| Oh well, since a new pile just came in.
3) English usage of the word "know" is demonstrably ambiguous, beyond even the obvious "familiar"/"cognize" familiar from other langauges and the "know how" that comes up in exactly that way. From the point of view of Lojban, we can describe tow other meanings that are not {djuno} and are still clear in English usage -- and often distinctively marked. One is lb {birti} and is marked in English often by a contrastive stress when the claim is challenged. The other is a closely related attitudinal, roughly {ju'ocai}, which again has a peculiar response in challenge situations: "well, I just know" (often no contrastive stress). There is a range of other distinguishing marks, but these are the most common and easiest to spot. The trouble is, we often don't bother to look for them, so we see cases of {birti} as cases of {djuno} and (possibly worse, though not in the present discussion) cases of {ju'ocai} as cases of {birti}. And then, running these all together, we say that {djuno} doesn't require that the 2nd argument be a fact. Not so (although, with all places specified, it need not be a fact in the ordinary world as ordinarily understood). |