cmavo. The English phrases shown here are only suggestive, and are often too broad or too narrow to correctly specify what the acceptable range of uses for the modal tag are.</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ba'i basti replaced by instead of
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- bai bapli compelled by compelling
- bau bangu in language in language of
- be'i benji sent by transmitting
- te=sent to ve=with transmit origin
- xe=transmitted via
- ca'i catni by authority of with authority over
- cau claxu lacked by without
- ci'e ciste in system with system function
- te=of system components
- ci'o cinmo felt by feeling emotion
- ci'u ckilu on the scale on scale measuring
-
- cu'u cusku as said by expressing
-
- te=as told to ve=expressed in medium
- de'i detri dated on the same date as
-
- di'o diklo at the locus of at specific locus
- do'e ----- vaguely related to
-
- du'i dunli as much as equal to
-
-
- du'o djuno according to knowing facts
- te=knowing about
- ve=under epistemology
- fa'e fatne reverse of in reversal of
- fau fasnu in the event of
- fi'e finti created by creating work
-
- te=created for purpose
- ga'a zgana to observer observing
- te=observed by means
- ve=observed under conditions
- gau gasnu with agent as agent in doing
- ja'e jalge resulting in results because of
- ja'i javni by rule by rule prescribing
- ji'e jimte up to limit as a limit of
- ji'o jitro under direction controlling
- ji'u jicmu based on supporting
- ka'a klama gone to by with destination
-
- te=with origin ve=via route
- xe=by transport mode
- ka'i krati represented by on behalf of
- kai ckaji characterizing with property
- ki'i ckini as relation of related to
- te=with relation
- ki'u krinu justified by with justified result
-
- koi korbi bounded by as boundary of
- te=bordering
- ku'u kulnu in culture in culture of
- la'u klani as quantity of in quantity
- le'a klesi in category as category of
- te=defined by quality
- li'e lidne led by leading
- ma'e marji of material made from material
- te=in material form of
- ma'i manri in reference frame as a standard for
-
-
- mau zmadu exceeded by more than
-
- me'a mleca undercut by less than
-
- me'e cmene with name as a name for
- te=as a name to
- mu'i mukti motivated by motive therefore
-
- mu'u mupli exemplified by as an example of
- ni'i nibli entailed by entails
-
- pa'a panra in addition to similar to
- te=similar in pattern
- ve=similar by standard
- pa'u pagbu with component as a part of
- pi'o pilno used by using tool
-
- po'i porsi in the sequence sequenced by rule
- pu'a pluka pleased by in order to please
- pu'e pruce by process processing from
- te=processing into
- ve=passing through stages
- ra'a srana pertained to by concerning
- ra'i krasi from source as an origin of
- rai traji with superlative superlative in
- te=at extreme ve=superlative among
- ri'a rinka caused by causing
- ri'i lifri experienced by experiencing
-
- sau sarcu requiring necessarily for
- te=necessarily under conditions
- si'u sidju aided by assisting in
- ta'i tadji by method as a method for
- tai tamsmi as a form of in form
- te=in form similar to
- ti'i stidi suggested by suggesting
- te=suggested to
- ti'u tcika with time at the time of
- tu'i stuzi with site as location of
- va'o vanbi under conditions as conditions for
- va'u xamgu benefiting from with beneficiary
- zau zanru approved by approving
- zu'e zukte with actor with means to goal
- te=with goal
-</programlisting>
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="7">
+ <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1"/>
+ <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2"/>
+ <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3"/>
+ <colspec colnum="4" colname="col4"/>
+ <colspec colnum="5" colname="col5"/>
+ <colspec colnum="6" colname="col6"/>
+ <colspec colnum="7" colname="col7"/>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ba'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>basti</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>replaced by</entry>
+ <entry>instead of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bapli</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>compelled by</entry>
+ <entry>compelling</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>bangu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in language</entry>
+ <entry>in language of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>be'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>benji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>sent by</entry>
+ <entry>transmitting</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=sent to</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=with transmit origin</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>xe</jbophrase>=transmitted via</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ca'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>catni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>by authority of</entry>
+ <entry>with authority over</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>claxu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>lacked by</entry>
+ <entry>without</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ci'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ciste</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in system</entry>
+ <entry>with system function</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=of system components</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ci'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cinmo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>felt by</entry>
+ <entry>feeling emotion</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ci'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ckilu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>on the scale</entry>
+ <entry>on scale measuring</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cu'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cusku</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>as said by</entry>
+ <entry>expressing</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=as told to</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=expressed in medium</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>de'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>detri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>dated</entry>
+ <entry>on the same date</entry>
+ <entry>as</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>di'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>diklo</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>at the locus of</entry>
+ <entry>at specific locus</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>do'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>-----</entry>
+ <entry>vaguely related to</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>du'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>as much as</entry>
+ <entry>equal to</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>djuno</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>according to</entry>
+ <entry>knowing facts</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=knowing about</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=under epistemology</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fa'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fatne</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>reverse of</entry>
+ <entry>in reversal of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fasnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in the event of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>fi'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>finti</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>created by</entry>
+ <entry>creating work</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=created for purpose</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ga'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zgana</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>to observer</entry>
+ <entry>observing</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=observed by means</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=observed under conditions</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>gasnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>with agent</entry>
+ <entry>as agent in doing</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ja'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>jalge</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>resulting in</entry>
+ <entry>results because of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ja'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>javni</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>by rule</entry>
+ <entry>by rule prescribing</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ji'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>jimte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>up to limit</entry>
+ <entry>as a</entry>
+ <entry>limit of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ji'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>jitro</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>under direction</entry>
+ <entry>controlling</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ji'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>jicmu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>based on</entry>
+ <entry>supporting</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ka'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>klama</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>gone to by</entry>
+ <entry>with destination</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=with origin</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=via route</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>xe</jbophrase>=by transport mode</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ka'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>krati</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>represented by</entry>
+ <entry>on behalf of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>kai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ckaji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>characterizing</entry>
+ <entry>with</entry>
+ <entry>property</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ki'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ckini</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>as relation of</entry>
+ <entry>related to</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=with relation</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ki'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>krinu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>justified by</entry>
+ <entry>with justified result</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>koi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>korbi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>bounded by</entry>
+ <entry>as boundary of</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=bordering</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ku'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>kulnu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in culture</entry>
+ <entry>in culture of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>la'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>klani</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>as quantity of</entry>
+ <entry>in quantity</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>le'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>klesi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in category</entry>
+ <entry>as category of</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=defined by quality</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>li'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>lidne</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>led by</entry>
+ <entry>leading</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ma'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>marji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>of material</entry>
+ <entry>made from material</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=in material form of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ma'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>manri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in reference frame</entry>
+ <entry>as a</entry>
+ <entry>standard for</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zmadu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>exceeded by</entry>
+ <entry>more than</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>me'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mleca</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>undercut by</entry>
+ <entry>less than</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>me'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>cmene</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>with name</entry>
+ <entry>as a name for</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=as a name to</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mu'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mukti</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>motivated by</entry>
+ <entry>motive therefore</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mu'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>mupli</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>exemplified by</entry>
+ <entry>as an example of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ni'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>nibli</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>entailed by</entry>
+ <entry>entails</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pa'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>panra</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in addition to</entry>
+ <entry>similar to</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=similar in pattern</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=similar by standard</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pa'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pagbu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>with component</entry>
+ <entry>as a</entry>
+ <entry>part of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pi'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pilno</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>used by</entry>
+ <entry>using tool</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>po'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>porsi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>in the sequence</entry>
+ <entry>sequenced by rule</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pu'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pluka</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>pleased by</entry>
+ <entry>in order to please</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pu'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>pruce</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>by process</entry>
+ <entry>processing from</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=processing into</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=passing through stages</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ra'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>srana</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>pertained to by concerning</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ra'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>krasi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>from source as an origin of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>rai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>traji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>with superlative</entry>
+ <entry>superlative in</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=at extreme</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ve</jbophrase>=superlative among</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ri'a</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>rinka</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>caused by</entry>
+ <entry>causing</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ri'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>lifri</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>experienced by</entry>
+ <entry>experiencing</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sarcu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>requiring</entry>
+ <entry>necessarily for</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=necessarily under conditions</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>si'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>sidju</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>aided by</entry>
+ <entry>assisting in</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ta'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tadji</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>by method</entry>
+ <entry>as a</entry>
+ <entry>method for</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tai</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>as a form of</entry>
+ <entry>in form</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=in form similar to</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ti'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>stidi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>suggested by</entry>
+ <entry>suggesting</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=suggested to</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>ti'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tcika</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>with time</entry>
+ <entry>at the time of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>tu'i</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>stuzi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>with site</entry>
+ <entry>as location of</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>va'o</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>vanbi</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>under conditions</entry>
+ <entry>as conditions for</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>va'u</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>xamgu</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>benefiting from</entry>
+ <entry>with beneficiary</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zau</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zanru</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>approved by</entry>
+ <entry>approving</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zu'e</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>zukte</jbophrase></entry>
+ <entry>with actor</entry>
+ <entry>with means to goal</entry>
+ <entry><jbophrase>te</jbophrase>=with goal</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
<para>The lujvo
<jbophrase>tamsmi</jbophrase> on which
<jbophrase>tai</jbophrase> is based is derived from the tanru
<jbophrase>tarmi simsa</jbophrase> and has the place structure:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- tamsmi: x1 has form x2, similar in form to x3 in property/quality x4
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure>
+ tamsmi: x1 has form x2, similar in form to x3 in property/quality x4
+ </place-structure>
<para>This lujvo is employed because
<jbophrase>tarmi</jbophrase> does not have a place structure useful for the modal's purpose.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO
index 3abeffc..d974368 100644
--- a/todocbook/TODO
+++ b/todocbook/TODO
@@ -4,22 +4,22 @@
==================
Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a
particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it
actually is; you'll get used to it.
SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed
(like index work).
Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
-Zort: Chapters 3 to 8 (they contain FIXMEs though; the typical FIXME
- is regarding index-related stuff)
+Zort: Chapters 3 to 9 (they contain FIXMEs though; the typical FIXME
+ is about index stuff)
------
Ignore Chapter 2 for now.
------
If you have any trouble, add a FIXME comment, like so:
<!-- FIXME: detailed explanation here -->
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