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1999 Language weights (very long)
- Subject: 1999 Language weights (very long)
- From: Bob LeChevalier-Logical Language Group <lojbab@lojban.org>
- Date: Tue, 09 Mar 1999 16:59:27 -0500
The 12 most spoken languages - 1999 Loglan/Lojban Project baseline values
Following is data derived from the 1999 Encyclopedia Brittanica Book of
the Year regarding language populations for the top 12 languages, which
are the baseline set for the Loglan/Lojban project (only the top 6 are
used for Lojban gismu making). For comparison, summary numbers from
1995 are also shown, along with amount of change, as well as the numbers
used in the original 1987 Lojban word-making. I think that these
numbers serve as a fairly authoritative estimate of the number of
speakers of the 12 languages, and unlike other published estimates, my
methodology in generating the numbers is open to inspection, along with
the source data I used for individual countries.
The number of 2nd language speakers is determined by taking actual
counts of such 2nd language (or creole) speakers generated by official
sources and reported in the Brittanica. An increment is added to
reflect 2nd language literacy in the official language of a country,
presuming that all official languages of the country are taught in the
schools, based on official-source literacy figures. Finally, for
officially Arabic/Moslem countries, the status of Arabic as a religious
language that is taught to believers is used to generate an additional
increment. This is most significant for Iran where the religion is
heavily state supported even though the official language is not Arabic,
and there are few native speakers of that language.
Having determined these numbers, the Lojban gismu-making weights are
determined by summing the number of native speakers and 1/2 the total
from all 3 methods of estimating 2nd language speakers (since these 3
methods include an elimination of overlap in the calculation). The
total of 1st and all 2nd language speakers is not used in the Lojban
algorithm.
The 1999 numbers are summarized as follows (in millions). Note that
Arabic has now passed Russian and moved into 5th place among the
languages used. This, in addition to Hindi passing English several
years ago, suggest that the gismu list would look somewhat different if
remade from scratch today, since when languages are close together in
population, a change in order will significantly affect tie-breaking
results in scoring of words.
Given that the Lojban gismu list is baselined, these numbers are
primarily for academic interest. However, they can be used in making
fu'ivla (borrowings) where it is not clear that a particular language
root is appropriate. Using an algorithm like the gismu algortihm
(though not necessarily with the same constraints on word form, would
give an "international" or "Lojbanic" root to use as the basis of a
fu'ivla.
native 2nd/creole+literacy+religion Total speakers
native+1/2*2nd
normalized weight for 6 languages based on 1.0 total.
(change from 1995) (change from 1987)
Chinese 837.161 349.964+21.529 1208.654
1022.908
.334 (-.013) (-.026)
Hindi 455.352 221.315+61.362 738.029
596.690
.195 (-.001) (+.039)
English 346.126 381.337+69.936 797.399
571.763
.187 (+.027) (-.021)
Spanish 341.977 15.686+13.891 371.553
356.765
.116 (-.007) (+.000)
Arabic 230.533 0+25.387+50.801 306.721
268.627
.088 (+.003) (+.015)
Russian 204.517 0+86.956 291.473
247.995
.081 (-.008) (-.006)
Bengali 205.66 0+1.104 206.764
206.212
Portuguese 169.154 12.048+7.070 188.272
178.713
Japanese 126.407 0+1.118 127.525
126.966
French 80.077 60.391+24.105 164.573
122.325
Malay-Indon. 40.439 0+157.457 197.896
119.167
German 92.247 2.168+10.019 104.434
98.340
The 1995 numbers are summarized as follows (in millions):
native 2nd/creole+literacy+religion Total speakers
native+1/2*2nd
normalized weight for 6 languages based on 1.0 total.
Chinese 801.552 314.039+25.225 1140.816
971.184
.347
Hindi 413.231 66.39+206.000 685.621
549.426
.196
English 334.786 187.907+59.895 582.588
448.343
.160
Spanish 330.999 12.644+11.531 355.174
343.086
.123
Russian 210.948 0+77.965 288.913
249.930
.089
Arabic 205.272 0+19.705+46.991 271.968
238.620
.085
Bengali 183.860 0+.927 184.787
184.323
Portuguese 166.662 6.294+10.028 182.984
174.823
Japanese 125.086 0 125.086
125.086
French 74.529 41.198+29.477 145.204
109.866
Malay-Indon. 37.752 137.526 175.278
106.515
German 94.768 1.714+8.511 104.993
99.880
For comprison, here is the total speakers from the 1987 World Almanac,
the comparable figures from the 1997 World Almanac, and the numbers used
in the 1987 original Lojban gismu-remaking effort, which were based on
the 1985 Brittanica BotY. Note that Hindi passed up English in about
1989 due to rapidly increasing numbers of native speakers along with a
major increase in literacy which is continuing. A significant part of
the drop in native English, French, German, and Indonesian speakers is
due to the switching of creole speakers and some estimates of non-native
official language speakers (especially in Africa) from native to 2nd
language totals.
1987 1997 1987 gismu-remaking 1999
World Almanac native 2nd n+1/2s weight weight
Chinese 788 853/999 752.1 319.1 911.7 .360 .334
English 420 330/487 366.5 322.4 527.7 .208 .187
Hindi 382 348/457 294 200.3 394.2 .156 .195
Spanish 296 346/401 264.7 58.2 293.8 .116 .116
Russian 285 168/280 164.3 109.7 219.12 .087 .081
Arabic 177 195/230 155.9 57.7 184.8 .073 .088
Bengali 171 197/204 87 80.8 127.4
Portuguese 164 173/188 110.4 45.5 133.2
Malay/Indon. 128 54/164 121.1 39.5 140.9
Japanese 122 125/126 120.1 0.6 120.4
German 118 98/124 105.4 18.3 114.6
French 114 74/126 81.1 75.5 118.9
Following are the 6 columns of 1999 raw data, by language, by country.
In the raw data, Column 1 is native speakers of the language from the
Britannica BotY. Column 2 is non-native speakers, speakers of the
language as a lingua franca, and speakers of creoles and other
significantly non-standard dialects (e.g. Catalan and Galician for
Spanish, Luxembourgish for German, and non-Mandarin Chinese.) These
numbers also come straight from the BotY. Ukrainian and Belarussian are
considered native Russian speakers, since the differences are more
political than linguistic (though in the longer term, Ukrainian speakers
probably should be switched into the 2nd language column). Urdu is
considered a native dialect of Hindi.
What is rarely carried in the BotY are speakers of the official language
of a country as a second language. For example, how many
non-native-English speakers in the UK speak English as a second
language. The answer is something less than 100%; so I used the
percentage literacy multiplied by the number of non-native-or-creole
speakers of an official language. For European countries, literacy is
close to 100%, but for 3rd world countries, the number is far less. For
countries with 2 official languages, I further reduced the result of the
above calculation by the ratio of the speakers of the official language
divided by the total speakers of all official languages. The result of
this calculation is considered as an increment to any number of 2nd
language speakers given in column 2. That increment is shown in column
3, and the data used in the calculation is shown in column 4.
(In previous iterations of these statistics, I have used variations on
this method to estimate 2nd language speakers. Creole speakers were
originally treated as native speakers, though I have since learned that
the creoles are sufficiently different from the standard language that a
native speaker level of knowledge of the standard language is
improbable.)
The former Soviet states are a special case, in that Russian (or a
dialect) is an official language in only 3 of the current countries, but
the educational system up to a couple of years ago was built around
Russian as the official language. Because of this, I calculated 2nd
language Russian speakers, as if it *were* the official language, but
then subtracted the number of native Russian speakers in the country
from this total to determine the column 3 number. In future years, this
number may need to be slowly prorated downward as a new education system
supplants the Russian one, but this should not have significant effect
for at least a decade, as the older 2nd language Russian speakers will
probably retain their educated knowledge of the language for as long as
Russia is the dominant economic power of the region.
Columns 5 and 6 exist for Arabic only, and are an increment based on
countries in which Arabic is the official language or the Muslim
religion is militantly supported by the government (Iran being the major
example). In this case, I determined if there was an excess of
followers of the Muslim religion above the total number of 1st and 2nd
language speakers of Arabic determined in columns 1-4. This excess was
then multiplied by the literacy rate to get a guesstimate of non-Arabic
native speakers who might still have considerable knowledge of the
Arabic language through religious training. I did not calculate a
religion-based number for countries that are Muslim, but which are
unlikely to have government-sponsored teaching of the language (e.g.
Indonesia).
Chinese (Mandarin) Cantonese/undiff. other
Australia .098 .214
Brunei .051
Cambodia .330
Canada .322
China 817.000 325.990 21.184 (1242.980-817.0) *
.815 - 325.99
Costa Rica .007
Fr. Polynesia .013
Guam .002
HongKong .074 6.454 --- (6.66-0.074) *
7.59/(7.59+2.1)* .922 - 6.454
Japan .240
N.Korea .030
S.Korea .050
Macau .005 .410 (.426-.005) *
.415/.425) *.895 -.410
Malaysia 2.000
Mauritius .004
Nauru .0009
N. Marianas I. .0047
Palau .0003
Panama .008
Phillipines .070
Reunion .020
Singapore 1.371 1.070 .345 (3.164-1.371) *
3.812/(1.183+.446+2.441+.235) * .891 -1.070
Taiwan 4.390 16.970 --- (21.843-4.390) *
.940 - 16.97
Thailand 7.420
USA 1.520
Vietnam 1.070
837.161 349.964 21.529
1022.908 185.747
Hindi/Urdu (Nepali Pahari/Bhojpuri/Malthili in
Mauritius/Nepal/Bhutan)
Bhutan .220
Fiji .347
India 442.620 206.78 11.798 (984.004-442.62)
* 649.4/(649.4+187.0) *.520 - 206.78
Jamaica .050
Mauritius .021 .245
Nepal .880 14.29
Pakistan 10.780 49.563 (141.900-10.78) *
.378
Trinidad .044
USA .390
455.352 221.315 61.362
596.690 141.338
English
Amer. Samoa .002 .061
Antigua .066 .003
Aruba .008
Australia 15.204 2.896 .607 (18.725-15.204) *
.995 - 2.896
Bahamas .260 .032 (.293-.260) * .982
Bangladesh 3.300
Barbados .252 creole .006 .265 * .974 -.252
Belize .119 .061 creole .021 (.235-.119) * .703
-.061
Bermuda .062
Botswana .580 .431 1.448 * .698 - .580
Brunei .120
Cameroon 7.500 2.028 15.029 * .634 - 7.500
Canada 19.328 7.842 (30.677-19.328) *
19.328/(19.328+7.693) * .966
Colombia .050 creole
Costa Rica .071 creole
Denmark .024
Dominica .076 creole
Fiji .160 .566 .793 * .916 - .160
France .080
Gambia .499 1.292 * .386
Ghana 1.290 10.641 18.497 * .645 - 1.29
Gibraltar .024 .003 (.0271-.024) * .99
Grenada .100
Guam .055 .092 --- (.148-.055) * .99
- .092
Guernsey .062
Guyana .746 .035 (.782-.746) * .981
Honduras .011 creole
Hong Kong .147 1.953
India .210 186.790 --- (984.004-.210) *
187/(187+649.4) * .520 -186.79
Ireland 3.590 .043 (3.647-3.590) *
3.590/(3.590+1.190) * 1.000
Isle of Man .073
Jamaica 2.400
Japan .080
Jersey .086
Kenya 2.600 .193 28.337 * 2.6/20.6
* .781 - 2.6
Kiribati .021 .055 .084 * .900 - .021
Lesotho .500 --- 2.09 * .713 *
.5/2.28 - .5
Liberia .55+2.222 creole
Luxembourg .004
Macau .002
Malawi .510 5.040 9.84 * .564 - .51
Malaysia .360 6.340
Malta .008 .008 (.377-.008) *
.008/.369 * .96
Marshall Isl .0628
Mauritius .002
Micronesia .0005
Monaco .002
Namibia .013 .297
Nauru .0008 .0096
Nepal 6.500
Nether Antill .017
New Zealand 3.457 .329 (3.801-3.457) *
3.457/(3.457+.161) * 1.0
Nicaragua .027 creole
Nigeria 50.0 creole 13.114 110.532 *.571 - 50.0
N Mariana Isl .0032 .0571 .004 (.0666-.0032) *
.963 - .0571
Norway .024
Pakistan 16.000
Palau .0006 .0174
Panama .387 creole
Papua New Guin .07+2.990 creole .261 4.60 * .722 - 3.060
Phillipines 38.000 6.243 73.131 * .946 *
38.0/(38.0+21.42) - 38.0
Puerto Rico 1.794
St Kitts Nevis .042
St Lucia .157
St. Vincent .112 .001 (.113-.112) * .960
Samoa .090
Seychelles .003 .025
Sierra Leone 4.400 --- 4.577 * .314 - 4.4
Singapore 1.183 --- 3.164 *
1.183/(1.183+.446+2.441+.235) * .891 - 1.183
Solomon Isl .158 .072 .426 * .541 - .158
South Africa 3.990 3.013 (42.835-3.99) *
3.99/(3.99+6.47+.64+1.11+7.5+9.6+4.2+2.96+3.08+1.8+.73) * .818
Sri Lanka 1.930
Surinam .400
Swaziland .040 .701 .966 * .767
Sweden .032
Tanzania 3.300 30.609 *
3.3/(2.2+28.0) * .678 -3.3
Tonga .029 .062 .098 * .928 - .029
Trinidad 1.235 creole .013 1.275 * .979 - 1.235
Tunisia .300
Tuvalu .010 .0104 * .950
Uganda 2.400
Unit Kingdom 57.520 1.606 (59.126-57.52) * 1.0
USA 232.910 29.090 6.581 (270.262-232.91) *
.955 - 29.09
Vanuatu .060 .120
Virgin Isl .096 .020 (.118-.096) * .897
Zambia .100 1.700 5.620 (9.461 - .1) *
.782 - 1.7
Zimbabwe .250 4.950 4.236 (11.044 -.25) *
.851 - 4.95
346.126 381.337 69.936
571.763 225.636
2nd includes
Spanish Catalan/Galician
Andorra .030 .020
Argentina 34.980 1.101 (36.125-34.98) * .962
Aruba .007
Australia .098
Belgium .050
Belize .074 .056
Bolivia 6.980 .492 (7.957-6.98) *
6.98/(6.98+1.82+2.71) * .831
Canada .101
Chile 13.290 1.458 (14.822-13.29) * .952
Colombia 37.320 .333 (37.685-37.32) * .913
Costa Rica 3.445 .083 (3.533-3.445) * .948
Cuba 11.116
Dominican Rep 7.730 .126 (7.883-7.73) * .821
Ecuador 11.320 .770 (12.175-11.32) * .901
El Salvador 5.752
Equat. Guinea .178 .454 * .785 * 1/2
France .220 .260
Guatemala 6.990 2.119 (10.802-6.990) * .556
Honduras 5.752 .121 (5.919-5.752) * .727
Italy .030
Mexico 88.270 6.150 .624 (95.830-88.27) *
.896 - 6.15
Nicaragua 4.648 .076 (4.763-4.648) * .657
Panama 2.125 .583 (2.767-2.125) * .908
Paraguay 2.879 .827 (5.223-2.879) *
2.879/(2.879+4.636) * .921
Peru 19.790 3.599 (24.801-19.79) *
19.79/(19.79+4.65) * .887
Puerto Rico 3.718 .041 (3.786-3.718) *
.897 * 3.718/(3.718+1.794)
Spain 29.290 9.170 .558 (39.371-29.29) *
.965 - 9.17
Sweden .056
USA 20.340
Uraguay 3.080 .132 (3.216-3.08) * .973
Venezuela 22.510 .667 (23.242-22.51) * .911
Virgin Islands .016
341.977 15.686 13.891
356.765 14.788
Russian/Ukrainian/Belarusian
Armenia 3.754 3.800 * .988
Australia .034
Azerbaijan .230 7.622 8.070 * .973 - .23
Belarus 10.120 .113 (10.235-10.12) * .979
Canada .283
Czech .013
Estonia .470 .973 1.447 *.997 - .47
Finland .018
Georgia .480 4.924 5.431 *.995 - .480
Israel .520
Kazakhstan 6.430 8.972 15.797 *.975 - 6.43
Kyrgyzstan .840 3.710 4.691 *.970 - 0.84
Latvia .970 1.463 2.445 *.995 - 0.97
Lithuania .390 3.295 3.704 *.995 - .39
Moldova .458 3.645 4.243 *.967 - .458
Poland .420
Romania .094
Russia 129.480 17.033 (146.861-129.48) *
.98
Slovakia .034
Tajikistan .590 5.381 6.112 *.977 - .590
Turkmenistan .343 4.279 4.731 *.977 - .343
Ukraine 49.200 1.084 (50.302-49.20) * .984
USA .390
Uzbekistan 2.710 20.706 24.091 *.972 - 2.71
204.517 86.956
247.995 43.478
Arabic
Algeria 25.840 2.590 (30.045-25.84) *
.616 .979 30.02 religion-25.84-2.590 * .616
Australia .182
Bahrain .430 .173 (.633-.43) * .852
.0 .520 religion-.430-.173 * .852
Belgium .160
Cameroon .150
Canada .049
Chad 1.920 1.219 (7.360-1.92) *
1.92/(1.92+2.2) * .481 .395 3.96 religion-1.92-1.219 * .481
Comoros .009 .004 (.546-.009) *
.009/(.543+.009+.110) *.573 .303 .542 religion-.004-.009 * .573
Denmark .024
Djibouti .070 .111 (.652-.070) *
.070/.170 *.462 .209 .634 religion-.111-.070 * .462
Egypt 62.500 .391 (63.261-62.50) *
.514 .0 56.30 religion-62.5-.391 *.514
Eritrea .010
.530 2.66 religion -.010 * .200
France 1.490
Gaza 1.076 .006 (1.082-1.076) *
1.076/1.082 * .956 .0 1.068 religion
Gibraltar .002
Iran 1.330
43.000 60.97 religion-1.33 * .721
Iraq 16.750 2.884 (21.722-16.750) *
.580 .833 21.07 religion-16.75-2.884 * .580
Israel 1.030 .997 (5.740-1.03) *
1.03/(1.03+3.62) * .956
Jordan 4.590 .080 (4.682-4.59) *
.866 4.52 religion-4.59-.080
Kenya .070
Kuwait 1.460 .319 (1.866-1.46) *
.786 1.59 religion-1.46-.319
Lebanon 3.260 .227 (3.506-3.26) * .924
Libya 5.460 .176 (5.691-5.46) *
.762 .0 5.52 religion-5.46-.176
Mali .160
Mauritania 2.050 .174 (2.511-2.05) *
.377 .104 2.50 religion-2.05-.174 * .377
Mayotte
.119 .130 religion *.919
Morocco 18.050 4.249 (27.772-18.05) *
.437 2.374 27.73 religion-28.05-4.249 * .437
Netherlands .140
Niger .030
Nigeria .300
Oman 1.810 .326 (2.364-1.81) *
.588 .0 2.08 religion-1.81-.326 *.588
Panama .015
Qatar .230 .277 (.579-.230) *
.794 .034 .550 religion-.230-.277 * .794
Saudi Arabia 19.750 .651 (20.786-19.750) *
.628 .0 20.09 religion-19.75-.651 * .628
Somalia .027 (6.842-6.730
Somali) * .240 1.633 6.83 religion -.027 * .240
Sudan 16.560 7.833 (33.551-16.56) *
.461 .045 24.49 religion-16.56-7.833 * .461
Sweden .068
Syria 13.800 1.087 (15.335-13.80) *
.708 .0 13.19 religion-13.8-1.087 *.708
Tunisia 9.330 .033 (9.380-9.33) *
.667 9.33 religion-9.33-.033 *.667
Turkey .880
UAE 1.150 1.262 (2.744-1.15) *
.792 .156 2.61 religion-1.15-1.262 * .792
USA .420
West Bank 1.740 .124 (1.881-1.74) *
1.74/(1.74+.15) * .956 1.54 religion-1.74-.124
Western Sahara .288
.288 religion
Yemen 16.000 .168 (16.388-16.00) *
.432 .087 16.37 religion-16.0-.168 * .432
230.533 25.387
50.801
268.627 38.094
Bengali
Bangladesh 124.670 1.104 127.567-124.67 *.381
India 80.920
Nepal .030
USA .040
205.660 1.104
206.212 .552
Portuguese
Andorra .007
Angola 3.800 .731 10.865 * .417 - 3.8
Australia .027
Brazil 157.800 3.304 (161.766-157.80)
*.833
Canada .187
Cape Verde .400
France .680
Guinea-Bissau .124 .411 creole .318 (1.206-.535) * .549
Luxembourg .054
Macau .010
Mozambique .230 4.800 2.583 (18.641 -.230) *
.401 - 4.8
Paraguay .165
Portugal 9.870 .084 (9.964-9.87) * .896
Sao Tome .117 .0 .136 * .542 - .117
Spain 2.520 (Galician)
USA .500
169.154 12.048 7.070
178.713 9.559
Japanese
Brazil .610
Guam .003
Hong Kong .013
Japan 125.280 1.118 126.398-125.28 * 1.0
N.Marianas I. .0013
USA .500
126.407 1.118
126.966 .559
French
Algeria 6.000
Andorra .004
Australia .043
Bahamas .030 creole
Belgium 3.340 2.420 10.208-3.340 *
3.34/(3.34+6.05+.09) *1.0
Benin .600 1.657 6.101 *.370 -.600
Burkina Faso .030 4.570 --- 11.266-.03 *.192 -
4.57
Burundi .520 1.435 5.537 *.353 -.520
Cameroon 4.500 2.316 10.751 *.634 -4.50
Canada 7.693 6.307 30.677-7.693
*7.693/(7.683+19.388) *.966
Cent Afr Rep .800 .076 3.376 *.600
*.8/3.8 -.35
Chad 2.200 --- 7.360 *.481 *
2.2/4.12 - 2.2
Comoros .091 .019 .043 .546-.091 *
.110/(.543+.110+.009) *.573 -.019
Congo Rep 1.400 .591 2.658 *.749 - 1.4
Congo (Zaire) 3.800 --- 49.001 *.773 *
3.8/77.8 (other lingua franca) - 3.8
Ivory Coast 7.700 --- 15.446 *.401 -7.7
Djibouti .100 .077 .652 *.462 *
.10/.17 -.10
Dominica .069 creole
Dominican Rep .160 creole
Egypt .260
Equ. Guinea .178 .454 * 1/2 * .785
France 55.100 3.251 58.390 -55.1 *.988
French Guiana .159 creole .008 .169-.159 *.830
Fr Polynesia .184 .042 .228-.184 *.950
Gabon 1.000 --- 1.208 *.632 -1.000
Guadaloupe .413 .019 .434-.413 *.901
Guinea .700 1.984 7.477 *.359 -.7
Guinea-Bissau .120
Haiti 6.180
Italy .310
Jersey .006 .080 .0856*1.0 -.006
Lebanon .840
Luxembourg .016
Madagascar 2.200 --- 14.463 *
2.2/16.51 * .802 -2.2
Mali 1.000 2.134 10.109 * .310 - 1.0
Martinique .385 .012 .398-.385 * .925
Mauritania .250
Mauritius .040 .817 creole
Mayotte .056 .067 .134 * .919 - .056
Monaco .013 .019 .032 -.013 * 1.0
Morocco 11.100
New Caledonia .070 .078 .204-.070 * .579
Niger 1.500 --- 9.672 * .136 - 1.5
Reunion .630 creole .048 .692-.63 * .782
Rwanda .600
St. Lucia .121 creole
Sao Tome & Pr .001
Senegal 3.400 --- 9.723 *.331 - 3.4
Seychelles .001 .074 creole .004 .0794-.075 * .842
Switzerland 1.370 1.223 7.118-1.37 *
1.37/(1.37+4.53+.54) * 1.0
Togo 2.500 .036 4.906 * .517 - 2.5
Tunisia 2.760
USA 2.000 .220 creole
Vanuatu .030
Vietnam .370
Virgin Islands .003
80.077 60.391 24.105
122.325 42.248
Malay-Indonesian
Australia .029
Brunei .249 .058 .315-.249 * .878
Indonesia 24.580 149.480 202.957-24.58 * .838
Malaysia 12.900 7.668 22.083-12.90 * .835
New Caledonia .005
Singapore .446 .251 3.164-.446 *
.446/(1.183+.446+2.441+.235) *.891
Thailand 2.230
40.439 157.457
119.167 78.728
German
Australia .109
Austria 7.424 .646 8.070-7.424* 1.000
Belgium .090 .096 10.208-.09 *
.09/9.48 * 1.000
Belize .003
Brazil .890
Canada .531 .028 (Yiddish)
Czech .048
Denmark .027
France 1.510
Germany 74.830 7.318 82.148-74.83 * 1.000
Hungary .040
Italy .310
Kazakhstan .480
Kyrgyzstan .030
Liechtenstein .028 .003 .0314-.028 *1.0
Luxembourg .010 .280 (Lux'ish) .135 .425-.010 *1.0 -.280
Namibia .015
Paraguay .045
Poland .500
Romania .097
Russia .350
Slovakia .005
Sweden .045
Switzerland 4.530 1.820 7.118-4.530 *
4.530/6.440 *1.0
USA 1.810 .350 (Yiddish, PA Dutch)
92.247 2.168 10.019
98.340 6.093
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lojbab ***NOTE NEW ADDRESS*** lojbab@lojban.org
Bob LeChevalier, President, The Logical Language Group, Inc.
2904 Beau Lane, Fairfax VA 22031-1303 USA 703-385-0273
Artificial language Loglan/Lojban:
see Lojban WWW Server: href=" http://xiron.pc.helsinki.fi/lojban/ "
Order _The Complete Lojban Language_ - see our Web pages or ask me.