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[Wikichanges] Wiki page Láadan changed by najrut
The page Láadan was changed by najrut at 10:01 UTC
You can view the page by following this link:
http://www.lojban.org/tiki/L%C3%A1adan
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http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-pagehistory.php?page=L%C3%A1adan&compare=1&oldver=7&newver=8
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The changes in this version follow below, followed after by the current full page text.
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!Extract from a Wikipedia article
- {HTML()}<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><b>Láadan</b>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">constructed language</a>&nbsp;created by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzette_Haden_Elgin" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzette_Haden_Elgin" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">Suzette Haden Elgin</a>&nbsp;in 1982 to test the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapir%E2%80%93Whorf_Hypothesis" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapir%E2%80%93Whorf_Hypothesis" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis</a>, specifically to determine if development of a language aimed at expressing the views of women would shape a culture; a subsidiary hypothesis was that Western<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">natural languages</a>&nbsp;may be better suited for expressing the views of men than women. The language was included in her&nbsp;<a href="http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">science fiction</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Tongue_(Suzette_Haden_Elgin_novel)" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Tongue_(Suzette_Haden_Elgin_novel)" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "><i>Native Tongue</i></a>&nbsp;series. Láadan contains a number of words that are used to make unambiguous statements that include how one feels about what one is saying. According to Elgin, this is designed to counter&nbsp;<i>male-centered</i>&nbsp;language's limitations on women, who are forced to respond "I know I said that, but I meant this".</div><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><b><font size="4"></font></b></div><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><i><font size="5">Phonology</font></i><font size="5"><b><br>
+ {HTML()}<div><b>Láadan</b>&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language">constructed language</a>&nbsp;created by&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzette_Haden_Elgin">Suzette Haden Elgin</a>&nbsp;in 1982 to test the&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapir%E2%80%93Whorf_Hypothesis">Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis</a>, specifically to determine if development of a language aimed at expressing the views of women would shape a culture; a subsidiary hypothesis was that Western<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language">natural languages</a>&nbsp;may be better suited for expressing the views of men than women. The language was included in her&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction">science fiction</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Tongue_(Suzette_Haden_Elgin_novel)"><i>Native Tongue</i></a>&nbsp;series. Láadan contains a number of words that are used to make unambiguous statements that include how one feels about what one is saying. According to Elgin, this is designed to counter&nbsp;<i>male-centered</i>&nbsp;language's limitations on women, who are forced to respond "I know I said that, but I meant this".</div><br /><div><b><font size="4"></font></b></div><br /><div><i><font size="5">Phonology</font></i><font size="5"><b><br>
</b></font></div>
- <div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><b><font size="4">Tones</font></b></div><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; ">Unusually for constructed languages, Láadan is a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">tonal language</a>. It utilises two distinct tones:</div><br /><ul style="line-height: 19px; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://127.0.0.1/w/extensions/FCKeditor/css/bullet.gif); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>lo</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lō/</span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lò/</span>, a short, medium or low tone, represented by a single unmarked vowel</li><br /><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>ló</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ló/</span>, a short, high tone, represented by a single marked vowel</li></ul><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; ">The word "Láadan" has thr ee syllables: "lá-" with the short vowel /a/ plus high tone; "-a" with the short vowel /a/ and no tone; and "-dan".</div><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; ">Láadan does not allow any double [i.e., long] phonemes. Whenever two identical short vowels would occur side by side in a single morpheme, one of them has to be marked for high tone. When adding an affix would result in two identical vowels side by side, an epenthetic /h/ is inserted to prevent the forbidden sequence. The language will allow either "máa" or "maá," but not "maa". These combinations can be described as:</div><br /><ul style="line-height: 19px; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://127.0.0.1/w/extensions/FCKeditor/css/bullet.gif); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>loó</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lǒː/</span>, a long, low-rising tone, represented by a double vowel, the second of which is marked</li><br /><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>lóo</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lôː/</span>, a long, high-falling tone, represented by a double vowel, the first of which is marked</li></ul><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; ">(Some people analyze these tone sequences as tonemic as well, for a total of four tones.)</div><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-fam ily: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; ">Elgin prefers an analysis of the language as having no long vowels and a single tone, the high tone (distinguished from "neutral, baseline pitch"), but she acknowledges that linguists using other formalisms would be justified in saying that there are two tones, high and low (or unmarked or mid).<sup id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laadan#cite_note-0" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laadan#cite_note-0" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">[1</a>]</sup></div><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><b><font size="4">Vowels</font></b></div><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; ">Láadan has five&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">vowels</a>:</div><br /><ul style="line-height: 19px; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://127.0.0.1/w/extensions/FCKeditor/css/bullet.gif); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>a</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, an&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">open back unrounded vowel</a>&nbsp;(as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">English</a>&nbsp;<i>calm</i>),</li><br /><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>e</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, an&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">open-mid front unrounded vowel</a>&nbsp;(as English&nbsp;<i>bell</i>),</li><br /><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>i</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; b ackground-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">near-close near-front unrounded vowel</a>&nbsp;(as English&nbsp;<i>bit</i>),</li><br /><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>o</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">close-mid back rounded vowel</a>&nbsp;(as English&nbsp;<i>home</i>),</li><br /><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>u</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" _fcksavedurl="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" style="color: rgb(0, 43, 184) !important; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; ">close back rounded vowel</a>&nbsp;(as English&nbsp;<i>boon</i>).</li></ul><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><b><font size="4">Consonants</font></b></div><br /><table style="color: black; margin-left: 5px; border-top-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); border-right-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); border-bottom-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); border-left-color: rgb(211, 211, 211); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; bord er-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: dotted; border-right-style: dotted; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-left-style: dotted; border-image: initial; font-family: sans-serif; ">
+ <div><b><font size="4">Tones</font></b></div><br /><div>Unusually for constructed languages, Láadan is a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)">tonal language</a>. It utilises two distinct tones:</div><br /><ul><li><i>lo</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lō/</span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lò/</span>, a short, medium or low tone, represented by a single unmarked vowel</li><br /><li><i>ló</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ló/</span>, a short, high tone, represented by a single marked vowel</li></ul><br /><div>The word "Láadan" has three syllables: "lá-" with the short vowel /a/ plus high tone; "-a" with the short vowel /a/ and no tone; and "-dan".</div><br /><div>Láadan does not allow any double [i.e., long] phonemes. Whenever two identical short vowels would occur side by side in a single morpheme, one of them has to be marked for high tone. When adding an affix would result in two identical vowels side by side, an epenthetic /h/ is inserted to prevent the forbidden sequence. The language will allow either "máa" or "maá," but not "maa". These combinations can be described as:</div><br /><ul><li><i>loó</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lǒː/</span>, a long, low-rising tone, represented by a double vowel, the second of which is marked</li><br /><li><i>lóo</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonet ic Alphabet (IPA)">/lôː/</span>, a long, high-falling tone, represented by a double vowel, the first of which is marked</li></ul><br /><div>(Some people analyze these tone sequences as tonemic as well, for a total of four tones.)</div><br /><div>Elgin prefers an analysis of the language as having no long vowels and a single tone, the high tone (distinguished from "neutral, baseline pitch"), but she acknowledges that linguists using other formalisms would be justified in saying that there are two tones, high and low (or unmarked or mid).<sup id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laadan#cite_note-0">[1</a>]</sup></div><br /><div><b><font size="4">Vowels</font></b></div><br /><div>Láadan has five&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel">vowels</a>:</div><br /><ul><li><i>a</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, an&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel">open back unrounded vowel</a>&nbsp;(as&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language">English</a>&nbsp;<i>calm</i>),</li><br /><li><i>e</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span>, an&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel">open-mid front unrounded vowel</a>&nbsp;(as English&nbsp;<i>bell</i>),</li><br /><li><i>i</i>&nbsp;–&nbsp;<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>, a&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-clos