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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Fri Apr 8 23:21:04 EDT 2011
commit 95d05da3bcd23de587a1f463582f771e4f7c546e
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Fri Apr 8 19:29:32 2011 -0700
example-imported fixes.
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index 033c043..7044151 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -81,28 +81,24 @@
<natlang>I see the man/men.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>that there really is a man; the only thing you can conclude is that there is one thing (or more) that I choose to refer to as a man. You cannot even tell which man is meant for sure without asking me (although communication is served if you already know from the context).</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>attitudinals</primary><secondary>and logic</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logic</primary><secondary>and attitudinals</secondary></indexterm> In addition, the use of attitudinals (see
<xref linkend="chapter-attitudinals"/>) often reduces or removes the ability to make deductions about the bridi to which those attitudinals are applied. From the fact that I hope George will win the election, you can conclude nothing about George's actual victory or defeat.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-da-and-zohu">
<title>Existential claims, prenexes, and variables</title>
<para>Let us consider, to begin with, a sentence that is not in the dialogue:</para>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Mxj3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>something sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<para>Something sees me.</para>
</example>
<para>There are two plausible Lojban translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mxj3"/>. The simpler one is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-b9pV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -142,56 +138,56 @@
<valsi>de</valsi>, and
<valsi>di</valsi> (of selma'o KOhA), glossed in the literal translations as
<quote>X</quote>,
<quote>Y</quote>, and
<quote>Z</quote> respectively. By analogy to the terminology of symbolic logic, these cmavo are called
<quote>variables</quote>.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a prenex with two variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-t4qI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d4"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>somebody loves somebody</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da de zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X there-is-a-Y such that X loves Y.</gloss>
<natlang>Somebody loves somebody.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody loves somebody</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of using multiple different</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>somebody</primary><secondary>contrasted with somebody else</secondary></indexterm> In
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t4qI"/>, the literal interpretation of the two variables
<valsi>da</valsi> and
<valsi>de</valsi> as
<quote>there-is-an-X</quote> and
<quote>there-is-a-Y</quote> tells us that there are two things which stand in the relationship that one loves the other. It might be the case that the supposed two things are really just a single thing that loves itself; nothing in the Lojban version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t4qI"/> rules out that interpretation, which is why the colloquial translation does not say
<quote>Somebody loves somebody else.</quote> The things referred to by different variables may be different or the same. (We use
<quote>somebody</quote> here rather than
<quote>something</quote> for naturalness; lovers and beloveds are usually persons, though the Lojban does not say so.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>with multiple appearances in bridi</secondary></indexterm> It is perfectly all right for the variables to appear more than once in the main bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wBYE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>somebody loves self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da prami da</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such that X loves X</gloss>
<natlang>Somebody loves himself/herself.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody loves self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da prami de</primary><secondary>contrasted with da prami da</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>da prami da</primary><secondary>contrasted with da prami de</secondary></indexterm> What
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wBYE"/> claims is fundamentally different from what
<xref linkend="example-random-id-t4qI"/> claims, because
<oldjbophrase>da prami da</oldjbophrase> is not structurally the same as
<oldjbophrase>da prami de</oldjbophrase>. However,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-3QV5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d6"/>
@@ -200,68 +196,68 @@
<jbo>de zo'u de prami de</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-a-Y such that Y loves Y</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of global substitution</secondary></indexterm> means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="example-random-id-wBYE"/>; it does not matter which variable is used as long as they are used consistently.</para>
<para>It is not necessary for a variable to be a sumti of the main bridi directly:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ArXX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d7"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>somebody's dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u le da gerku cu viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such-that the of-X dog sees me</gloss>
<natlang>Somebody's dog sees me</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>somebody's dog</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
is perfectly correct even though the
<valsi>da</valsi> is used only in a possessive construction. (Possessives are explained in
<xref linkend="section-possessive-sumti"/>.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>when not in main bridi</secondary></indexterm> It is very peculiar, however, even if technically grammatical, for the variable not to appear in the main bridi at all:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-mE4m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d8"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>Ralph</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u la ralf. gerku</jbo>
<natlang>There is something such that Ralph is a dog.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Ralph</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
has a variable bound in a prenex whose relevance to the claim of the following bridi is completely unspecified.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-universal-claims">
<title>Universal claims</title>
<para>What happens if we substitute
<quote>everything</quote> for
<quote>something</quote> in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Mxj3"/>? We get:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-UwYG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>everything sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<para>Everything sees me.</para>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>universal claims</primary><secondary>explanation</secondary></indexterm> Of course, this example is false, because there are many things which do not see the speaker. It is not easy to find simple truthful examples of so-called universal claims (those which are about everything), so bear with us for a while. (Indeed, some Lojbanists tend to avoid universal claims even in other languages, since they are so rarely true in Lojban.)</para>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
The Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-UwYG"/> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nraD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X : X sees me.</gloss>
@@ -269,28 +265,24 @@
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro da</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>everything</primary><secondary>expressing with "ro da"</secondary></indexterm> When the variable cmavo
<valsi>da</valsi> is preceded by
<valsi>ro</valsi>, the combination means
<quote>For every X</quote> rather than
<quote>There is an X</quote>. Superficially, these English formulations look totally unrelated:
<xref linkend="section-quantified-variables"/> will bring them within a common viewpoint. For the moment, accept the use of
<oldjbophrase>ro da</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>everything</quote> on faith.</para>
<para>Here is a universal claim with two variables:</para>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything loves everything</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jSrU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>everything loves everything</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da ro de zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X, for-every Y : X loves Y.</gloss>
<natlang>Everything loves everything.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again, X and Y can represent the same thing, so
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jSrU"/> does not mean
<quote>Everything loves everything else.</quote> Furthermore, because the claim is universal, it is about every thing, not merely every person, so we cannot use
@@ -299,42 +291,43 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>universal</primary><secondary>mixed claim with existential</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>existential</primary><secondary>mixed claim with universal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>mixed claim</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Note that
<valsi>ro</valsi> appears before both
<valsi>da</valsi> and
<valsi>de</valsi>. If
<valsi>ro</valsi> is omitted before either variable, we get a mixed claim, partly existential like those of
<xref linkend="section-da-and-zohu"/>, partly universal.</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHKm" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d4"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>everything sees something</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da de zo'u da viska de</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X, there-is-a-Y : X sees Y.</gloss>
<natlang>Everything sees something.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHKo" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>something sees everything</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da ro de zo'u da viska de</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such-that-for-every-Y : X sees Y.</gloss>
<natlang>Something sees everything.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees everything</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything sees something</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of order in prenex</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>effect of order in prenex</secondary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKm"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKo"/> mean completely different things.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKm"/> says that for everything, there is something which it sees, not necessarily the same thing seen for every seer.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKo"/>, on the other hand, says that there is a particular thing which can see everything that there is (including itself). Both of these are fairly silly, but they are different kinds of silliness.</para>
<para>There are various possible translations of universal claims in English: sometimes we use
<quote>anybody/anything</quote> rather than
<quote>everybody/everything</quote>. Often it makes no difference which of these is used: when it does make a difference, it is a rather subtle one which is explained in
<xref linkend="section-any"/>.</para>
@@ -388,32 +381,29 @@
<oldjbophrase>da poi prenu</oldjbophrase> translates as
<quote>someone.</quote> (The difference between
<quote>someone</quote> and
<quote>somebody</quote> is a matter of English style, with no real counterpart in Lojban.) If
<xref linkend="example-random-id-I8AF"/> is true, then
<xref linkend="example-random-id-NPX7"/> must be true, but not necessarily vice versa.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>universal claims</primary><secondary>restricting</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>relative clauses</primary><secondary>use in restricting universal claims</secondary></indexterm> Universal claims benefit even more from the existence of relative clauses. Consider</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-DFen">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>everything breathes</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da zo'u da vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X : X breathes</gloss>
<natlang>Everything breathes</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everything breathes</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- and</para>
+ <para> and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-njh0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi gerku zo'u da vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X which is-a-dog : X breathes.</gloss>
<gloss>Every dog breathes.</gloss>
<gloss>Each dog breathes.</gloss>
@@ -494,32 +484,33 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d4"/>
</title>
<para>Every person is bitten by some dog (or other).</para>
</example>
<para>If we tried to omit the prenex and move the
<valsi>ro</valsi> and the relative clauses into the main bridi, we would get:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-c9bq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>dog bites</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>Fido</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>de poi gerku cu batci ro da poi prenu</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-a-Y which is-a-dog which-bites every X which is-a-person</gloss>
<natlang>Some dog bites everyone.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dog bites</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Fido</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> which has the structure of
+ which has the structure of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHKo"/>: it says that there is a dog (call him Fido) who bites, has bitten, or will bite every person that has ever existed! We can safely rule out Fido's existence, and say that
<xref linkend="example-random-id-c9bq"/> is false, while agreeing to
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Cfnb"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>universal claims</primary><secondary>dangers of using</secondary></indexterm> Even so,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Cfnb"/> is most probably false, since some people never experience dogbite. Examples like 5.3 and 4.4 (might there be some dogs which never have breathed, because they died as embryos?) indicate the danger in Lojban of universal claims even when restricted. In English we are prone to say that
<quote>Everyone says</quote> or that
<quote>Everybody does</quote> or that
@@ -546,32 +537,29 @@
<quote>logician's English</quote>). This implies that a sentence with both a universal and an existential variable can't be freely converted with
<valsi>se</valsi>; one must be careful to preserve the order of the variables.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>poi</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>poi</primary><secondary>dropping from multiple appearances on logical variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>ro</primary><secondary>dropping from multiple appearances on logical variables</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>with poi</secondary><tertiary>in multiple appearances</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logical variables</primary><secondary>with ro</secondary><tertiary>in multiple appearances</tertiary></indexterm> If a variable occurs more than once, then any
<valsi>ro</valsi> or
<valsi>poi</valsi> decorations are moved only to the first occurrence of the variable when the prenex is dropped. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-4nqt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d7"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>weapon against self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>di poi prenu zo'u ti xarci di di</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-a-Z which is-a-person : this-thing is-a-weapon for-use-against-Z by-Z</gloss>
<natlang>This is a weapon for someone to use against himself/herself.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>weapon against self</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- (in which
+ <para> (in which
<valsi>di</valsi> is used rather than
<valsi>da</valsi> just for variety) loses its prenex as follows:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-CseH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xarci di poi prenu ku'o di</jbo>
<gloss>This-thing is-a-weapon-for-use-against some-Z which is-a-person by-Z.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -590,26 +578,26 @@
<oldjbophrase>re prenu</oldjbophrase> means
<quote>two persons</quote>. In fact, unadorned
<valsi>da</valsi> is also taken to have an implicit number in front of it, namely
<valsi>su'o</valsi>, which means
<quote>at least one</quote>. Why is this? Consider
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jjLd"/> again, this time with an explicit
<valsi>su'o</valsi>:</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'o</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>something</primary><secondary>expressing using "su'o"</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-TI8K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>something sees me</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-at-least-one X : X sees me.</gloss>
<natlang>Something sees me.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>From this version of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-jjLd"/>, we understand the speaker's claim to be that of all the things that there are, at least one of them sees him or her. The corresponding universal claim,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nraD"/>, says that of all the things that exist, every one of them can see the speaker.</para>
@@ -665,21 +653,20 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ore da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>At-least-two Xes see me.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>respectively, subject to the rules prescribed in
<xref linkend="section-prenex-elision"/>.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ro prenu</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>all persons</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>restricted variable</primary><secondary>compared with indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>compared with restricted variable</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite description</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> Now we can explain the constructions
<oldjbophrase>ro prenu</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>all persons</quote> and
<oldjbophrase>re prenu</oldjbophrase> for
<quote>two persons</quote> which were casually mentioned at the beginning of this Section. In fact,
<oldjbophrase>ro prenu</oldjbophrase>, a so-called
@@ -725,31 +712,32 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="section-quantifier-grouping">
<title>Grouping of quantifiers</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>distribution of quantified sumti</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> Let us consider a sentence containing two quantifier expressions neither of which is
<valsi>ro</valsi> or
<valsi>su'o</valsi> (remembering that
<valsi>su'o</valsi> is implicit where no explicit quantifier is given):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Uovr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>dogs bite</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>three dogs bite two men</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci gerku cu batci re nanmu</jbo>
<natlang>Three dogs bite two men.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>dogs bite</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three dogs bite two men</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning when multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> The question raised by
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>multiple indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary><secondary>meaning when multiple in sentence</secondary></indexterm> The question raised by
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uovr"/> is, does each of the dogs bite the same two men, or is it possible that there are two different men per dog, for six men altogether? If the former interpretation is taken, the number of men involved is fixed at two; but if the latter, then the speaker has to be taken as saying that there might be any number of men between two and six inclusive. Let us transform
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Uovr"/> step by step as we did with
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Kr4S"/>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-neNT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi gerku cu batci re de poi nanmu</jbo>
<gloss>Three Xes which are-dogs bite two Ys which are-men.</gloss>
@@ -821,25 +809,27 @@
<gloss>[All of] the three dogs bite [all of] the two men.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that each of the dogs specified bites each of the men specified, for six acts of biting altogether. However, if there is an explicit quantifier before
<valsi>le</valsi> other than
<valsi>ro</valsi>, the problems of this section reappear.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-any">
<title>The problem of
<quote>any</quote></title>
- <para>Consider the English sentence</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>anyone who goes</primary><secondary>walks</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>any</primary><secondary>as a translation problem</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para>Consider the English sentence
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>any</primary><secondary>as a translation problem</secondary></indexterm>
+ </para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-R4mX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>anyone who goes</primary><secondary>walks</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
</title>
<para>Anyone who goes to the store, walks across the field.</para>
</example>
<para>Using the facilities already discussed, a plausible translation might be</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-7Kn8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo valid="iffy">ro da poi klama le zarci cu cadzu le foldi</jbo>
@@ -1004,69 +994,59 @@
<jbo>naku zo'u la djan. klama</jbo>
<gloss>It is not the case that: John comes.</gloss>
<natlang>It is false that: John comes.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negation in prenex</primary><secondary>effects of position</secondary></indexterm> However,
<oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> can appear at other points in the prenex as well. Compare</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-cy6j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>nothing sits</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku de zo'u de zutse</jbo>
<gloss>It is not the case that: for some Y, Y sits.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that: for at least one Y, Y sits.</gloss>
<gloss>It is false that something sits.</gloss>
<natlang>Nothing sits.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>nothing sits</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- with</para>
+ <para> with</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-2Fw3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ode naku zo'u de zutse</jbo>
<gloss>For at least one Y, it is false that: Y sits.</gloss>
<natlang>There is something that doesn't sit.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The relative position of negation and quantification terms within a prenex has a drastic effect on meaning. Starting without a negation, we can have:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-21Y5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>everybody loves something</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>roda su'ode zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For every X, there is a Y, such that X loves Y.</gloss>
<natlang>Everybody loves at least one thing (each, not necessarily the same thing).</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>everybody loves something</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- or:</para>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>something is loved by everybody</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
+ <para> or:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Tj99">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d6"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>something is loved by everybody</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ode roda zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>There is a Y, such that for each X, X loves Y.</gloss>
<natlang>There is at least one particular thing that is loved by everybody.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The simplest form of bridi negation to interpret is one where the negation term is at the beginning of the prenex:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1LqV">
<title>
@@ -1349,28 +1329,24 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex manipulation</primary><secondary>exporting na from left of prenex</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>prenex manipulation</primary><secondary>importing na from selbri</secondary></indexterm> A
<valsi>na</valsi> before the selbri is always transformed into a
<oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> at the left-hand end of the prenex, and vice versa.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-na-outside-prenex">
<title>Using
<oldjbophrase>naku</oldjbophrase> outside a prenex</title>
<para>Let us consider the English sentence</para>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>some do not go to school</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-hp0j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>some do not go to school</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Some children do not go to school.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We cannot express this directly with
<valsi>na</valsi>; the apparently obvious translation</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-6mHh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d2"/>
@@ -1631,29 +1607,29 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d1"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. na klama ga la paris. gi la rom.</jbo>
<gloss>John [false] goes-to either Paris or Rome.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qHPI" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d2"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>go to Paris or Rome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku zo'u la djan. klama ga la paris. gi la rom.</jbo>
<gloss>It-is-false that: John goes-to either Paris or Rome.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>go to Paris or Rome</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>DeMorgan's Law</primary><secondary>and logically connected sentences</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>logically connected sentences</primary><secondary>and DeMorgan's Law</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>negator</primary><secondary>movement from bridi to sumti</secondary></indexterm> It is not an acceptable logical manipulation to move a negator from the bridi level to one or more sumti. However,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHPi"/> and related examples are not sumti negations, but rather expand to form two logically connected sentences. In such a situation, DeMorgan's Law must be applied. For instance,
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qHPI"/> expands to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KMct">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1780,31 +1756,31 @@
<valsi>bu'a</valsi>,
<valsi>bu'e</valsi> and
<valsi>bu'i</valsi> with F, G, and H respectively.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gEWB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e13d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>some relationship</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o bu'a zo'u la djim. bu'a la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>For-at-least-one relationship-F : Jim stands-in-relationship-F to-John.</gloss>
<natlang>There's some relationship between Jim and John.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>some relationship</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>selbri variables</primary><secondary>prenex form as indefinite description</secondary></indexterm> The translations of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gEWB"/> show how unidiomatic selbri variables are in English; Lojban sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gEWB"/> need to be totally reworded in English. Furthermore, when a selbri variable appears in the prenex, it is necessary to precede it with a quantifier such as
<valsi>su'o</valsi>; it is ungrammatical to just say
<oldjbophrase>bu'a zo'u</oldjbophrase>. This rule is necessary because only sumti can appear in the prenex, and
<oldjbophrase>su'o bu'a</oldjbophrase> is technically a sumti – in fact, it is an indefinite description like
@@ -1836,25 +1812,25 @@
<para>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-gEWB"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-XxgT"/> are almost certainly true: Jim and John might be brothers, or might live in the same city, or at least have the property of being jointly human.
<xref linkend="example-random-id-L068"/> is palpably false, however; if Jim and John were related by every possible relationship, then they would have to be both brothers and father-and-son, which is impossible.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-notes-on-variables">
<title>A few notes on variables</title>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>quantifier</primary><secondary>on previously quantified variable</secondary></indexterm> A variable may have a quantifier placed in front of it even though it has already been quantified explicitly or implicitly by a previous appearance, as in:</para>
- <para> <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>three cats white</primary><secondary>and two big</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-x0FP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e14d1"/>
- </title>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>three cats white</primary><secondary>and two big</secondary><tertiary>example</tertiary></indexterm>
+ </title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi mlatu cu blabi .ije re da cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>Three Xs which-are cats are white, and two Xs are big.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What does
<xref linkend="example-random-id-x0FP"/> mean? The appearance of
<oldjbophrase>ci da</oldjbophrase> quantifies
<valsi>da</valsi> as referring to three things, which are restricted by the relative clause to be cats. When
<oldjbophrase>re da</oldjbophrase> appears later, it refers to two of those three things – there is no saying which ones. Further uses of
commit 5cf841c2b194d095e8876ed0d8fe8c7c419a085f
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Wed Mar 30 02:12:49 2011 -0700
example-imported fixed in c11
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index 9136533..dac0411 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -34,31 +34,29 @@
<para>(Technically,
<valsi>kei</valsi> is never necessary, because the elidable terminator
<valsi>vau</valsi> that closes every bridi can substitute for it; however,
<valsi>kei</valsi> is specific to abstractions, and using it is almost always clearer.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>tanru</primary><secondary>and abstractions</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>grammatical uses</secondary></indexterm> The grammatical uses of an abstraction selbri are exactly the same as those of a simple brivla. In particular, abstraction selbri may be used as observatives, as in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-Via0"/>, or used in tanru:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-0Ff4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e1d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>want to be a soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu nu sonci kei djica</jbo>
<gloss>John is-an-(event-of being-a-soldier) type-of desirer.</gloss>
<natlang>John wants to be a soldier.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>want to be a soldier</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>descriptions</primary><secondary>and abstractions</secondary></indexterm> Abstraction selbri may also be used in descriptions, preceded by
<valsi>le</valsi> (or any other member of selma'o LE):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-sQ33">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e1d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>John desires the event-of being-a-soldier.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -163,36 +161,30 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>the event-of my breathing</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is an event which lasts for the whole of my life (under normal circumstances). On the other hand,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-BPcI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d8"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>kissing Jane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu la djan. cinba la djein.</jbo>
<gloss>the event-of John kissing Jane</gloss>
-
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>kissing Jane</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>normal circumstances</primary></indexterm> is relatively brief by comparison (again, under normal circumstances).</para>
-
-
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>sumti ellipsis in</secondary></indexterm> We can see from
-
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qf97"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-BPcI"/> that ellipsis of sumti is valid in the bridi of abstraction selbri, just as in the main bridi of a sentence. Any sumti may be ellipsized if the listener will be able to figure out from context what the proper value of it is, or else to recognize that the proper value is unimportant. It is extremely common for
<valsi>nu</valsi> abstractions in descriptions to have the x1 place ellipsized:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-FRoP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d9"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le nu limna</jbo>
@@ -231,32 +223,29 @@
<para>which in this context means</para>
<definition>
My swimming happens often.
</definition>
<para>Event descriptions with
<oldjbophrase>le nu</oldjbophrase> are commonly used to fill the
<quote>under conditions...</quote> places, among others, of gismu and lujvo place structures:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-Ia6f">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d12"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>under conditions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. cu frili mi le nu mi tadni [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>Lojban is-easy for-me under-conditions-the event-of I study</gloss>
<natlang>Lojban is easy for me when I study.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>under conditions</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- (The
+ <para> (The
<quote>when</quote> of the English would also be appropriate for a construction involving a Lojban tense, but the Lojban sentence says more than that the studying is concurrent with the ease.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>nu</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>events</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> The place structure of a
<valsi>nu</valsi> abstraction selbri is simply:</para>
<definition>
x1 is an event of (the bridi)
</definition>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-event-types">
<title>Types of event abstractions</title>
@@ -296,53 +285,47 @@
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>mu'e</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>achievement abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>point-event abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>achievement</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>point-event</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>triumph</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>point-event abstractor</primary></indexterm> An event considered as a point in time is called a
<quote>point-event</quote>, or sometimes an
<quote>achievement</quote>. (This latter word should be divorced, in this context, from all connotations of success or triumph.) A point-event can be extended in duration, but it is still a point-event if it is thought of as unitary, having no internal structure. The abstractor
<valsi>mu'e</valsi> means
<quote>point-event-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nFR1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>killing Jim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mu'e la djan. catra la djim. cu zekri</jbo>
-
<gloss>The point-event-of (John kills Jim) is-a-crime.</gloss>
<natlang>John's killing Jim (considered as a point in time) is a crime.</natlang>
-
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>pu'u</primary></indexterm>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>killing Jim</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>process</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>process abstractor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>killing Jim</primary></indexterm> An event considered as extended in time, and structured with a beginning, a middle containing one or more stages, and an end, is called a
<quote>process</quote>. The abstractor
<valsi>pu'u</valsi> means
<quote>process-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WaxD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d2"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>Roman Empire</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ca'o le pu'u le latmo balje'a cu porpi kei so'i je'atru cu selcatra</jbo>
<gloss>[continuitive] the process-of( the Latin great-state breaking-up ) many state-rulers were-killed</gloss>
<natlang>During the fall of the Roman Empire, many Emperors were killed.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>zu'o</primary></indexterm>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Roman Empire</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>activity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>activity abstractor</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Roman Empire</primary></indexterm> An event considered as extended in time and cyclic or repetitive is called an
<quote>activity</quote>. The abstractor
<valsi>zu'o</valsi> means
<quote>activity-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-89nw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -353,33 +336,29 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>za'i</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>state</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>state abstractions</primary><secondary>definition</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>state abstractor</primary></indexterm> An event considered as something that is either happening or not happening, with sharp boundaries, is called a
<quote>state</quote>. The abstractor
<valsi>za'i</valsi> means
<quote>state-of</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-WztQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e3d4"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>being alive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le za'i mi jmive cu ckape do</jbo>
-
<gloss>The state-of (I am-alive) is-dangerous-to you.</gloss>
<natlang>My being alive is dangerous to you.</natlang>
-
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>being alive</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>event types</primary><secondary>described</secondary></indexterm> The abstractors in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-nFR1"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-WztQ"/> could all have been replaced by
<valsi>nu</valsi>, with some loss of precision. Note that Lojban allows every sort of event to be viewed in any of these four ways:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>state event</primary><secondary>described</secondary></indexterm> the
<quote>state of running</quote> begins when the runner starts and ends when the runner stops;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
@@ -470,33 +449,30 @@
<valsi>nu</valsi> selbri may correctly be predicated) are only moderately
<quote>abstract</quote>. They are still closely tied to happenings in space and time. Properties, however, are much more ethereal. What is
<quote>the property of being blue</quote>, or
<quote>the property of being a go-er</quote>? They are what logicians call
<quote>intensions</quote>. If John has a heart, then
<quote>the property of having a heart</quote> is an abstract object which, when applied to John, is true. In fact,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-YSUx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>has a heart</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu se risna zo'e</jbo>
<gloss>John has-as-heart something-unspecified.</gloss>
<natlang>John has a heart.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>has a heart</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- has the same truth conditions as</para>
+ <para> has the same truth conditions as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1PPS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu ckaji le ka se risna [zo'e] [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>John has-the-property the property-of having-as-heart something.</gloss>
<natlang>John has the property of having a heart.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -537,70 +513,64 @@
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>beach</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>sunburn</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> It would be suitable to use
<xref linkend="example-random-id-v3Ba"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-proQ"/> to someone who has returned from the beach with a sunburn.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>property abstractions</primary><secondary>specifying determining place by sumti ellipsis</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>property abstractions</primary><secondary>sumti ellipsis in</secondary></indexterm> There are several different properties that can be extracted from a bridi, depending on which place of the bridi is
<quote>understood</quote> as being specified externally. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-H71J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d5"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>property of loving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ka mi prami [zo'e] [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>a-property-of me loving something-unspecified</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>property of loving</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- is quite different from</para>
+ <para> is quite different from</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-wcxY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d6"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ka [zo'e] prami mi [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>a-property-of something-unspecified loving me</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In particular, sentences like
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfAM"/> and
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfav"/> are quite different in meaning:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfAM" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d7"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>love more</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka mi prami</jbo>
<gloss>John exceeds George in-the property-of (I love X)</gloss>
<natlang>I love John more than I love George.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'u</primary></indexterm>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>love more</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qfav" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka prami mi</jbo>
<gloss>John exceeds George in the property of (X loves me).</gloss>
<natlang>John loves me more than George loves me.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>property abstractions</primary><secondary>specifying determining place with ce'u</secondary></indexterm> The
- <quote>X</quote> used in the glosses of
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>property abstractions</primary><secondary>specifying determining place with ce'u</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>KOhA selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>ce'u</primary></indexterm>
+ The <quote>X</quote> used in the glosses of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfAM"/> through
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfav"/> as a place-holder cannot be represented only by ellipsis in Lojban, because ellipsis means that there must be a specific value that can fill the ellipsis, as mentioned in
<xref linkend="section-events"/>. Instead, the cmavo
<valsi>ce'u</valsi> of selma'o KOhA is employed when an explicit sumti is wanted. (The form
<quote>X</quote> will be used in literal translations.)</para>
<para>Therefore, an explicit equivalent of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-qfAM"/>, with no ellipsis, is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-8DD8">
@@ -620,32 +590,28 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka ce'u prami mi</jbo>
<gloss>John exceeds George in-the property-of (X loves me).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This convention allows disambiguation of cases like:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-GiJp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d11"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>giving the horse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka [zo'e] dunda le xirma [zo'e] [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of giving the horse</gloss>
-
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>giving the horse</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- into</para>
+ <para> into</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-1vc4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d12"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka ce'u dunda le xirma [zo'e] [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the property-of (X is-a-giver of-the horse to someone-unspecified)</gloss>
<natlang>the property of being a giver of the horse</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -781,61 +747,56 @@
<valsi>jei</valsi></title>
<para>The
<quote>blueness of the picture</quote> discussed in
<xref linkend="section-amounts"/> refers to the measurable amount of blue pigment (or other source of blueness), not to the degree of truth of the claim that blueness is present. That abstraction is expressed in Lojban using
<valsi>jei</valsi>, which is closely related semantically to
<valsi>ni</valsi>. In the simplest cases,
<oldjbophrase>le jei</oldjbophrase> produces not a number but a truth value:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-KuTE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e6d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>2 + 2</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jei li re su'i re du li vo [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the truth-value-of the-number 2 + 2 = the-number 4</gloss>
<natlang>the truth of 2 + 2 being 4</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>2 + 2</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- is equivalent to
+ <para> is equivalent to
<quote>truth</quote>, and</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-nYY2">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e6d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jei li re su'i re du li mu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>the truth-value-of the-number 2 + 2 = the-number 5</gloss>
<natlang>the truth of 2 + 2 being 5</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is equivalent to
<quote>falsehood</quote>.</para>
<para>However, not everything in life (or even in Lojban) is simply true or false. There are shades of gray even in truth value, and
<valsi>jei</valsi> is Lojban's mechanism for indicating the shade of grey intended:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-MRD8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e6d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>whether criminal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba jdice le jei la djordj. cu zekri gasnu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] decide the truth-value of (George being-a-(crime doer)).</gloss>
<natlang>I will decide whether George is a criminal.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>whether criminal</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>jei</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth-value abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>legal system</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="example-random-id-MRD8"/> does not imply that George is, or is not, definitely a criminal. Depending on the legal system I am using, I may make some intermediate decision. As a result,
<valsi>jei</valsi> requires an x2 place analogous to that of
<valsi>ni</valsi>:</para>
<definition>
jei: x1 is the truth value of (the bridi) under epistemology x2
</definition>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>fuzzy logic and truth-value abstraction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>truth-value and fuzzy logic</secondary></indexterm> Abstractions using
<valsi>jei</valsi> are the mechanism for fuzzy logic in Lojban; the
@@ -851,28 +812,25 @@
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>du'u</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>predication abstraction</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>mental activity</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>with knowing</secondary><tertiary>believing, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>propositional attitudes</primary></indexterm> There are some selbri which demand an entire predication as a sumti; they make claims about some predication considered as a whole. Logicians call these the
<quote>propositional attitudes</quote>, and they include (in English) things like knowing, believing, learning, seeing, hearing, and the like. Consider the English sentence:</para>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>know</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-7N2q">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d1"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>know</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<para>I know that Frank is a fool.</para>
</example>
<para>How's that in Lojban? Let us try:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-brpf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d2"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -924,37 +882,32 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi kucli le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<natlang>I am curious about whether Frank is a fool.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>curious</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>curious</primary></indexterm> and here
+ <para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>curious</primary></indexterm> and here
<valsi>du'u</valsi> could probably be replaced by
<valsi>jei</valsi> without much change in meaning:</para>
- <para>FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-h4De">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d6"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>curious</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi kucli le jei la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<natlang>I am curious about how true it is that Frank is a fool.</natlang>
-
-
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>truth-value abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> As a matter of convenience rather than logical necessity,
<valsi>du'u</valsi> has been given an x2 place, which is a sentence (piece of language) expressing the bridi:</para>
<definition>
du'u: x1 is the predication (the bridi), expressed in sentence x2
</definition>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>speaking</secondary><tertiary>writing, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>se du'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>linguistic behavior</primary></indexterm> and
<oldjbophrase>le se du'u ...</oldjbophrase> is very useful in filling places of selbri which refer to speaking, writing, or other linguistic behavior regarding bridi:</para>
@@ -1009,28 +962,25 @@
<example xml:id="example-random-id-Fpid">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d1"/>
</title>
<para>I know that John went to the store.</para>
</example>
<para>we can also say things like</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-N4Ja">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d2"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>know who</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<para>I know who went to the store.</para>
-
</example>
<para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>know who</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>with wonder</secondary><tertiary>doubt, etc.</tertiary></indexterm> This form is called an
<quote>indirect question</quote> in English because the embedded English sentence is a question:
<quote>Who went to the store?</quote> A person who says
<xref linkend="example-random-id-N4Ja"/> is claiming to know the answer to this question. Indirect questions can occur with many other English verbs as well: I can wonder, or doubt, or see, or hear, as well as know who went to the store.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>UI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm> To express indirect questions in Lojban, we use a
@@ -1176,33 +1126,29 @@
<jbo>mi nelci le si'o la lojban. cu mulno</jbo>
<gloss>I enjoy the concept-of Lojban being-complete.</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>su'u</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>vague</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vague abstraction</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>vague abstractor</primary></indexterm> Finally, the abstractor
<valsi>su'u</valsi> is a vague abstractor, whose meaning must be grasped from context:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-ycKt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>mice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko zgana le su'u le ci smacu cu bajra</jbo>
<gloss>you [imperative] observe the abstract-nature-of the three mice running</gloss>
-
<natlang>See how the three mice run!</natlang>
-
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>mice</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>experience abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> All three of these abstractors have an x2 place. An experience requires an experiencer, so the place structure of
<valsi>li'i</valsi> is:</para>
<definition>
<valsi>li'i</valsi>: x1 is the experience of (the bridi) as experienced by x2
</definition>
<para> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>idea abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>concept abstractions</primary><secondary>place structure</secondary></indexterm> Similarly, an idea requires a mind to hold it, so the place structure of
<valsi>si'o</valsi> is:</para>
@@ -1231,33 +1177,32 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d5"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le su'u mi klama kei be lo fasnu</jbo>
<gloss>the abstract-nature-of (my going) of-type an event</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and there is a book whose title might be rendered in Lojban as:</para>
<para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>bicycle race</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- <indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>Jesus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intersect</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Jesus</primary></indexterm> FIXME: TAG SPOT</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-5Kw7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e9d6"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>bicycle race</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>Jesus</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>intersect</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>Jesus</primary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le su'u la .iecuas. kuctai selcatra kei be lo sa'ordzifa'a ke nalmatma'e sutyterjvi</jbo>
<gloss>the abstract-nature-of (Jesus is-an-intersect-shape type-of-killed-one) of-type a slope-low-direction type-of non-motor-vehicle speed-competition</gloss>
<natlang>The Crucifixion of Jesus Considered As A Downhill Bicycle Race</natlang>
-
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the importance of using
<valsi>kei</valsi> after
<valsi>su'u</valsi> when the x2 of
<valsi>su'u</valsi> (or any other abstractor) is being specified; otherwise, the
<oldjbophrase>be lo</oldjbophrase> ends up inside the abstraction bridi.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-sumti-raising">
@@ -1295,28 +1240,25 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci le nu [mi] gasnu le nu le vorme cu karbi'o</jbo>
<gloss>I try the event-of (I am-agent-in the event-of (the door open-becomes)).</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which has an abstract description within an abstract description, quite a complex structure. In English (but not in all other languages), we may also say:</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-K14X">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d3"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>try the door</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<para>I try the door.</para>
-
</example>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>LAhE selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>tu'a</primary></indexterm>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>try the door</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
<indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>simplification to sumti with tu'a</secondary></indexterm> where it is understood that what I try is actually not the door itself, but the act of opening it. The same simplification can be done in Lojban, but it must be marked explicitly using a cmavo. The relevant cmavo is
<valsi>tu'a</valsi>, which belongs to selma'o LAhE. The Lojban equivalent of
<xref linkend="example-random-id-K14X"/> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-gabC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d4"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci tu'a le vorme</jbo>
<gloss>I try some-action-to-do-with the door.</gloss>
@@ -1362,32 +1304,29 @@
<valsi>cafne</valsi> is an event, and if something that does not seem to be an event is put there, the Lojbanic listener will attempt to construe it as one. (Of course, this analysis assumes that
<oldjbophrase>djan.</oldjbophrase> is the name of a person, and not the name of some event.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>JAI selma'o</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="lojban-word-imported"><primary>jai</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>simplification to sumti with jai</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general-imported"><primary>abstractions</primary><secondary>making concrete</secondary></indexterm> Logically, a counterpart of some sort is needed to
<valsi>tu'a</valsi> which transposes an abstract sumti into a concrete one. This is achieved at the selbri level by the cmavo
<valsi>jai</valsi> (of selma'o JAI). This cmavo has more than one function, discussed in
<xref linkend="section-modal-jai"/> and
<xref linkend="section-jai"/>; for the purposes of this chapter, it operates as a conversion of selbri, similarly to the cmavo of selma'o SE. This conversion changes</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-jAdY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d7"/>
+ <indexterm type="example"><primary>cause death</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a mi rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>something-to-do-with me causes the event-of you are-dead</gloss>
<natlang>My action causes your death.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>
-
-<indexterm type="example-imported"><primary>cause death</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
- into</para>
+ <para>into</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="example-random-id-R8SN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d8"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jai rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death.</gloss>
<natlang>I cause your death.</natlang>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
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