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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Sun Jan 30 23:21:02 EST 2011
commit e3768d5309dd7984266557b892b782e6fe3f5c39
Merge: 8d00a4d 74a8b92
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Sun Jan 30 18:12:06 2011 -0800
Merge commit '74a8b92a2bd03e59954b90f0b96592e3d2f95082' into gh-pages
commit 74a8b92a2bd03e59954b90f0b96592e3d2f95082
Author: Eitan Postavsky <eitanp32@gmail.com>
Date: Fri Jan 7 23:47:17 2011 -0500
Chapter 7 <example>s and conversion to <cmavo-list>s. Invented <series> for cmavo lists.
The <series> tag wraps the name of the series (not the selmaho) that the <cmavo> cmavo belongs to, e.g.
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>mi</cmavo>
<selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
<series>mi-series</series>
<description>I, me </description>
</cmavo-entry>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index bc61b3f..1ee52d3 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -27,21 +27,21 @@
<para>and</para>
<example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GoqJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d3"/>
</title>
<english>
<en>John picked up a stick and shook a stick.</en>
</english>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-GoqJ"/> does not imply that the two sticks are necessarily the same, whereas
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-GoqJ"/> does not imply that the two sticks are necessarily the same, whereas
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VISf"/> requires that they are.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>GOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared to pro-bridi as means of abbreviation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>compared to pro-sumti as means of abbreviation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared to pronouns in usage as abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns</primary><secondary>compared to pro-sumti in usage as abbreviations</secondary></indexterm> In Lojban, we have sumti rather than nouns, so our equivalent of pronouns are called by the hybrid term
<quote>pro-sumti</quote>. A purely Lojban term would be
<jbophrase>sumti cmavo</jbophrase>: all of the pro-sumti are cmavo belonging to selma'o KOhA. In exactly the same way, Lojban has a group of cmavo (belonging to selma'o GOhA) which serve as selbri or full bridi. These may be called
<quote>pro-bridi</quote> or
<jbophrase>bridi cmavo</jbophrase>. This chapter explains the uses of all the members of selma'o KOhA and GOhA. They fall into a number of groups, known as series: thus, in selma'o KOhA, we have among others the mi-series, the ko'a-series, the da-series, and so on. In each section, a series of pro-sumti is explained, and if there is a corresponding series of pro-bridi, it is explained and contrasted. Many pro-sumti series don't have pro-bridi analogues, however.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent of pro-bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent of pro-bridi</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent of pro-sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>referent of pro-sumti</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> A few technical terms: The term
<quote>referent</quote> means the thing to which a pro-sumti (by extension, a pro-bridi) refers. If the speaker of a sentence is James, then the referent of the word
@@ -56,33 +56,64 @@
</english>
</example>
<para>the antecedent of
<quote>himself</quote> is
<quote>John</quote>; not the person, but a piece of text (a name, in this case). John, the person, would be the referent of
<quote>himself</quote>. Not all pro-sumti or pro-bridi have antecedents, but all of them have referents.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-mi-series">
<title>Personal pro-sumti: the mi-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- mi KOhA mi-series I, me
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- do KOhA mi-series you
- mi'o KOhA mi-series you and I
- mi'a KOhA mi-series I and others, we but not you
-
- ma'a KOhA mi-series you and I and others
-
- do'o KOhA mi-series you and others
-
- ko KOhA mi-series you-imperative
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>mi-series</series>
+ <description>I, me </description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>do</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>mi-series</series>
+ <description>you</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mi'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>mi-series</series>
+ <description>you and I</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mi'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>mi-series</series>
+ <description>I and others, we but not you</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ma'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>mi-series</series>
+ <description>you and I and others</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>do'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>mi-series</series>
+ <description>you and others</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>mi-series</series>
+ <description>you-imperative</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <jbophrase>'d) word --><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do</primary></indexterm><!-- FIXME: this indexterm applies to a <cmavo>'d (not <jbophrase>'d) word --> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>foreman of a jury</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with mi-series for I/you</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for listener(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for speaker(s)</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>mi-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series</primary><secondary>of pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations.
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to the speaker and perhaps others for whom the speaker speaks; it may be a Lojbanic mass.
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> refers to the listener or listeners. Neither
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> nor
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> is specific about the number of persons referred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the jury as
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>, since in speaking officially he represents all of them.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mi'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "do"</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>COI selma'o</primary><secondary>effect on referent of "mi"</secondary></indexterm> The referents of
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase> are usually obvious from the context, but may be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in
@@ -146,42 +177,41 @@
<example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-22dg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d2"/>
</title>
<english>
<en>We're going to the store.</en>
</english>
</example>
<para>Does this include the listener or not? There's no way to be sure.</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>use for commands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>use for imperatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>with ko</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commands</primary><secondary>with ko</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
+ <para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>use for commands</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>use for imperatives</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>with ko</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>commands</primary><secondary>with ko</secondary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> is logically equivalent to
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>; its referent is the listener. However, its use alters an assertion about the listener into a command to the listener to make the assertion true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-n1Rv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do klama le zarci</jbo>
- <en>You go to-the store.</en>
+ <gloss>You go to-the store.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>becomes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-uwDI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>You [imperative] go to-the store.</gloss>
- <gloss>Make
- <quote>you go to the store</quote> true!</gloss>
+ <gloss>Make <quote>you go to the store</quote> true!</gloss>
<en>Go to the store!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko</primary><secondary>in later selbri place in imperative</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>imperatives</primary><secondary>English contrasted with Lojban in presence of subject of command</secondary></indexterm> In English, the subject of a command is omitted, but in Lojban, the word
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> must be used. However,
<jbophrase>ko</jbophrase> does not have to appear in the x1 place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Jbi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e2d5"/>
</title>
@@ -209,26 +239,40 @@
<gloss>Be such that the person who loves you is seen by me!</gloss>
<en>Show me the person who loves you!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mi-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lack of pro-bridi equivalent</secondary></indexterm> As mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-introduction"/>, some pro-sumti series have corresponding pro-bridi series. However, there is no equivalent of the mi-series among pro-bridi, since a person isn't a relationship.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-ti-series">
<title>Demonstrative pro-sumti: the ti-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ti KOhA ti-series this here, a nearby object
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- ta KOhA ti-series that there, a medium-distant object
- tu KOhA ti-series that yonder, a far-distant object
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ti</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ti-series</series>
+ <description>this here, a nearby object </description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ti-series</series>
+ <description>that there, a medium-distant object</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>tu</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ti-series</series>
+ <description>that yonder, a far-distant object</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ta</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>ti-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>as pointing referents only</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this/that in English</primary><secondary>compared with ti-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared with English this/that</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>demonstrative pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pointing</primary><secondary>reference by</secondary></indexterm> It is often useful to refer to things by pointing to them or by some related non-linguistic mechanism. In English, the words
<quote>this</quote> and
<quote>that</quote> serve this function among others:
<quote>this</quote> refers to something pointed at that is near the speaker, and
<quote>that</quote> refers to something further away. The Lojban pro-sumti of the ti-series serve the same functions, but more narrowly. The cmavo
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>tu</jbophrase> provide only the pointing function of
<quote>this</quote> and
<quote>that</quote>; they are not used to refer to things that cannot be pointed at.</para>
@@ -253,21 +297,21 @@
<quote>this boat</quote>. The latter is not represented in Lojban by
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-IWi7">
<title><!-- FIXME: this indexterm goes in multiple examples -->
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>this boat</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ti bloti</jbo>
- <en>the this boat</en>
+ <gloss>the this boat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective expression with vi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vi</primary><secondary>as adjective expression for English this</secondary></indexterm> does not mean
<quote>this boat</quote> but rather
<quote>this one's boat</quote>,
<quote>the boat associated with this thing</quote>, as explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>. A correct Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-IWi7"/> is</para>
@@ -284,68 +328,107 @@
<para>using a spatial tense before the selbri
<jbophrase>bloti</jbophrase> to express that the boat is near the speaker. (Tenses are explained in full in
<xref linkend="chapter-abstractions"/>.) Another correct translation would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-pRLq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti noi bloti</jbo>
- <en>this-thing which-incidentally is-a-boat</en>
+ <gloss>this-thing which-incidentally is-a-boat</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lack of pro-bridi equivalent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>adjective expression with ti noi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti noi</primary><secondary>as adjective expression for this</secondary></indexterm> There are no demonstrative pro-bridi to correspond to the ti-series: you can't point to a relationship.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-dihu-series">
<title>Utterance pro-sumti: the di'u-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- di'u KOhA di'u-series the previous utterance
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- de'u KOhA di'u-series an earlier utterance
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>di'u-series</series>
+ <description>the previous utterance </description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>de'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>di'u-series</series>
+ <description>an earlier utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- da'u KOhA di'u-series a much earlier utterance
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>da'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>di'u-series</series>
+ <description>a much earlier utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- di'e KOhA di'u-series the next utterance
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>di'u-series</series>
+ <description>the next utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- de'e KOhA di'u-series a later utterance
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>de'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>di'u-series</series>
+ <description>a later utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- da'e KOhA di'u-series a much later utterance
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>da'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>di'u-series</series>
+ <description>a much later utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- dei KOhA di'u-series this very utterance
- do'i KOhA di'u-series some utterance
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>dei</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>di'u-series</series>
+ <description>this very utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>do'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>di'u-series</series>
+ <description>some utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>di'u-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>this</primary><secondary>as utterance reference in English</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'u-series pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>utterance pro-sumti (see also di'u-series pro-sumti)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti for utterances</primary></indexterm> The cmavo of the di'u-series enable us to talk about things that have been, are being, or will be said. In English, it is normal to use
<quote>this</quote> and
<quote>that</quote> for this (indeed, the immediately preceding
<quote>this</quote> is an example of such a usage):</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KNih">
+ <example role="english-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KNih">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d1"/>
</title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>You don't like cats.</jbo>
+ <english>
+ <en>You don't like cats.</en>
<en>That is untrue.</en>
- </interlinear-gloss>
+ </english>
</example>
<para>Here
<quote>that</quote> does not refer to something that can be pointed to, but to the preceding sentence
<quote>You don't like cats</quote>. In Lojban, therefore,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-KNih"/> is rendered:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nTou">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do na nelci loi mlatu .i di'u jitfa jufra</jbo>
- <en>You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is-a-false-sentence.</en>
+ <gloss>You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is-a-false-sentence.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ti-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u-series pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>di'u</primary><secondary>contrasted with ta</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ta</primary><secondary>contrasted with di'u</secondary></indexterm> Using
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase> instead of
<jbophrase>di'u</jbophrase> would cause the listener to look around to see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>da'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>de'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>di'u</primary></indexterm> As with
<jbophrase>ti</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ta</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>tu</jbophrase>, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes: a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use the
<jbophrase role="letteral">i</jbophrase>/
@@ -369,22 +452,22 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la saimn. cusku di'e</jbo>
<gloss>Simon expresses the-following-utterance.</gloss>
<en>Simon says:</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-erEL"/> would typically be followed by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of something Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would appear after
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-erEL"/>, and so
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-erEL"/> would typically be followed by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of something Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would appear after
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-erEL"/>, and so
<jbophrase>di'e</jbophrase> is appropriate.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>do'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>dei</primary></indexterm> The remaining two cmavo,
<jbophrase>dei</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, refer respectively to the very utterance that the speaker is uttering, and to some vague or unspecified utterance uttered by someone at some time:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLmA" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -441,59 +524,140 @@
<en>I love Jane. And I like the-last-utterance.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>says that the speaker likes one of his own sentences.</para>
<para>There are no pro-bridi corresponding to the di'u-series.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-koha-broda-series">
<title>Assignable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ko'a-series and the broda-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo and gismu are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ko'a KOhA ko'a-series it-1
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- ko'e KOhA ko'a-series it-2
- ko'i KOhA ko'a-series it-3
- ko'o KOhA ko'a-series it-4
- ko'u KOhA ko'a-series it-5
- fo'a KOhA ko'a-series it-6
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-1 </description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-3</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-4</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-5</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-6</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- fo'e KOhA ko'a-series it-7
- fo'i KOhA ko'a-series it-8
- fo'o KOhA ko'a-series it-9
- fo'u KOhA ko'a-series it-10
- broda BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-1
- brode BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-2
- brodi BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-3
- brodo BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-4
- brodu BRIVLA broda-series is-thing-5
- goi GOI pro-sumti assignment
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-7</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-8</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-9</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ko'a-series</series>
+ <description>it-10</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>broda</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BRIVLA</selmaho>
+ <series>broda-series</series>
+ <description>is-thing-1</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>brode</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BRIVLA</selmaho>
+ <series>broda-series</series>
+ <description>is-thing-2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>brodi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BRIVLA</selmaho>
+ <series>broda-series</series>
+ <description>is-thing-3</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>brodo</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BRIVLA</selmaho>
+ <series>broda-series</series>
+ <description>is-thing-4</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>brodu</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>BRIVLA</selmaho>
+ <series>broda-series</series>
+ <description>is-thing-5</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>goi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
+ <description>pro-sumti assignment</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- cei CEI pro-bridi assignment
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>cei</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>CEI</selmaho>
+ <description>pro-bridi assignment</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
-</programlisting>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>ko'a-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns</primary><secondary>with ko'a-series for he/she/it/they</secondary></indexterm> The discussion of personal pro-sumti in
<xref linkend="section-mi-series"/> may have seemed incomplete. In English, the personal pronouns include not only
<quote>I</quote> and
<quote>you</quote> but also
<quote>he</quote>,
<quote>she</quote>,
<quote>it</quote>, and
<quote>they</quote>. Lojban does have equivalents of this latter group: in fact, it has more of them than English does. However, they are organized and used very differently.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>as assignable</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>personal pronouns for he/she/it/they</primary><secondary>English contrasted with Lojban in organization</secondary></indexterm> There are ten cmavo in the ko'a-series, and they may be assigned freely to any sumti whatsoever. The English word
<quote>he</quote> can refer only to males,
<quote>she</quote> only to females (and ships and a few other things),
<quote>it</quote> only to inanimate things, and
<quote>they</quote> only to plurals; the cmavo of the ko'a-series have no restrictions at all. Therefore, it is almost impossible to guess from the context what ko'a-series cmavo might refer to if they are just used freely:</para>
-<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ko'a</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-qdCR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English gloss
@@ -504,78 +668,71 @@
<jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase> is just as likely an antecedent, in which case
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdCR"/> means that Alice, not the store, is blue.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>goi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>assigning with goi</secondary></indexterm> To avoid this pitfall, Lojban employs special syntax, using the cmavo
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-duGR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a goi la .alis. cu blanu</jbo>
- <en>Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue.</en>
+ <gloss>Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>assignment with goi as symmetrical</secondary></indexterm> Syntactically,
<jbophrase>goi la .alis.</jbophrase> is a relative phrase (relative phrases are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>). Semantically, it says that
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase> refer to the same thing, and furthermore that this is true because
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> is being defined as meaning
<jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase>. It is equally correct to say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-oKaM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
- <en>Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.</en>
+ <gloss>Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ge'u</primary></indexterm> in other words,
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> is symmetrical. There is a terminator,
<jbophrase>ge'u</jbophrase> (of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable. The details are in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi assignment of ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>use in speech contrasted with writing</secondary></indexterm> The afterthought form of
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> shown in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-duGR"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-oKaM"/> is probably most common in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> may be assigned at the point where Alice is first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1FJV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci .i ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
- <en>Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</en>
+ <gloss>Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>hereafter known as</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>legal jargon</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Again,
<jbophrase>ko'a goi la .alis.</jbophrase> would have been entirely acceptable in
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-1FJV"/>. This last form is reminiscent of legal jargon:
-
-
- <quote>The party of the first part, hereafter known as Buyer, ...</quote>.</para>
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-1FJV"/>. This last form is reminiscent of legal jargon: <quote>The party of the first part, hereafter known as Buyer, ...</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>as abbreviation for bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series for pro-bridi</primary><secondary>compared with ko'a-series for pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series for pro-sumti</primary><secondary>compared with broda-series for pro-bridi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi</primary><secondary>broda-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> Just as the ko'a-series of pro-sumti allows a substitute for a sumti which is long or complex, or which for some other reason we do not want to repeat, so the broda-series of pro-bridi allows a substitute for a selbri or even a whole bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-yXYT">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>thingy</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda</jbo>
-
- <gloss>.i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu</gloss>
- <gloss>These are plastic cat-food can covers or thingies.</gloss>
- <en>The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.</en>
-
+ <jbo>ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda .i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu</jbo>
+ <en>These are plastic cat-food can covers or thingies. The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>broda</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>word-form rationale</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei</primary><secondary>for broda-series pro-bridi assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>assigning with cei</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi for ko'a-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with cei for broda-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>cei for broda-series assignment</primary><secondary>compared with goi for ko'a-series assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>antecedent</primary><secondary>for pro-bridi</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> has as its antecedent the selbri
<jbophrase>slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri</jbophrase>. The cmavo
<jbophrase>cei</jbophrase> performs the role of
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> in assigning
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> to this long phrase, and
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> can then be used just like any other brivla. (In fact,
@@ -605,46 +762,46 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>with no assignment</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>use as abstract pattern</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>broda-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>use as sample gismu</secondary></indexterm> Another use of
<jbophrase>broda</jbophrase> and its relatives, without assignment, is as
<quote>sample gismu</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-AYYA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>broda ke brode brodi</jbo>
- <en>a thing-1 type of (thing-2 type-of thing-3)</en>
+ <gloss>a thing-1 type of (thing-2 type-of thing-3)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>represents an abstract pattern, a certain kind of tanru. (Historically, this use was the original one.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu as pro-sumti</primary><secondary>implicit assignment of antecedent</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ko'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with lerfu as pro-sumti in explicit assignment of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu as pro-sumti</primary><secondary>contrasted with ko'a-series in explicit assignment of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>lerfu as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu</primary><secondary>as assignable pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> As is explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-letterals"/>, the words for Lojban letters, belonging to selma'o BY and certain related selma'o, are also usable as assignable pro-sumti. The main difference between letter pro-sumti and ko'a-series pro-sumti is that, in the absence of an explicit assignment, letters are taken to refer to the most recent name or description sumti beginning with the same letter:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-x1gh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le gerku .i gy. cusku zo arf.</jbo>
- <en>I see the dog. D expresses the-word
- <quote>Arf!</quote>.</en>
+ <gloss>I see the dog. D expresses the-word
+ <quote>Arf!</quote>.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>use in assigning lerfu as pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lerfu as pro-sumti</primary><secondary>explicit assignment of antecedent</secondary></indexterm> The Lojban word
<jbophrase>gerku</jbophrase> begins with
- <jbophrase>g</jbophrase>, so the antecedent of
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>, so the antecedent of
<jbophrase>gy.</jbophrase>, the cmavo for the letter
- <jbophrase>g</jbophrase>, must be
+ <jbophrase role="letteral">g</jbophrase>, must be
<jbophrase>le gerku</jbophrase>. In the English translation, we use the same principle to refer to the dog as
<quote>D</quote>. Of course, in case of ambiguity,
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> can be used to make an explicit assignment.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>names</primary><secondary>assigning with goi</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>goi</primary><secondary>use in assigning name</secondary></indexterm> Furthermore,
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> can even be used to assign a name:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rbPr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -653,42 +810,95 @@
<en>The woman, whom I'll call Sam, goes to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This usage does not imply that the woman's name is Sam, or even that the speaker usually calls the woman
<quote>Sam</quote>.
<quote>Sam</quote> is simply a name chosen, as if at random, for use in the current context only.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-ri-gohi-series">
<title>Anaphoric pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the ri-series and the go'i-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- ri KOhA ri-series (repeats last sumti)
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- ra KOhA ri-series (repeats previous sumti)
- ru KOhA ri-series (repeats long-ago sumti)
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ri</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ri-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats last sumti) </description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ra</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ri-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats previous sumti)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ru</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>ri-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats long-ago sumti)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- go'i GOhA go'i-series (repeats last bridi)
- go'a GOhA go'i-series (repeats previous bridi)
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>go'i-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats last bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>go'i-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats previous bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- go'u GOhA go'i-series (repeats long-ago bridi)
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>go'i-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats long-ago bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- go'e GOhA go'i-series (repeats last-but-one bridi)
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>go'i-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats last-but-one bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- go'o GOhA go'i-series (repeats future bridi)
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>go'i-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats future bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- nei GOhA go'i-series (repeats current bridi)
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>nei</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>go'i-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats current bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- no'a GOhA go'i-series (repeats outer bridi)
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>no'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>go'i-series</series>
+ <description>(repeats outer bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- ra'o RAhO pro-cmavo update
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ra'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>RAhO</selmaho>
+ <description>pro-cmavo update</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para>The term
<quote>anaphora</quote> literally means
<quote>repetition</quote>, but is used in linguistics to refer to pronouns whose significance is the repetition of earlier words, namely their antecedents. Lojban provides three pro-sumti anaphora,
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase>; and three corresponding pro-bridi anaphora,
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>,
@@ -765,24 +975,22 @@
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>, which has as antecedent
<jbophrase>le tricu</jbophrase>. All three refer to the same thing: a tree.</para>
<para>To refer to the next-to-last sumti, the third-from-last sumti, and so on,
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> may be subscripted (subscripts are explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-structure"/>):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Lc2y">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno rixire</jbo>
- <gloss>.i la .alis. pilno riximu</gloss>
- <gloss>A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [repeat next-to-last].</gloss>
- <en>Alice uses [repeat fifth-from-last].</en>
+ <jbo>lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno rixire .i la .alis. pilno riximu</jbo>
+ <gloss>A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [repeat next-to-last]. Alice uses [repeat fifth-from-last].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here
<jbophrase>rixire</jbophrase>, or
<quote>ri-sub-2</quote>, skips
<jbophrase>la rik.</jbophrase> to reach
<jbophrase>lo forca</jbophrase>. In the same way,
<jbophrase>riximu</jbophrase>, or
<quote>ri-sub-5</quote>, skips
<jbophrase>la .alis.</jbophrase>,
@@ -803,24 +1011,22 @@
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> has not been used, then
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> might be the last sumti. Likewise, if
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> has been used, then any use of
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> would repeat a sumti earlier than the one
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> is repeating. A more reasonable version of Example 6.5, but one that depends more on context, is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-N89g">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno ra</jbo>
- <gloss>.i la .alis. pilno ru</gloss>
- <gloss>A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [some previous thing].</gloss>
- <en>Alice uses [some more remote thing].</en>
+ <jbo>lo smuci .i lo forca .i la rik. pilno ra .i la .alis. pilno ru</jbo>
+ <gloss>A spoon. A fork. Rick uses [some previous thing]. Alice uses [some more remote thing].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-N89g"/>, the use of
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase> tells us that something other than
<jbophrase>la rik.</jbophrase> is the antecedent;
<jbophrase>lo forca</jbophrase> is the nearest sumti, so it is probably the antecedent. Similarly, the antecedent of
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase> must be something even further back in the utterance than
<jbophrase>lo forca</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lo smuci</jbophrase> is the obvious candidate.</para>
@@ -831,21 +1037,21 @@
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>ra</jbophrase>, or
<jbophrase>ru</jbophrase>, use
<jbophrase>goi</jbophrase> and a ko'a-series cmavo:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xIRG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d7"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ri goi ko'a blanu</jbo>
- <en>Alice goes-to the store. It-last-mentioned also-known-as it-1 is-blue.</en>
+ <gloss>Alice goes-to the store. It-last-mentioned also-known-as it-1 is-blue.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>allows the store to be referred to henceforth as
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> without ambiguity.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-xIRG"/> is equivalent to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qdCR"/> and eliminates any possibility of
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> being interpreted by the listener as referring to Alice.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>answers</primary><secondary>go'i for yes/no questions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>answering with go'i</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>as affirmative answer to yes/no question</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>effect of sumti of referent bridi on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>as main-bridi anaphora only</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>effect of sub-clauses on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>referent of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>compared with ri-series pro-sumti in rules of reference</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri-series pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphora</primary><secondary>pro-bridi go'i-series as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphora</primary><secondary>pro-sumti ri-series as</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pronouns</primary><secondary>as anaphora</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphora</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>go'a</jbophrase>, and
@@ -887,73 +1093,61 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>go'ixire</primary></indexterm> The remaining four cmavo of the go'i-series are provided for convenience or for achieving special effects. The cmavo
<jbophrase>go'e</jbophrase> means the same as
<jbophrase>go'ixire</jbophrase>: it repeats the last bridi but one. This is useful in conversation:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-9hf5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d10"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>A: mi ba klama le zarci</jbo>
- <gloss>B: mi nelci le si'o mi go'i</gloss>
- <gloss>A: do go'e</gloss>
+ <jbo>A: mi ba klama le zarci B: mi nelci le si'o mi go'i A: do go'e</jbo>
- <gloss>A: I [future] go-to the store.</gloss>
- <gloss>B: I like the concept-of I [repeat last bridi].</gloss>
- <gloss>A: You [repeat last bridi but one].</gloss>
- <gloss>A: I am going to the store.</gloss>
- <gloss>B: I like the idea of my going.</gloss>
- <en>A: You'll go, too.</en>
+ <gloss>A: I [future] go-to the store. B: I like the concept-of I [repeat last bridi]. A: You [repeat last bridi but one].</gloss>
+ <en>A: I am going to the store. B: I like the idea of my going. A: You'll go, too.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here B's sentence repeats A's within an abstraction (explained in Chapter 11):
<jbophrase>le si'o mi go'i</jbophrase> means
<jbophrase>le si'o mi klama le zarci</jbophrase>. Why must B use the word
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> explicitly to replace the x1 of
<jbophrase>mi klama le zarci</jbophrase>, even though it looks like
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> is replacing
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase>? Because B's
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to B, whereas A's
<jbophrase>mi</jbophrase> refers to A. If B said:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2uS7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d11"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le si'o go'i</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>that would mean:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- I like the idea of your going to the store.
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure> I like the idea of your going to the store. </place-structure> <!-- not actually a place structure, but needs to be set out from text... egh... -->
<para>The repetition signalled by
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> is not literally of words, but of concepts. Finally, A repeats her own sentence, but with the x1 changed to
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>, meaning B. Note that in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-9hf5"/>, the tense
<jbophrase>ba</jbophrase> (future time) is carried along by both
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>go'e</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>Descriptions based on go'i-series cmavo can be very useful for repeating specific sumti of previous bridi:</para>
-<para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hwau">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
- <gloss>.i le go'i cu cadzu le bisli</gloss>
- <gloss>The black cat goes-to the store.</gloss>
-
- <gloss>That-described-as-the-x1-place-of [repeat last bridi] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
+ <jbo>le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci .i le go'i cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
+ <gloss>The black cat goes-to the store. That-described-as-the-x1-place-of [repeat last bridi] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The black cat goes to the store. It walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the
<jbophrase>go'i</jbophrase> repeats
<jbophrase>le xekri mlatu cu klama le zarci</jbophrase>, and since
<jbophrase>le</jbophrase> makes the x1 place into a description, and the x1 place of this bridi is
<jbophrase>le xekri mlatu</jbophrase>,
<jbophrase>le go'i</jbophrase> means
@@ -965,52 +1159,42 @@
<jbophrase>no'a</jbophrase> have been little used so far. They repeat respectively some future bridi, the current bridi, and the bridi that encloses the current bridi (
<jbophrase>no'a</jbophrase>, unlike the other members of the go'i- series, can repeat non-sentence bridi). Here are a few examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-EUmV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d13"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi nupre le nu mi go'o</jbo>
-
- <gloss>.i ba dunda le djini le bersa</gloss>
- <gloss>.i ba dunda le zdani le tixnu</gloss>
- <gloss>I promise the event-of I [repeat future bridi]</gloss>
- <gloss>[Future] give the money to-the son</gloss>
- <gloss>[Future] give the house to-the daughter</gloss>
- <gloss>I promise to do the following:</gloss>
- <gloss>Give the money to my son.</gloss>
- <en>Give the house to my daughter.</en>
+ <jbo>mi nupre le nu mi go'o .i ba dunda le djini le bersa .i ba dunda le zdani le tixnu</jbo>
+ <gloss>I promise the event-of I [repeat future bridi] [Future] give the money to-the son [Future] give the house to-the daughter</gloss>
+ <en>I promise to do the following: Give the money to my son. Give the house to my daughter.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note: The Lojban does not contain an equivalent of the
<jbophrase>my</jbophrase> in the colloquial English; it leaves the fact that it is the speaker's son and daughter that are referred to implicit. To make the fact explicit, use
- <quote>le bersa/tixnu be mi</quote>.)</para>
+ <jbophrase>le bersa</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>tixnu be mi</jbophrase>.)</para>
<para>For good examples of
<jbophrase>nei</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>no'a</jbophrase>, we need nested bridi contexts:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLo1" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d14"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi se pluka le nu do pensi</jbo>
- <gloss>le nu nei kei pu le nu do zukte</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi se pluka le nu do pensi le nu nei kei pu le nu do zukte</jbo>
- <gloss>I am-pleased-by the event-of (you think-about</gloss>
- <gloss>(the event-of [main bridi]) before the-event of (your acting).</gloss>
- <gloss>I am pleased that you thought about whether I</gloss>
- <en>would be pleased (about ...) before you acted.</en>
+ <gloss>I am-pleased-by the event-of (you think-about (the event-of [main bridi]) before the-event of (your acting).</gloss>
+ <en>I am pleased that you thought about whether I would be pleased (about ...) before you acted.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLop" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d15"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba klama ca le nu do no'a</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] go [present] the event-of you [repeats outer bridi]</gloss>
@@ -1062,124 +1246,134 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>in quotation series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>in quotation series</secondary></indexterm> However, a
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase>-series or
<jbophrase>go'a</jbophrase>-series reference within a quotation can refer to something mentioned in an earlier quotation if the two quotations are closely related in time and context. This allows a quotation to be broken up by narrative material without interfering with the pro-sumti within it. Here's an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-LWyE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d19"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u</jbo>
- <gloss>.i la .alis. cusku lu mi go'i li'u</gloss>
- <gloss>John says [quote] I go-to the store [unquote].</gloss>
- <gloss>Alice says [quote] I [repeat] [unquote].</gloss>
- <gloss>John says,
- <quote>I am going to the store.</quote></gloss>
- <en>Alice says,
- <quote>Me too.</quote></en>
+ <jbo>la djan. cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u .i la .alis. cusku lu mi go'i li'u</jbo>
+ <gloss>John says [quote] I go-to the store [unquote]. Alice says [quote] I [repeat] [unquote].</gloss>
+ <en>John says, <quote>I am going to the store.</quote> Alice says, <quote>Me too.</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i-series pro-bridi</primary><secondary>in narrative about quotation</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>in narrative about quotation</secondary></indexterm> Of course, there is no problem with narrative material referring to something within a quotation: people who quote, unlike people who are quoted, are aware of what they are doing.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-zohe-cohe-series">
<title>Indefinite pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the zo'e-series and the co'e-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- zo'e KOhA zo'e-series the obvious value
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zo'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>zo'e-series</series>
+ <description>the obvious value</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- zu'i KOhA zo'e-series the typical value
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zu'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>zo'e-series</series>
+ <description>the typical value</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- zi'o KOhA zo'e-series the nonexistent value
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zi'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>zo'e-series</series>
+ <description>the nonexistent value</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- co'e GOhA co'e-series has the obvious relationship
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>co'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>co'e-series</series>
+ <description>has the obvious relationship</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
-</programlisting>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical value</primary><secondary>contrasted with elliptical value for sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elliptical value</primary><secondary>contrasted with typical value for sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elliptical sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e</primary><secondary>as place-holder for sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elliptical pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>unspecified</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>elliptical pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>co'e-series pro-bridi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e-series pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> The cmavo of the zo'e-series represent indefinite, unspecified sumti. The cmavo
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase> represents an elliptical value for this sumti place; it is the optional spoken place holder when a sumti is skipped without being specified. Note that the elliptical value is not always the typical value. The properties of ellipsis lead to an elliptical sumti being defined as
<quote>whatever I want it to mean but haven't bothered to figure out, or figure out how to express</quote>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>typical sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>typical</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase>, on the other hand, represents the typical value for this place of this bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-VScg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi klama le bartu be le zdani le nenri be le zdani</jbo>
- <gloss>zu'i zu'i</gloss>
-
- <gloss>I go to-the outside of the house from-the inside of the house</gloss>
- <en>[by-typical-route] [by-typical-means]</en>
+ <jbo>mi klama le bartu be le zdani le nenri be le zdani zu'i zu'i</jbo>
+ <gloss>I go to-the outside of the house from-the inside of the house [by-typical-route] [by-typical-means]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VScg"/>, the first
<jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase> probably means something like
<quote>by the door</quote>, and the second
<jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase> probably means something like
<quote>on foot</quote>, those being the typical route and means for leaving a house. On the other hand, if you are at the top of a high rise during a fire, neither
<jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase> is appropriate. It's also common to use
<jbophrase>zu'i</jbophrase> in
<quote>by standard</quote> places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>irrelevant</primary><secondary>specifying of sumti place</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sumti</primary><secondary>irrelevant to relationship</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> Finally, the cmavo
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> represents a value which does not even exist. When a bridi fills one of its places with
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase>, what is really meant is that the selbri has a place which is irrelevant to the true relationship the speaker wishes to express. For example, the place structure of
<jbophrase>zbasu</jbophrase> is</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- zbasu: actor x1 makes x2 from materials x3
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure> zbasu: actor x1 makes x2 from materials x3 </place-structure> <!-- not actually a place structure, but needs to be set out from text... egh... -->
<para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>living things</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> Consider the sentence</para>
- <place-structure>Living things are made from cells.</place-structure> <!-- FIXME: not really a place structure, but needs to be set out from text... egh... -->
+ <place-structure>Living things are made from cells.</place-structure> <!-- not actually a place structure, but needs to be set out from text... egh... -->
<para>This cannot be correctly expressed as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ipCV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jmive cu se zbasu [zo'e] fi loi selci</jbo>
- <en>The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-mass-of cells</en>
+ <gloss>The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-mass-of cells</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the
<jbophrase>zo'e</jbophrase>, expressed or understood, in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-ipCV"/> indicates that there is still a
<quote>maker</quote> in this relationship. We do not generally suppose, however, that someone
<quote>makes</quote> living things from cells. The best answer is probably to find a different selbri, one which does not imply a
<quote>maker</quote>: however, an alternative strategy is to use
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> to eliminate the maker place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-xxm1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jmive cu se zbasu zi'o loi selci</jbo>
- <en>The-mass-of living-things is-made [without-maker] from the-mass-of cells.</en>
+ <gloss>The-mass-of living-things is-made [without-maker] from the-mass-of cells.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary><secondary>as creating new selbri</secondary></indexterm> Note: The use of
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> to block up, as it were, one place of a selbri actually creates a new selbri with a different place structure. Consider the following examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLoY" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi zbasu le dinju loi mudri</jbo>
@@ -1250,34 +1444,68 @@
<xref linkend="chapter-sumti-tcita"/>) also belongs to the same group of cmavo.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zo'e-series</primary><secondary>compared with do'i as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>do'i</primary><secondary>compared with zo'e-series as indefinite pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<jbophrase>do'i</jbophrase>, of the di'u-series, is also a kind of indefinite pro-sumti: it is indefinite in referent, but is restricted to referring only to an utterance.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-voha-series">
<title>Reflexive and reciprocal pro-sumti: the vo'a-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- vo'a KOhA vo'a-series x1 of this bridi
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- vo'e KOhA vo'a-series x2 of this bridi
- vo'i KOhA vo'a-series x3 of this bridi
- vo'o KOhA vo'a-series x4 of this bridi
- vo'u KOhA vo'a-series x5 of this bridi
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>vo'a-series</series>
+ <description>x1 of this bridi </description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>vo'a-series</series>
+ <description>x2 of this bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>vo'a-series</series>
+ <description>x3 of this bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'o</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>vo'a-series</series>
+ <description>x4 of this bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>vo'a-series</series>
+ <description>x5 of this bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- soi SOI reciprocity
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>soi</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>SOI</selmaho>
+ <series></series>
+ <description>reciprocity</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- se'u SEhU soi terminator
-</programlisting>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>se'u</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>SEhU</selmaho>
+ <series></series>
+ <description>soi terminator</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocal pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reflexive pro-sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>referring to place of same bridi with vo'a-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>vo'a-series</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>anaphora</primary><secondary>pro-sumti vo'a-series as</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo of the vo'a-series are pro-sumti anaphora, like those of the ri-series, but have a specific function. These cmavo refer to the other places of the same bridi; the five of them represent up to five places. The same vo'a-series cmavo mean different things in different bridi. Some examples:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qLqT" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>wash self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi lumci vo'a</jbo>
<en>I wash myself</en>
@@ -1320,56 +1548,50 @@
<jbophrase>vo'a</jbophrase>) and the x2 (specified by
<jbophrase>vo'e</jbophrase>) places are interchanged. If only a single sumti follows
<jbophrase>soi</jbophrase>, then the sumti immediately preceding
<jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> is understood to be one of those involved:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CMQ1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami do soi vo'a</jbo>
- <en>I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi].</en>
-
-
+ <gloss>I love you [reciprocity] [x1 of this bridi].</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>again involves the x1 and x2 places.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>soi</primary><secondary>use in expressing reciprocity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>reciprocity</primary><secondary>expressing with soi</secondary></indexterm> Of course, other places can be involved, and other sumti may be used in place of vo'a-series cmavo, provided those other sumti can be reasonably understood as referring to the same things mentioned in the bridi proper. Here are several examples that mean the same thing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-rqNJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e</jbo>
- <gloss>mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e vo'i</gloss>
- <gloss>soi vo'e vo'i mi bajykla ti ta</gloss>
- <en>I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa (to that from this).</en>
+ <jbo>mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e mi bajykla ti ta soi vo'e vo'i soi vo'e vo'i mi bajykla ti ta</jbo>
+ <gloss>I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa (to that from this).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>SEhU selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>se'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se'u</primary><secondary>elidability considerations</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se'u</primary><secondary>as elidable terminator for soi</secondary></indexterm> The elidable terminator for
<jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> is
<jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> (selma'o SEhU), which is normally needed only if there is just one sumti after the
<jbophrase>soi</jbophrase>, and the
<jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> construction is not at the end of the bridi. Constructions using
<jbophrase>soi</jbophrase> are free modifiers, and as such can go almost anywhere. Here is an example where
<jbophrase>se'u</jbophrase> is required:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-RFBV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e8d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bajykla ti soi vo'i se'u ta</jbo>
<gloss>I runningly-go to-this [reciprocity] [x3 of this bridi] from-that</gloss>
-
-
- <en>I runningly-go to this from that and vice versa.</en>
+ <en>I run to this from that and vice versa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-questions">
<title>sumti and bridi questions:
<jbophrase>ma</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase></title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
@@ -1401,22 +1623,22 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mo</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>go'i</primary><secondary>compared with mo in overriding of arguments</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo</primary><secondary>compared with go'i in overriding of arguments</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>questions</primary><secondary>selbri</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mo</primary><secondary>as selbri question</secondary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase>, on the other hand, asks for a selbri which makes the question bridi true. If the answer is a full bridi, then the arguments of the answer override the arguments in the question, in the same manner as the go'i-series cmavo. A simple example is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ih10">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do mo</jbo>
<gloss>What predicate is true as applied to you?</gloss>
- <gloss>How are you?</gloss>
- <gloss>What are you doing?</gloss>
+ <en>How are you?</en>
+ <en>What are you doing?</en>
<en>What are you?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-8HKo"/> is a truly pregnant question that will have several meanings depending on context.</para>
<para>(One thing it probably does not mean is
<quote>Who are you?</quote> in the sense
<quote>What is your name/identity?</quote>, which is better expressed by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8HKo">
<title>
@@ -1429,21 +1651,21 @@
<en>What is your name?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or even</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-y4Yi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi ma</jbo>
- <en>O [what sumti?]</en>
+ <gloss>O [what sumti?]</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which uses the vocative
<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase> to address someone, and simultaneously asks who the someone is.)</para>
<para>A further example of
<jbophrase>mo</jbophrase>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-PP7r">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d5"/>
@@ -1481,39 +1703,35 @@
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>use of ke'a for referral to relativized sumti in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for relativized sumti in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> This pro-sumti is used in relative clauses (explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-relative-clauses"/>) to indicate how the sumti being relativized fits within the clause. For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-UNBb">
<title>
<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cat of plastic</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c7e10d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [zo'e] zbasu</jbo>
- <gloss>ke'a lei slasi</gloss>
- <gloss>I see a cat such-that something-unspecified makes</gloss>
- <gloss>the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] from-some-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [zo'e] zbasu ke'a lei slasi</jbo>
+ <gloss>I see a cat such-that something-unspecified makes the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] from-some-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
<en>I see a cat made of plastic.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para><indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>ambiguity when omitted</secondary></indexterm> If
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> were omitted from
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UNBb"/>, it might be confused with:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0EWp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e10d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [ke'a]</jbo>
- <gloss>zbasu lei slasi</gloss>
- <gloss>I see a cat such-that the-thing-being-relativized</gloss>
- <gloss>[the cat] makes a-mass-of plastic</gloss>
+ <jbo>mi catlu lo mlatu poi [ke'a] zbasu lei slasi</jbo>
+ <gloss>I see a cat such-that the-thing-being-relativized [the cat] makes a-mass-of plastic</gloss>
<en>I see a cat that makes plastic.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ri</primary><secondary>contrasted with ke'a in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ke'a</primary><secondary>contrasted with ri in relative clauses</secondary></indexterm> The anaphora cmavo
<jbophrase>ri</jbophrase> cannot be used in place of
<jbophrase>ke'a</jbophrase> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UNBb"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-0EWp"/>, because the relativized sumti is not yet complete when the
@@ -1565,32 +1783,61 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka gleki ce'u</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of (being-happy about-X)</gloss>
<en>the property of being that which someone is happy about</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-da-buha-series">
<title>Bound variable pro-sumti and pro-bridi: the da-series and the bu'a-series</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- da KOhA da-series something-1
-<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
- de KOhA da-series something-2
- di KOhA da-series something-3
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>da</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>da-series</series>
+ <description>something-1 </description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>de</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>da-series</series>
+ <description>something-2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>KOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>da-series</series>
+ <description>something-3</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- bu'a GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-1
- bu'e GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-2
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bu'a</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>bu'a-series</series>
+ <description>some-predicate-1</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bu'e</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>bu'a-series</series>
+ <description>some-predicate-2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- bu'i GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-3
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bu'i</cmavo>
+ <selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
+ <series>bu'a-series</series>
+ <description>some-predicate-3</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
-</programlisting>
+ </cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>bu'a-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for bound variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da-series pro-sumti</primary><secondary>for bound variables</secondary></indexterm> Bound variables belong to the predicate-logic part of Lojban, and are listed here for completeness only. Their semantics is explained in
<xref linkend="chapter-quantifiers"/>. It is worth mentioning that the Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-VISf"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6vxz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu lafti da poi grana ku'o gi'e desygau da</jbo>
<gloss>John raised something-1 which is-a-stick and shake-did something-1.</gloss>
@@ -1638,308 +1885,458 @@
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOhA</selmaho>
<description>identity</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>du</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>identity predicate</primary></indexterm> The cmavo
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> has the place structure:</para>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- du: x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...
-</programlisting>
+ <place-structure> du: x1 is identical with x2, x3, ... </place-structure>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>rationale for selection of selma'o for</secondary></indexterm> and appears in selma'o GOhA for reasons of convenience: it is not a pro-bridi.
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> serves as mathematical
<quote>=</quote>, and outside mathematical contexts is used for defining or identifying. Mathematical examples may be found in
<xref linkend="chapter-mekso"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mintu</primary><secondary>contrasted with du</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>contrasted with mintu</secondary></indexterm> The main difference between</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GGoH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e14d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko'a du le nanmu</jbo>
- <en>It-1 is-identical-to the man</en>
+ <gloss>It-1 is-identical-to the man</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-prfu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e14d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko'a mintu le nanmu</jbo>
- <en>It-1 is-the-same-as the man</en>
+ <gloss>It-1 is-the-same-as the man</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>meaning of</secondary></indexterm> is this defining nature.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-GGoH"/> presumes that the speaker is responding to a request for information about what
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> refers to, or that the speaker in some way feels the need to define
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase> for later reference. A bridi with
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> is an identity sentence, somewhat metalinguistically saying that all attached sumti are representations for the same referent. There may be any number of sumti associated with
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, and all are said to be identical.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="example-random-id-prfu"/>, however, predicates; it is used to make a claim about the identity of
+ <xref linkend="example-random-id-prfu"/>, however, predicates; it is used to make a claim about the identity of
<jbophrase>ko'a</jbophrase>, which presumably has been defined previously.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>dunli</primary><secondary>contrasted with du</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>contrasted with dunli</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>du</primary><secondary>derivation of</secondary></indexterm> Note:
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> historically is derived from
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase>, but
<jbophrase>dunli</jbophrase> has a third place which
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase> lacks: the standard of equality.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-anaphoric-rafsi">
<title>lujvo based on pro-sumti</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti</primary><secondary>rafsi for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>rafsi</primary><secondary>based on pro-sumti</secondary></indexterm> There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, but they are rarely used. (See
<xref linkend="section-koha-summary"/> for a complete list.) The obvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually stand as the first rafsi in their lujvo.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-talk</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>pro-sumti rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Thus
<jbophrase>donta'a</jbophrase>, meaning
<quote>you-talk</quote>, would be interpreted as
<jbophrase>tavla be do</jbophrase>, and would have the place structure</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-unmV">
- <title>
- <anchor xml:id="c7e15d1"/>
- </title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>t1 talks to you about subject t3 in language t4</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
- </example>
- <para>since t2 (the addressee) is already known to be
+ <place-structure>t1 talks to you about subject t3 in language t4</place-structure>
+ <para>since <varname>t2</varname> (the addressee) is already known to be
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>you-cmavo</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> On the other hand, the lujvo
<jbophrase>donma'o</jbophrase>, literally
<quote>you-cmavo</quote>, which means
<quote>a second person personal pronoun</quote>, would be interpreted as
<jbophrase>cmavo be zo do</jbophrase>, and have the place structure:</para>
- <example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H5NB">
- <title>
- <anchor xml:id="c7e15d2"/>
- </title>
- <interlinear-gloss>
- <jbo>c1 is a second person pronoun in language c4</jbo>
- </interlinear-gloss>
- </example>
- <para>since both the c2 place (the grammatical class) and the c3 place (the meaning) are obvious from the context
+ <place-structure>c1 is a second person pronoun in language c4</place-structure>
+ <para>since both the <varname>c2</varname> place (the grammatical class) and the <varname>c3</varname> place (the meaning) are obvious from the context
<jbophrase>do</jbophrase>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>fo'a</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-sumti rafsi</primary><secondary>anticipated use of for abbreviating inconvenient forms</secondary></indexterm> An anticipated use of rafsi for cmavo in the
<jbophrase>fo'a</jbophrase> series is to express lujvo which can't be expressed in a convenient rafsi form, because they are too long to express, or are formally inconvenient (fu'ivla, cmene, and so forth.) An example would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-tH6w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fo'a goi le kulnrsu,omi .i lo fo'arselsanga</jbo>
-
- <en>x6 stands for Finnish-culture. An x6-song.</en>
+ <gloss>x6 stands for Finnish-culture. An x6-song.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zi'o</primary></indexterm> <!-- FIXME: this indexterm has nowhere to go --><indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>beverage</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>zi'o rafsi</primary><secondary>effect of on place structure of lujvo</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>lujvo</primary><secondary>zi'o rafsi effect on place structure of</secondary></indexterm> Finally, lujvo involving
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> are also possible, and are fully discussed in
<xref linkend="chapter-lujvo"/>. In brief, the convention is to use the rafsi for
<jbophrase>zi'o</jbophrase> as a prefix immediately followed by the rafsi for the number of the place to be deleted. Thus, if we consider a beverage (something drunk without considering who, if anyone, drinks it) as a
-
-
+
+
<jbophrase>se pinxe be zi'o</jbophrase>, the lujvo corresponding to this is
<jbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase> (deleting the second place of
<jbophrase>se pinxe</jbophrase>). Deleting the x1 place in this fashion would move all remaining places up by one. This would mean that
<jbophrase>zilpavypinxe</jbophrase> has the same place structure as
<jbophrase>zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>lo zilpavypinxe</jbophrase>, like
<jbophrase>lo zilrelselpinxe</jbophrase>, refers to a beverage, and not to a non-existent drinker.</para>
-
+
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>bu'a</primary></indexterm><indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>pro-bridi rafsi</primary><secondary>as producing context-dependent meanings</secondary></indexterm> The pro-bridi
<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>,
-
+
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>, and
<jbophrase>bu'a</jbophrase> also have rafsi, which can be used just as if they were gismu. The resulting lujvo have (except for
<jbophrase>du</jbophrase>-based lujvo) highly context-dependent meanings.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-koha-summary">
<title>KOhA cmavo by series</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- mi-series:
- mi I (rafsi:
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">mib</jbophrase>)
- do you (rafsi:
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">don</jbophrase> and
-<jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>)
- mi'o you and I
- mi'a I and others, we but not you
-
- ma'a you and I and others
-
- do'o you and others
-
- ko you-imperative
-
- ti-series:
- ti this here; something nearby (rafsi:
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">tif</jbophrase>)
- ta that there; something distant (rafsi:
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">taz</jbophrase>)
- tu that yonder; something far distant (rafsi:
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">tuf</jbophrase>)
-
- di'u-series:
- di'u the previous utterance
- de'u an earlier utterance
-
- da'u a much earlier utterance
-
- di'e the next utterance
-
- de'e a later utterance
-
- da'e a much later utterance
-
- dei this very utterance
- do'i some utterance
-
- ko'a-series:
- ko'a it-1; 1st assignable pro-sumti
- ko'e it-2; 2nd assignable pro-sumti
- ko'i it-3; 3rd assignable pro-sumti
- ko'o it-4; 4th assignable pro-sumti
- ko'u it-5; 5th assignable pro-sumti
-
- fo'a it-6; 6th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi:
-
-<jbophrase>fo'a</jbophrase>)
-
- fo'e it-7; 7th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi:
-<jbophrase>fo'e</jbophrase>)
- fo'i it-8; 8th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi:
-<jbophrase>fo'i</jbophrase>)
- fo'o it-9; 9th assignable pro-sumti
- fo'u it-10; 10th assignable pro-sumti
+ <para>mi-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mi</cmavo>
+ <description>I (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">mib</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>do</cmavo>
+ <description>you (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">don</jbophrase> and <jbophrase>doi</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mi'o</cmavo>
+ <description>you and I</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mi'a</cmavo>
+ <description>I and others, we but not you</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ma'a</cmavo>
+ <description>you and I and others</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>do'o</cmavo>
+ <description>you and others</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko</cmavo>
+ <description>you-imperative</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
- ri-series:
- ri (repeats the last sumti)
- ra (repeats a previous sumti)
- ru (repeats a long-ago sumti)
+ <para>ti-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ti</cmavo>
+ <description>this here; something nearby (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">tif</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ta</cmavo>
+ <description>that there; something distant (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">taz</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>tu</cmavo>
+ <description>that yonder; something far distant (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">tuf</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
- zo'e-series:
+ <para>di'u-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di'u</cmavo>
+ <description>the previous utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>de'u</cmavo>
+ <description>an earlier utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>da'u</cmavo>
+ <description>a much earlier utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di'e</cmavo>
+ <description>the next utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>de'e</cmavo>
+ <description>a later utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>da'e</cmavo>
+ <description>a much later utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>dei</cmavo>
+ <description>this very utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>do'i</cmavo>
+ <description>some utterance</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
- zo'e the obvious value
- zu'i the typical value
+ <para>ko'a-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'a</cmavo>
+ <description>it-1; 1st assignable pro-sumti</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'e</cmavo>
+ <description>it-2; 2nd assignable pro-sumti</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'i</cmavo>
+ <description>it-3; 3rd assignable pro-sumti</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'o</cmavo>
+ <description>it-4; 4th assignable pro-sumti</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ko'u</cmavo>
+ <description>it-5; 5th assignable pro-sumti</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'a</cmavo>
+ <description>it-6; 6th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: <jbophrase>fo'a</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'e</cmavo>
+ <description>it-7; 7th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: <jbophrase>fo'e</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'i</cmavo>
+ <description>it-8; 8th assignable pro-sumti (rafsi: <jbophrase>fo'i</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'o</cmavo>
+ <description>it-9; 9th assignable pro-sumti</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>fo'u</cmavo>
+ <description>it-10; 10th assignable pro-sumti</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ <para>ri-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ri</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats the last sumti)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ra</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats a previous sumti)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ru</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats a long-ago sumti)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
- zi'o the nonexistent value (rafsi:
-<jbophrase>zil</jbophrase>)
+ <para>zo'e-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
- vo'a-series:
- vo'a x1 of this bridi
- vo'e x2 of this bridi
- vo'i x3 of this bridi
- vo'o x4 of this bridi
- vo'u x5 of this bridi
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zo'e</cmavo>
+ <description>the obvious value</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zu'i</cmavo>
+ <description>the typical value</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>zi'o</cmavo>
+ <description>the nonexistent value (rafsi: <jbophrase>zil</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
- da-series:
- da something-1 (rafsi:
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">dav</jbophrase>/
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">dza</jbophrase>)
- de something-2
- di something-3
+ <para>vo'a-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'a</cmavo>
+ <description>x1 of this bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'e</cmavo>
+ <description>x2 of this bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'i</cmavo>
+ <description>x3 of this bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'o</cmavo>
+ <description>x4 of this bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>vo'u</cmavo>
+ <description>x5 of this bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
- others:
- ke'a relativized sumti
+ <para>da-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>da</cmavo>
+ <description>something-1 (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">dav</jbophrase>/<jbophrase role="rafsi">dza</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>de</cmavo>
+ <description>something-2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>di</cmavo>
+ <description>something-3</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
- ma sumti question
- ce'u abstraction focus
-</programlisting>
+ <para>others:</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ke'a</cmavo>
+ <description>relativized sumti</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ma</cmavo>
+ <description>sumti question</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>ce'u</cmavo>
+ <description>abstraction focus</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-goha-summary">
<title>GOhA and other pro-bridi by series</title>
- <programlisting xml:space="preserve">
- broda-series (not GOhA):
- broda is-1; 1st assignable pro-bridi
- brode is-2; 2nd assignable pro-bridi
- brodi is-3; 3rd assignable pro-bridi
- brodo is-4; 4th assignable pro-bridi
- brodu is-5; 5th assignable pro-bridi
-
- go'i-series:
- go'i (repeats the last bridi)
- go'a (repeats a previous bridi)
-
- go'u (repeats a long-ago bridi)
-
- go'e (repeats the last-but-one bridi)
-
- go'o (repeats a future bridi)
-
- nei (repeats the current bridi)
-
- no'a (repeats the next outer bridi)
-
-
- bu'a-series:
- bu'a some-predicate-1 (rafsi:
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">bul</jbophrase>)
- bu'e some-predicate-2
-
- bu'i some-predicate-3
-
+ <cmavo-list>
+ </cmavo-list>
+ <para>broda-series (not GOhA):</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>broda</cmavo>
+ <description>is-1; 1st assignable pro-bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>brode</cmavo>
+ <description>is-2; 2nd assignable pro-bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>brodi</cmavo>
+ <description>is-3; 3rd assignable pro-bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>brodo</cmavo>
+ <description>is-4; 4th assignable pro-bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>brodu</cmavo>
+ <description>is-5; 5th assignable pro-bridi</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
- others:
- co'e has the obvious relationship (rafsi:
+ </cmavo-list>
+ <para>go'i-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'i</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats the last bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'a</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats a previous bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'u</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats a long-ago bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'e</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats the last-but-one bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>go'o</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats a future bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>nei</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats the current bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>no'a</cmavo>
+ <description>(repeats the next outer bridi)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">com</jbophrase>/
-<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>)
+ <para>bu'a-series</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bu'a</cmavo>
+ <description>some-predicate-1 (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">bul</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bu'e</cmavo>
+ <description>some-predicate-2</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>bu'i</cmavo>
+ <description>some-predicate-3</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
- mo bridi question
- du identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi:
-<jbophrase role="rafsi">dub</jbophrase>/
-<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>)
-</programlisting>
+ <para>others:</para>
+ <cmavo-list>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>co'e</cmavo>
+ <description>has the obvious relationship (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">com</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>co'e</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>mo</cmavo>
+ <description>bridi question</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo-entry>
+ <cmavo>du</cmavo>
+ <description>identity: x1 is identical to x2, x3 ... (rafsi: <jbophrase role="rafsi">dub</jbophrase>/<jbophrase>du'o</jbophrase>)</description>
+ </cmavo-entry>
+ </cmavo-list>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-other-summary">
<title>Other cmavo discussed in this chapter</title>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>goi</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
<description>pro-sumti assignment (ko'a-series)</description>
-
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>cei</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>CEI</selmaho>
<description>pro-bridi assignment (broda-series)</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ra'o</cmavo>
<selmaho>RAhO</selmaho>
<description>pro-sumti/pro-bridi update</description>
-
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>soi</cmavo>
<selmaho>SOI</selmaho>
<description>reciprocity</description>
-
-
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>se'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>SEhU</selmaho>
<description>soi terminator</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>da'o</cmavo>
-
<selmaho>DAhO</selmaho>
<description>cancel all pro-sumti/pro-bridi</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
</section>
</chapter>
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