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[bpfk] dag-cll git updates for Mon Dec 20 04:21:02 EST 2010
commit cbeadb07a152616d65deb45710745a74695e7ffb
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Mon Dec 20 01:03:21 2010 -0800
More missing spaces; hopefully that's all of them.
diff --git a/todocbook/1.xml b/todocbook/1.xml
index f36168a..ef96ff2 100644
--- a/todocbook/1.xml
+++ b/todocbook/1.xml
@@ -56,24 +56,24 @@
<section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section2">
<title>What is this book?</title>
<para>This book is what is called a
<quote>reference grammar</quote>. It attempts to expound the whole Lojban language, or at least as much of it as is understood at present. Lojban is a rich language with many features, and an attempt has been made to discover the functions of those features. The word
<!-- ^^ reference grammar, 3 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>reference grammar</primary></indexterm>
<quote>discover</quote> is used advisedly; Lojban was not
<quote>invented</quote> by any one person or committee. Often, grammatical features were introduced into the language long before their usage was fully understood. Sometimes they were introduced for one reason, only to prove more useful for other reasons not recognized at the time.</para>
<para>By intention, this book is complete in description but not in explanation. For every rule in the formal Lojban grammar (given in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter21" />), there is a bit of explanation and an example somewhere in the book, and often a great deal more than a bit. In essence,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2" />gives a brief overview of the language,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" />gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal bones. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even correcting) the explanations in this book will become available.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2" /> gives a brief overview of the language,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" /> gives the formal structure of the language, and the chapters in between put semantic flesh on those formal bones. I hope that eventually more grammatical material founded on (or even correcting) the explanations in this book will become available.</para>
<para>Nevertheless, the publication of this book is, in one sense, the completion of a long period of language evolution. With the exception of a possible revision of the language that will not even be considered until five years from publication date, and any revisions of this book needed to correct outright errors, the language described in this book will not be changing by deliberate act of its creators any more. Instead, language change will take place in the form of new vocabulary - Lojban does not yet have nearly the vocabulary it needs to be a fully usable language of the modern world, as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />explains - and through the irregular natural processes of drift and (who knows?) native-speaker evolution. (Teach your children Lojban!) You can learn the language described here with assurance that (unlike previous versions of Lojban and Loglan, as well as most other artificial languages) it will not be subject to further fiddling by language-meisters.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> explains - and through the irregular natural processes of drift and (who knows?) native-speaker evolution. (Teach your children Lojban!) You can learn the language described here with assurance that (unlike previous versions of Lojban and Loglan, as well as most other artificial languages) it will not be subject to further fiddling by language-meisters.</para>
<para>It is probably worth mentioning that this book was written somewhat piecemeal. Each chapter began life as an explication of a specific Lojban topic; only later did these begin to clump together into a larger structure of words and ideas. Therefore, there are perhaps not as many cross-references as there should be. However, I have attempted to make the index as comprehensive as possible.</para>
<para>Each chapter has a descriptive title, often involving some play on words; this is an attempt to make the chapters more memorable. The title of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter1" />(which you are now reading), for example, is an allusion to the book
<citation>English As We Speak It In Ireland</citation>, by P. W. Joyce, which is a sort of informal reference grammar of Hiberno-English.
<!-- ^^ reference grammar, 3 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>reference grammar</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Lojbanistan</quote> is both an imaginary country where Lojban is the native language, and a term for the actual community of Lojban-speakers, scattered over the world. Why
<!-- ^^ Lojbanistan, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Lojbanistan</primary></indexterm>
<quote>mangle</quote>? As yet, nobody in the real Lojbanistan speaks the language at all well, by the standards of the imaginary Lojbanistan; that is one of the circumstances this book is meant to help remedy.</para>
@@ -91,23 +91,23 @@
<anchor xml:id="c1e3d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter1-section3-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to that-which-I-describe-as-a store.</gloss>
<en>I go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>will become wearisomely familiar before
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" />is reached. This method is deliberate; I have tried to use simple and (eventually) familiar examples wherever possible, to avoid obscuring new grammatical points with new vocabulary. Of course, this is not the method of a textbook, but this book is not a textbook (although people have learned Lojban from it and its predecessors). Rather, it is intended both for self-learning (of course, at present would-be Lojban teachers must be self-learners) and to serve as a reference in the usual sense, for looking up obscure points about the language.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" /> is reached. This method is deliberate; I have tried to use simple and (eventually) familiar examples wherever possible, to avoid obscuring new grammatical points with new vocabulary. Of course, this is not the method of a textbook, but this book is not a textbook (although people have learned Lojban from it and its predecessors). Rather, it is intended both for self-learning (of course, at present would-be Lojban teachers must be self-learners) and to serve as a reference in the usual sense, for looking up obscure points about the language.</para>
<para>It is useful to talk further about
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter1-section3-example1" />for what it illustrates about examples in this book. Examples usually occupy three lines. The first of these is in Lojban, the second in a word-by-word literal translation of the Lojban into English, and the third in colloquial English. The second and third lines are sometimes called the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter1-section3-example1" /> for what it illustrates about examples in this book. Examples usually occupy three lines. The first of these is in Lojban, the second in a word-by-word literal translation of the Lojban into English, and the third in colloquial English. The second and third lines are sometimes called the
<!-- ^^ examples in this book, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>examples in this book</primary></indexterm>
<quote>literal translation</quote> and the
<quote>colloquial translation</quote> respectively. Sometimes, when clarity is not sacrificed thereby, one or both are omitted. If there is more than one Lojban sentence, it generally means that they have the same meaning.</para>
<para>Words are sometimes surrounded by square brackets. In Lojban texts, these enclose optional grammatical particles that may (in the context of the particular example) be either omitted or included. In literal translations, they enclose words that are used as conventional translations of specific Lojban words, but don't have exactly the meanings or uses that the English word would suggest. In
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>square brackets</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter3" />, square brackets surround phonetic representations in the International Phonetic Alphabet.</para>
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>square brackets</primary></indexterm>
@@ -122,33 +122,33 @@
<para>It is necessary to add, alas, that the examples used in this book do not refer to any existing person, place, or institution, and that any such resemblance is entirely coincidental and unintentional, and not intended to give offense.</para>
<para>When definitions and place structures of gismu, and especially of lujvo, are given in this book, they may differ from those given in the English-Lojban dictionary (which, as of this writing, is not yet published). If so, the information given in the dictionary supersedes whatever is given here.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section5">
<title>Acknowledgements and Credits</title>
<para>Although the bulk of this book was written for the Logical Language Group (LLG) by John Cowan, who is represented by the occasional authorial
<!-- ^^ LLG, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>LLG</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I</quote>, certain chapters were first written by others and then heavily edited by me to fit into this book.</para>
<para>In particular:
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2" />is a fusion of originally separate documents, one by Athelstan, and one by Nora Tansky LeChevalier and Bob LeChevalier;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />were originally written by Bob LeChevalier with contributions by Chuck Barton;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />was originally written (in much longer form) by Nick Nicholas; the dialogue near the end of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />was contributed by Nora Tansky LeChevalier;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />and parts of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />were originally by Bob LeChevalier; and the YACC grammar in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2" /> is a fusion of originally separate documents, one by Athelstan, and one by Nora Tansky LeChevalier and Bob LeChevalier;
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" /> were originally written by Bob LeChevalier with contributions by Chuck Barton;
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> was originally written (in much longer form) by Nick Nicholas; the dialogue near the end of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" /> was contributed by Nora Tansky LeChevalier;
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" /> and parts of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" /> were originally by Bob LeChevalier; and the YACC grammar in
<!-- ^^ YACC grammar, 511 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>YACC grammar</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" />is the work of several hands, but is primarily by Bob LeChevalier and Jeff Taylor. The BNF grammar, which is also in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" /> is the work of several hands, but is primarily by Bob LeChevalier and Jeff Taylor. The BNF grammar, which is also in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter21" />, was originally written by me, then rewritten by Clark Nelson, and finally touched up by me again.</para>
<para>The research into natural languages from which parts of
- <xref linkend="selbri" />draw their material was performed by Ivan Derzhanski. LLG acknowledges his kind permission to use the fruits of his research.</para>
+ <xref linkend="selbri" /> draw their material was performed by Ivan Derzhanski. LLG acknowledges his kind permission to use the fruits of his research.</para>
<!-- ^^ LLG, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>LLG</primary></indexterm>
<para>The pictures in this book were drawn by Nora Tansky LeChevalier, except for the picture appearing in
<!-- ^^ pictures: captions to, 7; credits for, 6 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pictures</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />, which is by Sylvia Rutiser Rissell.</para>
<para>The index was made by Nora Tansky LeChevalier.</para>
<para>I would like to thank the following people for their detailed reviews, suggestions, comments, and early detection of my embarrassing errors in Lojban, logic, English, and cross-references: Nick Nicholas, Mark Shoulson, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, Jorge Llambias, Iain Alexander, Paulo S. L. M. Barreto, Robert J. Chassell, Gale Cowan, Karen Stein, Ivan Derzhanski, Jim Carter, Irene Gates, Bob LeChevalier, John Parks-Clifford (also known as
<quote>pc</quote>), and Nora Tansky LeChevalier.</para>
<para>Nick Nicholas (NSN) would like to thank the following Lojbanists: Mark Shoulson, Veijo Vilva, Colin Fine, And Rosta, and Iain Alexander for their suggestions and comments; John Cowan, for his extensive comments, his exemplary trailblazing of Lojban grammar, and for solving the
@@ -163,21 +163,21 @@
<title>Informal Bibliography</title>
<para>The founding document for the Loglan Project, of which this book is one of the products, is
<citation>Loglan 1: A Logical Language</citation> by James Cooke Brown (4th ed. 1989, The Loglan Institute, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.) The language described therein is not Lojban, but is very close to it and may be considered an ancestral version. It is regrettably necessary to state that nothing in this book has been approved by Dr. Brown, and that the very existence of Lojban is disapproved of by him.</para>
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Brown</primary></indexterm>
<para>The logic of Lojban, such as it is, owes a good deal to the American philosopher W. v.O. Quine, especially
<citation>Word and Object</citation>(1960, M.I.T. Press). Much of Quine's philosophical writings, especially on observation sentences, reads like a literal translation from Lojban.</para>
<!-- ^^ observation: example, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observation</primary></indexterm>
<para>The theory of negation expounded in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />is derived from a reading of Larry Horn's work
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15" /> is derived from a reading of Larry Horn's work
<citation>The Natural History of Negation</citation>.</para>
<para>Of course, neither Brown nor Quine nor Horn is in any way responsible for the uses or misuses I have made of their works.</para>
<!-- ^^ Brown: James Cooke, 6; James Cooke, and "letteral", 413 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Brown</primary></indexterm>
<para>Depending on just when you are reading this book, there may be three other books about Lojban available: a textbook, a Lojban/English dictionary, and a book containing general information about Lojban. You can probably get these books, if they have been published, from the same place where you got this book. In addition, other books not yet foreseen may also exist.</para>
<!-- ^^ books about Lojban, 6 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>books about Lojban</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section7">
<title>Captions to Pictures</title>
@@ -518,16 +518,16 @@ no no
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter1-section8">
<title>Boring Legalities</title>
<para>Copyright © 1997 by The Logical Language Group, Inc. All Rights Reserved.</para>
<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this book, either in electronic or in printed form, provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.</para>
<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this book, provided that the modifications are clearly marked as such, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.</para>
<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this book into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation that has been approved by the Logical Language Group, rather than in English.</para>
<para>The contents of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" />are in the public domain.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter21" /> are in the public domain.</para>
<para>For information, contact: The Logical Language Group, 2904 Beau Lane, Fairfax VA 22031-1303 USA Telephone 703-385-0273. Electronic address:
<link xlink:href="mailto:llg-board@lojban.org";>llg-board@lojban.org</link> World Wide Web:
<link xlink:href="http://www.lojban.org";>http://www.lojban.org</link></para>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/10.xml b/todocbook/10.xml
index 687ceca..70aede3 100644
--- a/todocbook/10.xml
+++ b/todocbook/10.xml
@@ -101,24 +101,24 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e1d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section1-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci pu [ku]</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market in-the-past.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market earlier.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1-example2" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1-example5" />are different only in emphasis. Abnormal order, such as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1-example3" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1-example5" />exhibit, adds emphasis to the words that have been moved; in this case, the tense cmavo
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1-example2" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1-example5" /> are different only in emphasis. Abnormal order, such as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1-example3" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1-example5" /> exhibit, adds emphasis to the words that have been moved; in this case, the tense cmavo
<quote>pu</quote>. Words at either end of the sentence tend to be more noticeable.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section2">
<title>Spatial tenses: FAhA and VA</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>vi</cmavo>
<selmaho>VA</selmaho>
<description>short distance</description>
@@ -279,21 +279,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e3d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section3-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu ga'u zu'a batci le gerku</jbo>
<en>The man [up] [left] bites the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The proper interpretation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section3-example1" />is that the imaginary journey has two stages: first move from the speaker's location upward, and then to the left. A translation might read:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section3-example1" /> is that the imaginary journey has two stages: first move from the speaker's location upward, and then to the left. A translation might read:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
Left of a place above me, the man bites the dog.
</programlisting>
<para>(Perhaps the speaker is at the bottom of a manhole, and the dog-biting is going on at the edge of the street.)</para>
<!-- ^^ manhole: example, 218 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>manhole</primary></indexterm>
<para>In the English translation, the keywords
<quote>left</quote> and
<quote>above</quote> occur in reverse order to the Lojban order. This effect is typical of what happens when we
<quote>unfold</quote> Lojban compound tenses into their English equivalents, and shows why it is not very useful to try to memorize a list of Lojban tense constructs and their colloquial English equivalents.</para>
@@ -351,21 +351,21 @@
<jbo>le nanmu ca'uvi ni'ava ri'uvu ne'i</jbo>
<gloss>batci le gerku</gloss>
<gloss>The man [front] [short] [down] [medium] [right] [long] [within]</gloss>
<gloss>bites the dog.</gloss>
<gloss>Within a place a long distance to the right of a place which is a medium</gloss>
<gloss>distance downward from a place a short distance in front of me,</gloss>
<en>the man bites the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Whew! It's a good thing tense constructs are optional: having to say all that could certainly be painful. Note, however, how much shorter the Lojban version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section3-example5" />is than the English version.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section3-example5" /> is than the English version.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section4">
<title>Temporal tenses: PU and ZI</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pu</cmavo>
<selmaho>PU</selmaho>
<description>past</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -412,28 +412,28 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that to reach the dog-biting, you must take an imaginary journey through time, moving towards the past an unspecified distance. (Of course, this journey is even more imaginary than the ones talked about in the previous sections, since time-travel is not an available option.)</para>
<para>Lojban recognizes three temporal directions:
<quote>pu</quote> for the past,
<quote>ca</quote> for the present, and
<quote>ba</quote> for the future. (Etymologically, these derive from the corresponding gismu
<quote>purci</quote>,
<quote>cabna</quote>, and
<quote>balvi</quote>. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23" />for an explanation of the exact relationship between the cmavo and the gismu.) There are many more spatial directions, since there are FAhA cmavo for both absolute and relative directions as well as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23" /> for an explanation of the exact relationship between the cmavo and the gismu.) There are many more spatial directions, since there are FAhA cmavo for both absolute and relative directions as well as
<!-- ^^ spatial directions: list of, 253 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>spatial directions</primary></indexterm>
<quote>direction-like relationships</quote> like
<quote>surrounding</quote>,
<quote>within</quote>,
<quote>touching</quote>, etc. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section27" />for a complete list.) But there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'o PU?</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section27" /> for a complete list.) But there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'o PU?</para>
<para>The reason is that tense is subjective: human beings perceive space and time in a way that does not necessarily agree with objective measurements. We have a sense of
<!-- ^^ measurements: expressing, 435 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>measurements</primary></indexterm>
<quote>now</quote> which includes part of the objective past and part of the objective future, and so we naturally segment the time line into three parts. The Lojban design recognizes this human reality by providing a separate time-direction cmavo for the
<quote>zero direction</quote>, Similarly, there is a FAhA cmavo for the zero space direction:
<quote>bu'u</quote>, which means something like
<!-- ^^ bu'u, 219; compared with ca, 219 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bu'u</primary></indexterm>
<quote>coinciding</quote>.</para>
<para>(Technical note for readers conversant with relativity theory: The Lojban time tenses reflect time as seen by the speaker, who is assumed to be a
@@ -484,22 +484,22 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu zi pu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [short] [past] bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>Before a short time from or before now, the man bit or will bite the dog.</en>
<jbo>le nanmu zu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [long] bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>A long time from or before now, the man will bite or bit the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section4-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section4-example6" />are perfectly legitimate, but may not be very much used:
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section4-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section4-example6" /> are perfectly legitimate, but may not be very much used:
<quote>zi</quote> by itself signals an event that happens at a time close to the present, but without saying whether it is in the past or the future. A rough translation might be
<quote>about now, but not exactly now</quote>.</para>
<para>Because we can move in any direction in space, we are comfortable with the idea of events happening in an unspecified space direction (
<quote>nearby</quote> or
<quote>far away</quote>), but we live only from past to future, and the idea of an event which happens
<quote>nearby in time</quote> is a peculiar one. Lojban provides lots of such possibilities that don't seem all that useful to English-speakers, even though you can put them together productively; this fact may be a limitation of English.</para>
<!-- ^^ nearby in time: example, 220 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>nearby in time</primary></indexterm>
<para>Finally, here are examples which combine temporal and spatial tense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-vtUw">
@@ -588,21 +588,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section5-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba ze'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [medium time interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>For a medium time, the child walks/walked/will walk on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that with no time direction word,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5-example2" />does not say when the walking happened: that would be determined by context. It is possible to specify both directions or distances and an interval, in which case the interval always comes afterward:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5-example2" /> does not say when the walking happened: that would be determined by context. It is possible to specify both directions or distances and an interval, in which case the interval always comes afterward:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gHPI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section5-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba pu ze'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The child [past] [medium time interval] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<gloss>For a medium time, the child walked on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The child walked on the ice for a while.</en>
@@ -648,21 +648,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ze'aba citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [medium time interval - future] eat my meal.</gloss>
<gloss>For a medium time afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
<en>I ate my meal for a while.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>With
<quote>ca</quote> instead of
<quote>ba</quote>,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5-example6" />becomes
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5-example6" /> becomes
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5-example7" />,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-a5dp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e5d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section5-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ze'aca citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [medium time interval – present] eat my meal.</gloss>
<gloss>For a medium time before and afterward, I ate my meal.</gloss>
@@ -718,21 +718,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>really means:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
At a moment in the past, and possibly other moments as
well, the event
<quote>I went to the market</quote> was in progress.
</programlisting>
<para>The vague or unspecified interval contains an instant in the speaker's past. However, there is no indication whether or not the whole interval is in the speaker's past! It is entirely possible that the interval during which the going-to-the-market is happening stretches into the speaker's present or even future.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section6-example1" />points up a fundamental difference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past-tense sentence like
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section6-example1" /> points up a fundamental difference between Lojban tenses and English tenses. An English past-tense sentence like
<quote>I went to the market</quote> generally signifies that the going-to-the-market is entirely in the past; that is, that the event is complete at the time of speaking. Lojban
<quote>pu</quote> has no such implication.</para>
<para>This property of a past tense is sometimes called
<quote>aorist</quote>, in reference to a similar concept in the tense system of Classical Greek. All of the Lojban tenses have the same property, however:</para>
<!-- ^^ tense system: and space location, 215 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tense system</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ aorist: definition, 223 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>aorist</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-xQ0w">
<title>
@@ -782,37 +782,37 @@
<selmaho>VIhA</selmaho>
<description>throughout a space/time interval</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The cmavo of ZEhA are sufficient to express time intervals. One fundamental difference between space and time, however, is that space is multi-dimensional. Sometimes we want to say not only that something moves over a small interval, but also perhaps that it moves in a line. Lojban allows for this. I can specify that a motion
<quote>in a small space</quote> is more specifically
<quote>in a short line</quote>,
<quote>in a small area</quote>, or
<quote>through a small volume</quote>.</para>
<para>What about the child walking on the ice in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5-example1" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5-example1" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5-example3" />? Given the nature of ice, probably the area interpretation is most sensible. I can make this assumption explicit with the appropriate member of selma'o VIhA:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-vKp6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e7d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section7-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le verba ve'a vi'a cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<!-- ^^ vi'a, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vi'a</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>The child [medium space interval] [2-dimensional] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>In a medium-sized area, the child walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Space intervals can contain either VEhA or VIhA or both, but if both, VEhA must come first, as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section7-example1" />shows.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section7-example1" /> shows.</para>
<para>The reader may wish to raise a philosophical point here. (Readers who don't wish to, should skip this paragraph.) The ice may be two-dimensional, or more accurately its surface may be, but since the child is three-dimensional, her walking must also be. The subjective nature of Lojban tense comes to the rescue here: the action is essentially planar, and the third dimension of height is simply irrelevant to walking. Even walking on a mountain could be called
<!-- ^^ irrelevant: specifying of sumti place, 157 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>irrelevant</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ dimension: meaning as sumti tcita, 233 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dimension</primary></indexterm>
<quote>vi'a</quote>, because relatively speaking the mountain is associated with an essentially two-dimensional surface. Motion which is not confined to such a surface (e.g., flying, or walking through a three-dimensional network of tunnels, or climbing among mountains rather than on a single mountain) would be properly described with
<!-- ^^ vi'a, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vi'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>vi'u</quote>. So the cognitive, rather than the physical, dimensionality controls the choice of VIhA cmavo.</para>
<!-- ^^ dimensionality: of walking, 224; order with size in spatial tense intervals, 224; spatial, 506 -->
@@ -890,21 +890,21 @@
<jbo>le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli ma'i vo'a</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ma'i, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ma'i</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>The child [movement] [right] walks on the ice in-reference-frame the-x1-place.</gloss>
<en>The child walks toward her right on the ice.</en>
<!-- ^^ toward her right: example, 225 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>toward her right</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section8-example3" />is analogous to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section8-example3" /> is analogous to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section8-example1" />. The cmavo
<quote>ma'i</quote> belongs to selma'o BAI (explained in
<!-- ^^ ma'i, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ma'i</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />), and allows specifying a reference frame.</para>
<!-- ^^ reference frame: specifying for direction tenses, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>reference frame</primary></indexterm>
<para>Both a regular and a
<quote>mo'i</quote>-flagged spatial tense can be combined, with the
<quote>mo'i</quote> construct coming last:</para>
@@ -1139,23 +1139,23 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section9-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ratcu reroinai citka le cirla</jbo>
<gloss>The rat [twice-not] eats the cheese.</gloss>
<en>The rat eats the cheese other than twice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This may mean that the rat eats the cheese fewer times, or more times, or not at all.</para>
<para>It is necessary to be careful with sentences like
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example6" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example6" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example8" />, where a quantified tense appears without an interval. What
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example8" />really says is that during an interval of unspecified size, at least part of which was set in the past, the event of my going to the market happened twice. The example says nothing about what happened outside that vague time interval. This is often less than we mean. If we want to nail down that I went to the market once and only once, we can use the cmavo
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example8" /> really says is that during an interval of unspecified size, at least part of which was set in the past, the event of my going to the market happened twice. The example says nothing about what happened outside that vague time interval. This is often less than we mean. If we want to nail down that I went to the market once and only once, we can use the cmavo
<!-- ^^ only once: example, 227 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>only once</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ze'e</quote> which represents the
<!-- ^^ ze'e, 227; effect on following PU direction, 227 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ze'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>whole time interval</quote>: conceptually, an interval which stretches from time's beginning to its end:</para>
<!-- ^^ whole time interval: expressing, 227 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>whole time interval</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-8WJS">
<title>
@@ -1163,23 +1163,23 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section9-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ze'e paroi klama le zarci</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ze'e, 227; effect on following PU direction, 227 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ze'e</primary></indexterm>
<en>I [whole interval] [once] go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since specifying no ZEhA leaves the interval vague,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example8" />might in appropriate context mean the same as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example10" />after all - but
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example10" />allows us to be specific when specificity is necessary.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example8" /> might in appropriate context mean the same as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example10" /> after all - but
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9-example10" /> allows us to be specific when specificity is necessary.</para>
<!-- ^^ specificity: expressing with po, 173 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>specificity</primary></indexterm>
<para>A PU cmavo following
<quote>ze'e</quote> has a slightly different meaning from one that follows another ZEhA cmavo. The compound cmavo
<!-- ^^ ze'e, 227; effect on following PU direction, 227 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ze'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ze'epu</quote> signifies the interval stretching from the infinite past to the reference point (wherever the imaginary journey has taken you);
<!-- ^^ ze'epu, 227; meaning of, 227 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ze'epu</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ze'eba</quote> is the interval stretching from the reference point to the infinite future. The remaining form,
@@ -1207,21 +1207,21 @@
<para>says nothing about whether I might go in future.</para>
<para>The space equivalent of
<quote>ze'e</quote> is
<!-- ^^ ze'e, 227; effect on following PU direction, 227 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ze'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ve'e</quote>, and it can be used in the same way with a quantified space tense: see
<!-- ^^ ve'e, 228 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ve'e</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ quantified space, 228 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>quantified space</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section11" />for an explanation of space interval modifiers.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section11" /> for an explanation of space interval modifiers.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section10">
<title>Event contours: ZAhO and
<quote>re'u</quote></title>
<!-- ^^ re'u, 230 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>re'u</primary></indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pu'o</cmavo>
@@ -1339,45 +1339,45 @@
<gloss>The child [perfective] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The child is finished walking on the ice.</en>
<!-- ^^ finished: example, 229 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>finished</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As discussed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section6" />, the simple PU cmavo make no assumptions about whether the scope of a past, present, or future event extends into one of the other tenses as well.
<!-- ^^ future event: possible extension into present, 223 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>future event</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example1" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example3" />illustrate that these ZAhO cmavo do make such assumptions possible: the event in 10.1 has not yet begun, definitively; likewise, the event in 10.3 is definitely over.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example1" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example3" /> illustrate that these ZAhO cmavo do make such assumptions possible: the event in 10.1 has not yet begun, definitively; likewise, the event in 10.3 is definitely over.</para>
<para>Note that in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example3" />,
<quote>pu'o</quote> and
<quote>ba'o</quote> may appear to be reversed:
<quote>pu'o</quote>, although etymologically connected with
<quote>pu</quote>, is referring to a future event; whereas
<!-- ^^ future event: possible extension into present, 223 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>future event</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ba'o</quote>, connected with
<quote>ba</quote>, is referring to a past event. This is the natural result of the event-centered view of ZAhO cmavo. The inchoative, or
<!-- ^^ past event: possible extension into present, 223 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>past event</primary></indexterm>
<quote>pu'o</quote>, part of an event, is in the
<quote>pastward</quote> portion of that event, when seen from the perspective of the event itself. It is only by inference that we suppose that
<!-- ^^ pastward: as a spatial tense, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pastward</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example1" />refers to the speaker's future: in fact, no PU tense is given, so the inchoative part of the event need not be coincident with the speaker's present:
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example1" /> refers to the speaker's future: in fact, no PU tense is given, so the inchoative part of the event need not be coincident with the speaker's present:
<quote>pu'o</quote> is not necessarily, though in fact often is, the same as
<quote>ca pu'o</quote>.</para>
<para>The cmavo in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example1" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example3" />refer to spans of time. There are also two points of time that can be usefully associated with an event: the beginning, marked by
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example1" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example3" /> refer to spans of time. There are also two points of time that can be usefully associated with an event: the beginning, marked by
<quote>co'a</quote>, and the end, marked by
<quote>co'u</quote>. Specifically,
<quote>co'a</quote> marks the boundary between the
<quote>pu'o</quote> and
<quote>ca'o</quote> parts of an event, and
<quote>co'u</quote> marks the boundary between the
<quote>ca'o</quote> and
<quote>ba'o</quote> parts:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KPRG">
<title>
@@ -1389,41 +1389,41 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba co'a citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [future] [initiative] eat my meal.</gloss>
<en>I will begin to eat my meal.</en>
<jbo>mi pu co'u citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [cessitive] eat my meal.</gloss>
<en>I ceased eating my meal.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Compare
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example4" />with:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example4" /> with:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ChHI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e10d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section10-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba di'i co'a bajra</jbo>
<!-- ^^ di'i, 226 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>di'i</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>I [future] [regularly] [initiative] run.</gloss>
<en>I will regularly begin to run.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which illustrates the combination of a TAhE with a ZAhO.</para>
<para>A process can have two end points, one reflecting the
<quote>natural end</quote>(when the process is complete) and the other reflecting the
<!-- ^^ natural end: continuing beyond, 230; contrasted with actual stop, 229 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>natural end</primary></indexterm>
<quote>actual stopping point</quote>(whether complete or not).
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example5" />may be contrasted with:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10-example5" /> may be contrasted with:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-3s6c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e10d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section10-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu mo'u citka le mi sanmi</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [completitive] eat my meal.</gloss>
<en>I finished eating my meal.</en>
<!-- ^^ finished: example, 229 -->
@@ -1655,40 +1655,40 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci ca le nu do klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the market [present] the event-of you go-to the house.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market when you go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here
<quote>ca</quote> does not appear before the selbri, nor with
<quote>ku</quote>; instead, it governs the following sumti, the
<quote>le nu</quote> construct. What
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example1" />asserts is that the action of the main bridi is happening at the same time as the event mentioned by that sumti. So
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example1" /> asserts is that the action of the main bridi is happening at the same time as the event mentioned by that sumti. So
<quote>ca</quote>, which means
<quote>now</quote> when used with a selbri, means
<quote>simultaneously-with</quote> when used with a sumti. Consider another example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-4aPT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section12-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci pu le nu do pu klama le zdani</jbo>
<en>I go-to the market [past] the event-of you [past] go-to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The second
<quote>pu</quote> is simply the past tense marker for the event of your going to the house, and says that this event is in the speaker's past. How are we to understand the first
<quote>pu</quote>, the sumti tcita?</para>
<para>All of our imaginary journeys so far have started at the speaker's location in space and time. Now we are specifying an imaginary journey that starts at a different location, namely at the event of your going to the house.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example2" />then says that my going to the market is in the past, relative not to the speaker's present moment, but instead relative to the moment when you went to the house.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example2" />can therefore be translated:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example2" /> then says that my going to the market is in the past, relative not to the speaker's present moment, but instead relative to the moment when you went to the house.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example2" /> can therefore be translated:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
I had gone to the market before you went to the house.
</programlisting>
<para>(Other translations are possible, depending on the ever-present context.) Spatial direction and distance sumti tcita are exactly analogous:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-UMGj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section12-example3" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section12-example4" />
@@ -1722,34 +1722,34 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi morsi ba'o le nu mi jmive</jbo>
<gloss>I am-dead [perfective] the event-of I live.</gloss>
<en>I die in the aftermath of my living.</en>
<!-- ^^ in the aftermath: example, 232 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>in the aftermath</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the (point-)event of my being dead is the portion of my living-process which occurs after the process is complete. Contrast
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example6" />with:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example6" /> with:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-18dT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section12-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi morsi ba le nu mi jmive</jbo>
<en>I am-dead [future] the event-of I live.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section6" />,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example7" />does not exclude the possibility that I died before I ceased to live!</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example7" /> does not exclude the possibility that I died before I ceased to live!</para>
<para>Likewise, we might say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-jJzr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section12-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci pu'o le nu mi citka</jbo>
<en>I go-to the store [inchoative] the event-of I eat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1784,21 +1784,21 @@
<en>The boat sailed for too long and beyond the lake.</en>
<!-- ^^ too long: example, 233; Example, 230 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>too long</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ boat sailed: example, 233 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>boat sailed</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Probably it sailed up onto the dock. One point of clarification: although
<quote>xelklama</quote> appears to mean simply
<quote>is-a-mode-of-transport</quote>, it does not - the bridi of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example10" />has four omitted arguments, and thus has the (physical) journey which goes on too long as part of its meaning.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section12-example10" /> has four omitted arguments, and thus has the (physical) journey which goes on too long as part of its meaning.</para>
<!-- ^^ too long: example, 233; Example, 230 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>too long</primary></indexterm>
<para>The remaining tense cmavo, which have to do with interval size, dimension, and continuousness (or lack thereof) are interpreted to let the sumti specify the particular interval over which the main bridi operates:</para>
<!-- ^^ interval size: as context-dependent, 222; meaning as sumti tcita, 233; spatial, 506; time, 507; unspecified, 223; vague, 223 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>interval size</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ dimension: meaning as sumti tcita, 233 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dimension</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-bLaQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e12d11" />
@@ -1869,38 +1869,38 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puki klama le zarci .i le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>I went to the market. The man bit the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the use of
<quote>puki</quote> rather than just
<quote>pu</quote> ensures that the tense will affect the next sentence as well. Otherwise, since the second sentence is tenseless, there would be no way of determining its tense; the event of the second sentence might happen before, after, or simultaneously with that of the first sentence.</para>
<para>(The last statement does not apply when the two sentences form part of a narrative. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14" />for an explanation of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14" /> for an explanation of
<quote>story time</quote>, which employs a different set of conventions.)</para>
<!-- ^^ story time: as a convention for inferring tense, 236; definition, 236; rationale for, 236; tenseless sentences in, 236; with no initial sticky time, 237 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>story time</primary></indexterm>
<para>What if the second sentence has a tense anyway?</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-L9GA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section13-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puki klama le zarci .i le nanmu pu batci le gerku</jbo>
<en>I [past] [sticky] go-to the market. The man [past] bites the dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the second
<quote>pu</quote> does not replace the sticky tense, but adds to it, in the sense that the starting point of its imaginary journey is taken to be the previously set sticky time. So the translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example2" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example2" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-oJQz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section13-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I went to the market. The man had earlier bitten the dog.</jbo>
<!-- ^^ had earlier: example, 234 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>had earlier</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1925,36 +1925,36 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>puku mi ba klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>[past] I [future] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>Earlier, I was going to go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here there are two tenses in the same bridi, the first floating free and specified by
<quote>puku</quote>, the second in the usual place and specified by
<quote>ba</quote>. They are considered cumulative in the same way as the two tenses in separate sentences of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example4" />.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example5" />is therefore equivalent in meaning, except for emphasis, to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example5" /> is therefore equivalent in meaning, except for emphasis, to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-mRPV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section13-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi puba klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [future] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I was going to go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Compare
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example8" />, which have a different meaning from
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example5" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example5" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example6" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Y9Ve">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section13-example7" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e13d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section13-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba klama le zarci puku</jbo>
@@ -1997,21 +1997,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu klama le ba'o zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the [perfective] market</gloss>
<en>I went to the former market.</en>
<!-- ^^ former market: example, 235 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>former market</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The significance of the
<quote>ba'o</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example10" />is that the speaker's destination is described as being
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13-example10" /> is that the speaker's destination is described as being
<quote>in the aftermath of being a market</quote>; that is, it is a market no longer. In particular, the time at which it was no longer a market is in the speaker's past, because the
<!-- ^^ in the aftermath: example, 232 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>in the aftermath</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ba'o</quote> is interpreted relative to the
<quote>pu</quote> tense of the main bridi.</para>
<para>Here is an example involving an abstraction bridi:</para>
<!-- ^^ abstraction bridi: contrasted with component non-abstraction bridi in meaning, 98; effect on claim of bridi, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>abstraction bridi</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-NfS1">
<title>
@@ -2033,21 +2033,21 @@
<!-- ^^ multiple tenses: effect of order in sentence, 235 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>multiple tenses</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ki</quote>. A time made sticky with
<quote>kixipa</quote>(ki-sub-1) can be returned to by specifying
<quote>kixipa</quote> as a tense by itself. In the case of written expression, the writer's here-and-now is often different from the reader's, and a pair of subscripted
<quote>ki</quote> tenses could be used to distinguish the two.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section14">
<title>Story time</title>
<para>Making strict use of the conventions explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13" />would be intolerably awkward when a story is being told. The time at which a story is told by the narrator is usually unimportant to the story. What matters is the flow of time within the story itself. The term
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13" /> would be intolerably awkward when a story is being told. The time at which a story is told by the narrator is usually unimportant to the story. What matters is the flow of time within the story itself. The term
<quote>story</quote> in this section refers to any series of statements related in more-or-less time-sequential order, not just a fictional one.</para>
<para>Lojban speakers use a different set of conventions, commonly called
<quote>story time</quote>, for inferring tense within a story. It is presumed that the event described by each sentence takes place some time more or less after the previous ones. Therefore, tenseless sentences are implicitly tensed as
<!-- ^^ story time: as a convention for inferring tense, 236; definition, 236; rationale for, 236; tenseless sentences in, 236; with no initial sticky time, 237 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>story time</primary></indexterm>
<quote>what happens next</quote>. In particular, any sticky time setting is advanced by each sentence.</para>
<para>The following mini-story illustrates the important features of story time. A sentence-by-sentence explication follows:</para>
<!-- ^^ story time: as a convention for inferring tense, 236; definition, 236; rationale for, 236; tenseless sentences in, 236; with no initial sticky time, 237 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>story time</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-CDcb">
@@ -2095,54 +2095,54 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>cave</primary></indexterm>
<jbo>.i ko'e lebna lei rectu ko'a</jbo>
<gloss>It-2 [tenseless] takes the-mass-of flesh from-her-1.</gloss>
<en>It took the meat from her.</en>
<jbo>.i ko'e bartu klama</jbo>
<gloss>It-2 out ran</gloss>
<en>It ran out.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example1" />sets both the time (long ago) and the place (in a cave) using
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example1" /> sets both the time (long ago) and the place (in a cave) using
<!-- ^^ cave: example, 236 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>cave</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ki</quote>, just like the sentence sequences in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13" />. No further space cmavo are used in the rest of the story, so the place is assumed to remain unchanged. The English translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example1" />is marked for past tense also, as the conventions of English storytelling require: consequently, all other English translation sentences are also in the past tense. (We don't notice how strange this is; even stories about the future are written in past tense!) This conventional use of past tense is not used in Lojban narratives.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example1" /> is marked for past tense also, as the conventions of English storytelling require: consequently, all other English translation sentences are also in the past tense. (We don't notice how strange this is; even stories about the future are written in past tense!) This conventional use of past tense is not used in Lojban narratives.</para>
<!-- ^^ stories: flow of time in, 236 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>stories</primary></indexterm>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example2" />is tenseless. Outside story time, it would be assumed that its event happens simultaneously with that of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example2" /> is tenseless. Outside story time, it would be assumed that its event happens simultaneously with that of
<!-- ^^ story time: as a convention for inferring tense, 236; definition, 236; rationale for, 236; tenseless sentences in, 236; with no initial sticky time, 237 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>story time</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example1" />, since a sticky tense is in effect; the rules of story time, however, imply that the event occurs afterwards, and that the story time has advanced (changing the sticky time set in
<!-- ^^ story time: as a convention for inferring tense, 236; definition, 236; rationale for, 236; tenseless sentences in, 236; with no initial sticky time, 237 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>story time</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example1" />).</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example3" />has an explicit tense. This is taken relative to the latest setting of the sticky time; therefore, the event of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example3" />happens before that of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example3" /> has an explicit tense. This is taken relative to the latest setting of the sticky time; therefore, the event of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example3" /> happens before that of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example2" />. It cannot be determined if
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example3" />happens before or after
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example3" /> happens before or after
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example1" />.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example4" />is again tenseless. Story time was not changed by the flashback in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example4" /> is again tenseless. Story time was not changed by the flashback in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example3" />, so
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example4" />happens after
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example4" /> happens after
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example2" />.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example5" />specifies the future (relative to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example5" /> specifies the future (relative to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example4" />) and makes it sticky. So all further events happen after
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example5" />.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example6" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example7" />are again tenseless, and so happen after
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example6" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example7" /> are again tenseless, and so happen after
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section14-example5" />. (Story time is changed.)</para>
<para>So the overall order is 14.1 - 14.3 - 14.2 - 14.4 - (medium interval) - 14.5 - 14.6 - 14.7. It is also possible that 14.3 happens before 14.1.</para>
<para>If no sticky time (or space) is set initially, the story is set at an unspecified time (or space): the effect is like that of choosing an arbitrary reference point and making it sticky. This style is common in stories that are jokes. The same convention may be used if the context specifies the sticky time sufficiently.</para>
<!-- ^^ stories: flow of time in, 236 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>stories</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ jokes, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>jokes</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section15">
<title>Tenses in subordinate bridi</title>
@@ -2162,35 +2162,35 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section15-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John says that George is going to the market.</jbo>
<jbo>John says that George went to the market.</jbo>
<jbo>John said that George went to the market.</jbo>
<jbo>John said that George had gone to the market.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example2" />, the tense of the main sentence is the present:
<quote>says</quote>. If George goes when John speaks, we get the present tense
<quote>is going</quote>(
<quote>goes</quote> would be unidiomatic); if George goes before John speaks, we get the past tense
<quote>went</quote>. But if the tense of the main sentence is the past, with
<quote>said</quote>, then the tense required in the subordinate clause is different. If George goes when John speaks, we get the past tense
<quote>went</quote>; if George goes before John speaks, we get the past-perfect tense
<quote>had gone</quote>.</para>
<para>The rule of English, therefore, is that both the tense of the main sentence and the tense of the subordinate clause are understood relative to the speaker of the main sentence (not John, but the person who speaks
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example1" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example1" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example4" />).</para>
<para>Lojban, like Russian and Esperanto, uses a different convention. A tense in a subordinate bridi is understood to be relative to the tense already set in the main bridi. Thus
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example1" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example4" />can be expressed in Lojban respectively thus:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example1" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section15-example4" /> can be expressed in Lojban respectively thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-VUhU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section15-example5" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section15-example6" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section15-example7" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e15d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section15-example8" />
@@ -2281,27 +2281,27 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<quote>.izu'abo</quote> is a compound cmavo: the
<quote>.i</quote> separates the sentences and the
<quote>zu'a</quote> is the tense. The
<quote>bo</quote> is required to prevent the
<quote>zu'a</quote> from gobbling up the following sumti, namely
<quote>le verba</quote>.</para>
<para>Note that the bridi in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example2" />appear in the reverse order from their appearance in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example2" /> appear in the reverse order from their appearance in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example1" />. With
<quote>.izu'abo</quote>(and all other afterthought tense connectives) the sentence specifying the origin of the journey comes first. This is a natural order for sentences, but requires some care when converting between this form and the sumti tcita form.</para>
<!-- ^^ converting: operand to operator, 500; operator to selbri, 502; quantifier to selbri, 500; selbri to operand, 501; selbri to operator, 501; sumti to operand, 500; sumti to tanru unit, 500 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>converting</primary></indexterm>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example2" />means the same thing as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example2" /> means the same thing as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Ne2C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section16-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>.i zu'a la'edi'u le verba cu cadzu le bisli</gloss>
<!-- ^^ la'edi'u, 149; contrasted with di'u, 149; quick-tour version, 21 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2321,37 +2321,37 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'a le verba cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The man bites the dog. [Left] the child [something] walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The man bites the dog. To the left of the child, something walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the first place of the second sentence is unspecified, because
<quote>zu'a</quote> has absorbed the sumti
<quote>le verba</quote>.</para>
<para>Do not confuse either
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example2" />or
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example4" />with the following:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example2" /> or
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example4" /> with the following:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-MzxF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section16-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu batci le gerku .i zu'aku le verba cu cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<gloss>The man bites the dog. [Left] the child walks-on the ice.</gloss>
<en>The man bites the dog. Left of me, the child walks on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example5" />, the origin point is the speaker, as is usual with
<quote>zu'aku</quote>.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example2" />makes the origin point of the tense the event described by the first sentence.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example2" /> makes the origin point of the tense the event described by the first sentence.</para>
<para>Two sentences may also be connected in forethought by a tense relationship. Just like afterthought tense connection, forethought tense connection claims both sentences, and in addition claims that the time or space relationship specified by the tense holds between the events the two sentences describe.</para>
<!-- ^^ tense connection: equivalent meanings, 240; expansions of, 240 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tense connection</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ forethought tense connection: contrasted with afterthought in likeness to modal connection, 249 -->
<!-- ^^ tense connection: equivalent meanings, 240; expansions of, 240 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tense connection</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought tense connection</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ tense connection: equivalent meanings, 240; expansions of, 240 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tense connection</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ afterthought tense connection: contrasted with forethought in likeness to modal connection, 249 -->
@@ -2381,59 +2381,59 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section16-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama pugi le zarci gi le zdani</jbo>
<en>I go-to [past] the market [,] the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Because English does not have any direct way of expressing a tense-like relationship between nouns,
<!-- ^^ nouns: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>nouns</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example7" />cannot be expressed in English without paraphrasing it either into
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example6" />or else into
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example7" /> cannot be expressed in English without paraphrasing it either into
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example6" /> or else into
<quote>I go to the house before the market</quote>, which is ambiguous - is the market going?</para>
<para>Finally, a third forethought construction expresses a tense relationship between bridi-tails rather than whole bridi. (The construct known as a
<quote>bridi-tail</quote> is explained fully in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />; roughly speaking, it is a selbri, possibly with following sumti.)
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example8" />is equivalent in meaning to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example6" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example8" /> is equivalent in meaning to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example6" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example7" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-vSCv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e16d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section16-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pugi klama le zarci gi klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] go-to the market [,] go-to the house.</gloss>
<en>I, before going to the market, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In both
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example8" />, the underlying sentences
<quote>mi klama le zarci</quote> and
<quote>mi klama le zdani</quote> are not claimed; only the relationship in time between them is claimed.</para>
<para>Both the forethought and the afterthought forms are appropriate with PU, ZI, FAhA, VA, and ZAhO tenses. In all cases, the equivalent forms are (where X and Y stand for sentences, and TENSE for a tense cmavo):</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
subordinate: X TENSE le nu Y
afterthought coordinate: Y .i+TENSE+bo X
forethought coordinate: TENSE+gi X gi Y
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17">
<title>Tensed logical connectives</title>
<para>The Lojban tense system interacts with the Lojban logical connective system. That system is a separate topic, explained in
<!-- ^^ tense system: and space location, 215 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tense system</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />and touched on only in summary here. By the rules of the logical connective system,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example1" />through 17.3 are equivalent in meaning:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> and touched on only in summary here. By the rules of the logical connective system,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example1" /> through 17.3 are equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-QyUo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17-example2" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2462,43 +2462,43 @@
<!-- ^^ ijebabo, 363 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ijebabo</primary></indexterm>
<en>Terry strokes the cat. And then Terry strokes the rabbit.</en>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu gi'ebabo satre le ractu</jbo>
<en>Terry strokes the cat, and then strokes the rabbit.</en>
<jbo>la teris. satre le mlatu .ebabo le ractu</jbo>
<en>Terry strokes the cat and then the rabbit.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example4" />through 17.6 are equivalent in meaning. They are also analogous to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example1" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example3" />respectively. The
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example4" /> through 17.6 are equivalent in meaning. They are also analogous to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example1" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example3" /> respectively. The
<quote>bo</quote> is required for the same reason as in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section16-example2" />: to prevent the
<quote>ba</quote> from functioning as a sumti tcita for the following sumti (or, in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example5" />, from being attached to the following selbri).</para>
<para>In addition to the
<quote>bo</quote> construction of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example4" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example4" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example6" />, there is also a form of tensed logical connective with
<!-- ^^ tensed logical connective(s): in ek...bo, 364; in ek...ke, 364; in gihek...bo, 364; in gihek...ke, 364; in ijek...bo, 364; in ijek...tu'e, 364; in ijoik...bo, 364; in ijoik...tu'e, 364; in jek...bo, 364; in joik...bo, 364; in joik...ke, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tensed logical connective</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ tensed logical connective, 240; forethought, 364; with ke...ke'e, 241; with tu'e...tu'u, 241 -->
<!-- ^^ tensed logical connective(s): in ek...bo, 364; in ek...ke, 364; in gihek...bo, 364; in gihek...ke, 364; in ijek...bo, 364; in ijek...tu'e, 364; in ijoik...bo, 364; in ijoik...tu'e, 364; in jek...bo, 364; in joik...bo, 364; in joik...ke, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tensed logical connective</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tensed logical connective</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ tensed logical connective(s): in ek...bo, 364; in ek...ke, 364; in gihek...bo, 364; in gihek...ke, 364; in ijek...bo, 364; in ijek...tu'e, 364; in ijoik...bo, 364; in ijoik...tu'e, 364; in jek...bo, 364; in joik...bo, 364; in joik...ke, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tensed logical connective</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote>(
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> for sentences). The logical connective system makes
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example7" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example9" />equivalent in meaning:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example7" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example9" /> equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-FgKB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17-example7" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17-example8" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2508,21 +2508,21 @@
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli gi'eke bevri le gerku gi'a bevri le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack and (carry the dog and/or carry the cat).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack, and also carry the dog or carry the cat or carry both.</en>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli .eke le gerku .a le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack and (the dog or the cat).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack and also the dog or the cat or both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the uniformity of the Lojban, as contrasted with the variety of ways in which the English provides for the correct grouping. In all cases, the meaning is that I carry the sack in any case, and either the cat or the dog or both.</para>
<para>To express that I carry the sack first (earlier in time), and then the dog or the cat or both simultaneously, I can insert tenses to form
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example10" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example10" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example12" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-xtPy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17-example10" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17-example11" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e17d12" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section17-example12" />
</title>
@@ -2535,42 +2535,42 @@
<en>or I will carry both at once.</en>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli gi'ebake bevri le gerku gi'acabo bevri le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack and [future] (carry the dog and/or [present] carry the cat).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack and then will carry the dog or carry the cat or carry both at once.</en>
<jbo>mi bevri le dakli .ebake le gerku .acabo le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>I carry the sack and [future] (the cat and/or [present] the dog).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack, and then the cat or the dog or both at once.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example10" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example12" />are equivalent in meaning to each other, and correspond to the tenseless
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example7" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example9" />respectively.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example10" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example12" /> are equivalent in meaning to each other, and correspond to the tenseless
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example7" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section17-example9" /> respectively.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section18">
<title>Tense negation</title>
<para>Any bridi which involves tenses of selma'o PU, FAhA, or ZAhO can be contradicted by a
<quote>-nai</quote> suffixed to the tense cmavo. Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-qXWF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section18-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi punai klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [not] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I didn't go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As a contradictory negation,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section18-example1" />implies that the bridi as a whole is false without saying anything about what is true. When the negated tense is a sumti tcita,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section18-example1" /> implies that the bridi as a whole is false without saying anything about what is true. When the negated tense is a sumti tcita,
<quote>-nai</quote> negation indicates that the stated relationship does not hold:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-K15M">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section18-example2" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section18-example3" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section18-example4" />
</title>
@@ -2580,21 +2580,21 @@
<en>It is not true that I went to the market at the same time that you went to the house.</en>
<jbo>le nanmu batci le gerku ne'inai le kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>The man bites the dog [within] [not] the room.</gloss>
<en>The man didn't bite the dog inside the room.</en>
<jbo>mi morsi ca'onai le nu mi jmive</jbo>
<gloss>I am-dead [continuitive - negated] the event-of I live.</gloss>
<en>It is false that I am dead during my life.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is also possible to perform scalar negation of whole tense constructs by placing a member of NAhE before them. Unlike contradictory negation, scalar negation asserts a truth: that the bridi is true with some tense other than that specified. The following examples are scalar negation analogues of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section18-example1" />to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section18-example1" /> to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section18-example3" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-L3IS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section18-example5" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section18-example6" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section18-example7" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e18d8" />
@@ -2694,39 +2694,39 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section19-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro datka ca flulimna</jbo>
<gloss>All ducks [present] are-float-swimmers.</gloss>
<en>All ducks are now swimming by floating.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the resulting
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section19-example2" />might still be considered a truth, even though the colloquial English seems even more likely to be false. All ducks have the potential of swimming even if they are not exercising that potential at present. To get the full flavor of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section19-example2" /> might still be considered a truth, even though the colloquial English seems even more likely to be false. All ducks have the potential of swimming even if they are not exercising that potential at present. To get the full flavor of
<quote>All ducks are now swimming</quote>, we must append a marker from selma'o CAhA to the tense, and say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-hXpB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e19d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section19-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro datka ca ca'a flulimna</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ca'a, 243 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ca'a</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>All ducks [present] [actual] are-float-swimmers.</gloss>
<en>All ducks are now actually swimming by floating.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A CAhA cmavo is always placed after any other tense cmavo, whether for time or for space. However, a CAhA cmavo comes before
<quote>ki</quote>, so that a CAhA condition can be made sticky.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section19-example3" />is false in both Lojban and English, since it claims that the swimming is an actual, present fact, true of every duck that exists, whereas in fact there is at least one duck that is not swimming now.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section19-example3" /> is false in both Lojban and English, since it claims that the swimming is an actual, present fact, true of every duck that exists, whereas in fact there is at least one duck that is not swimming now.</para>
<para>Furthermore, some ducks are dead (and therefore sink); some ducks have just hatched (and do not know how to swim yet), and some ducks have been eaten by predators (and have ceased to exist as separate objects at all). Nevertheless, all these ducks have the innate capability of swimming - it is part of the nature of duckhood. The cmavo
<!-- ^^ innate capability: expressing explicitly, 243; expressing implicitly, 243 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>innate capability</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ka'e</quote> expresses this notion of innate capability:</para>
<!-- ^^ ka'e, 243 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ka'e</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ innate capability: expressing explicitly, 243; expressing implicitly, 243 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>innate capability</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ApiH">
<title>
@@ -2958,21 +2958,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e20d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section20-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi punai je canai je ba klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] [not] and [present] [not] and [future] go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I haven't yet gone to the market, but I will in future.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section20-example3" />is far more specific than</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section20-example3" /> is far more specific than</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-J5jJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e20d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section20-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>I [future] go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3231,21 +3231,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do ba le nu do nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>I like you after the event-of you like me.</gloss>
<en>I like you after you like me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>places the
<quote>le nu</quote> sumti in the x2 place of the gismu
<quote>balvi</quote>(which underlies the tense
<quote>ba</quote>), namely the point of reference for the future tense. Paraphrases of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example2" />, employing the brivla
<quote>mukti</quote> and
<quote>balvi</quote> explicitly, would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JbEU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section23-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu do nelci mi cu mukti le nu mi nelci do</jbo>
@@ -3259,25 +3259,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section23-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi nelci do cu balvi le nu do nelci mi</jbo>
<gloss>The event-of I like you is after the event of you like me.</gloss>
<en>My liking you follows (in time) your liking me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note that the paraphrase is not perfect due to the difference in what is claimed;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example3" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example4" />claim only the causal and temporal relationships between the events, not the existence of the events themselves.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example3" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example4" /> claim only the causal and temporal relationships between the events, not the existence of the events themselves.)</para>
<para>As a result, the afterthought sentence-connective forms of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example2" />are, respectively:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example2" /> are, respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-FyEE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section23-example5" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section23-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .imu'ibo do nelci mi</jbo>
<en>I like you. [That is] Because you like me.</en>
@@ -3291,22 +3291,22 @@
<quote>do nelci mi</quote> is the same as in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example1" />. In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example6" />, however, the order is reversed: the origin point
<quote>do nelci mi</quote> physically appears before the future-time event
<quote>mi nelci do</quote>. In both cases, the bridi characterizing the event in the x2 place appears before the bridi characterizing the event in the x1 place of
<quote>mukti</quote> or
<quote>balvi</quote>.</para>
<para>In forethought connections, however, the asymmetry between modals and tenses is not found. The forethought equivalents of
<!-- ^^ forethought connections: modal compared with tense in semantics, 249 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought connections</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example6" />are</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section23-example6" /> are</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ENKj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e23d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section23-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mu'igi do nelci mi gi mi nelci do</jbo>
<en>Because you like me, I like you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3378,21 +3378,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section24-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu'e batci le gerku</jbo>
<gloss>The man [what tense?] bites the dog.</gloss>
<en>When/Where/How does the man bite the dog?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Possible answers to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section24-example3" />might be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section24-example3" /> might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-rNG8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section24-example4" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section24-example5" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section24-example6" />
<anchor xml:id="c10e24d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section24-example7" />
@@ -3447,33 +3447,33 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .artr. pu je'i ba nolraitru</jbo>
<!-- ^^ je'i, 352 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>je'i</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>Arthur [past] [which?] [future] is-a-king</gloss>
<en>Was Arthur a king or will he be?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Answers to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section24-example10" />would be logical connectives such as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section24-example10" /> would be logical connectives such as
<quote>je</quote>, meaning
<quote>both</quote>,
<quote>naje</quote> meaning
<quote>the latter</quote>, or
<quote>jenai</quote> meaning
<quote>the former</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter10-section25">
<title>Explicit magnitudes</title>
<para>It is a limitation of the VA and ZI system of specifying magnitudes that they can only prescribe vague magnitudes: small, medium, or large. In order to express both an origin point and an exact distance, the Lojban construction called a
<quote>termset</quote> is employed. (Termsets are explained further in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />.) It is grammatical for a termset to be placed after a tense or modal tag rather than a sumti, which allows both the origin of the imaginary journey and its distance to be specified. Here is an example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-7Lys">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section25-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la djordj.</jbo>
<gloss>la'u lo mitre be li mu [nu'u]</gloss>
<gloss>Frank stands [left] [start termset] George</gloss>
@@ -3492,21 +3492,21 @@
<quote>zu'a</quote></para>
<para>It is not necessary to have both an origin point and an explicit magnitude: a termset may have only a single term in it. A less precise version of
<!-- ^^ magnitude: tense, 250 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>magnitude</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ explicit magnitude, 250 -->
<!-- ^^ magnitude: tense, 250 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>magnitude</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>explicit magnitude</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ magnitude: tense, 250 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>magnitude</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section25-example1" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section25-example1" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-RWEE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c10e25d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter10-section25-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. sanli zu'a nu'i la'u</jbo>
<gloss>lo mitre be li mu</gloss>
<gloss>Frank stands [left] [termset] [quantity]</gloss>
<gloss>a thing-measuring-in-meters the-number 5.</gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/11.xml b/todocbook/11.xml
index dbdf31e..356a190 100644
--- a/todocbook/11.xml
+++ b/todocbook/11.xml
@@ -62,40 +62,40 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei]</jbo>
<en>John desires the event-of being-a-soldier.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We will most often use descriptions containing abstraction either at the end of a bridi, or just before the main selbri with its
<quote>cu</quote>; in either of these circumstances,
<quote>kei</quote> can normally be elided.</para>
<para>The place structure of an abstraction selbri depends on the particular abstractor, and will be explained individually in the following sections.</para>
<para>Note: In glosses of bridi within abstractions, the grammatical form used in the English changes. Thus, in the gloss of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1-example2" />we see
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1-example2" /> we see
<quote>my going-to the store</quote> rather than
<quote>I go-to the store</quote>; likewise, in the glosses of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1-example3" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1-example4" />we see
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1-example3" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1-example4" /> we see
<quote>being-a-soldier</quote> rather than
<quote>is-a-soldier</quote>. This procedure reflects the desire for more understandable glosses, and does not indicate any change in the Lojban form. A bridi is a bridi, and undergoes no change when it is used as part of an abstraction selbri.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section2">
<title>Event abstraction</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>nu</cmavo>
<selmaho>NU</selmaho>
<description>event abstractor</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The examples in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1" />made use of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1" /> made use of
<quote>nu</quote> as the abstractor, and it is certainly the most common abstractor in Lojban text. Its purpose is to capture the event or state of the bridi considered as a whole. Do not confuse the
<!-- ^^ common abstractor, 256 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>common abstractor</primary></indexterm>
<quote>le</quote> description built on a
<quote>nu</quote> abstraction with ordinary descriptions based on
<quote>le</quote> alone. The following sumti are quite distinct:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-TPFz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section2-example1" />
@@ -123,24 +123,24 @@
<!-- ^^ ve klama, 193; contrasted with pluta, 193 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ve klama</primary></indexterm>
<en>the route</en>
<jbo>le xe klama</jbo>
<en>the means of transportation</en>
<jbo>le nu klama</jbo>
<en>the event of someone coming to somewhere from somewhere by some route using some means</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example1" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example5" />are descriptions that isolate the five individual sumti places of the selbri
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example1" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example5" /> are descriptions that isolate the five individual sumti places of the selbri
<quote>klama</quote>.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example6" />describes something associated with the bridi as a whole: the event of it.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example6" /> describes something associated with the bridi as a whole: the event of it.</para>
<para>In Lojban, the term
<quote>event</quote> is divorced from its ordinary English sense of something that happens over a short period of time. The description:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-mxAt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section2-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu mi vasxu</jbo>
<en>the event-of my breathing</en>
@@ -162,22 +162,22 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is relatively brief by comparison (again, under normal circumstances).</para>
<!-- ^^ normal circumstances, 256 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>normal circumstances</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ comparison: claims related to based on form, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>comparison</primary></indexterm>
<para>We can see from
<!-- ^^ can see: example, 244 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>can see</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example6" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example8" />that ellipsis of sumti is valid in the bridi of abstraction selbri, just as in the main bridi of a sentence. Any sumti may be ellipsized if the listener will be able to figure out from context what the proper value of it is, or else to recognize that the proper value is unimportant. It is extremely common for
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example6" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example8" /> that ellipsis of sumti is valid in the bridi of abstraction selbri, just as in the main bridi of a sentence. Any sumti may be ellipsized if the listener will be able to figure out from context what the proper value of it is, or else to recognize that the proper value is unimportant. It is extremely common for
<!-- ^^ ellipsis: quick-tour version, 14 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>
<quote>nu</quote> abstractions in descriptions to have the x1 place ellipsized:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-FRoP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section2-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le nu limna</jbo>
@@ -190,21 +190,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section2-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci le nu mi limna</jbo>
<en>I like the event-of I swim.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In the proper context, of course,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example9" />could refer to the event of somebody else swimming. Its English equivalent,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example9" /> could refer to the event of somebody else swimming. Its English equivalent,
<quote>I like swimming</quote>, can't be interpreted as
<quote>I like Frank's swimming</quote>; this is a fundamental distinction between English and Lojban. In Lojban, an omitted sumti can mean whatever the context indicates that it should mean.</para>
<para>Note that the lack of an explicit NU cmavo in a sumti can sometimes hide an implicit abstraction. In the context of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2-example10" />, the appearance of
<quote>le se nelci</quote>(
<quote>that which is liked</quote>) is in effect an abstraction:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-sMsx">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e2d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section2-example11" />
@@ -373,22 +373,22 @@
<jbo>le za'i mi jmive cu ckape do</jbo>
<!-- ^^ za'i, 257, 258, 268; place structure, 259 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>za'i</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>The state-of (I am-alive) is-dangerous-to you.</gloss>
<en>My being alive is dangerous to you.</en>
<!-- ^^ being alive: example, 258 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>being alive</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The abstractors in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section3-example1" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section3-example4" />could all have been replaced by
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section3-example1" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section3-example4" /> could all have been replaced by
<quote>nu</quote>, with some loss of precision. Note that Lojban allows every sort of event to be viewed in any of these four ways:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>the
<quote>state of running</quote> begins when the runner starts and ends when the runner stops;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the
<quote>activity of running</quote> consists of the cycle
<quote>lift leg, step forward, drop leg, lift other leg...</quote>(each such cycle is a process, but the activity consists in the repetition of the cycle);</para>
@@ -528,22 +528,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section4-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka do xunre [kei] cu cnino mi</jbo>
<gloss>The property-of your being-red is-new to me.</gloss>
<en>Your redness is new to me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It would be suitable to use
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example3" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example4" />to someone who has returned from the beach with a sunburn.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example3" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example4" /> to someone who has returned from the beach with a sunburn.</para>
<!-- ^^ sunburn: example, 259 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sunburn</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ beach: example, 259 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>beach</primary></indexterm>
<para>There are several different properties that can be extracted from a bridi, depending on which place of the bridi is
<quote>understood</quote> as being specified externally. Thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-H71J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section4-example5" />
@@ -558,63 +558,63 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section4-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ka [zo'e] prami mi [kei]</jbo>
<en>a-property-of something-unspecified loving me</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In particular, sentences like
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example7" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example8" />are quite different in meaning:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example7" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example8" /> are quite different in meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-HWEj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section4-example7" />
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section4-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka mi prami</jbo>
<gloss>John exceeds George in-the property-of (I love X)</gloss>
<en>I love John more than I love George.</en>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka prami mi</jbo>
<gloss>John exceeds George in the property of (X loves me).</gloss>
<en>John loves me more than George loves me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
<quote>X</quote> used in the glosses of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example7" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example8" />as a place-holder cannot be represented only by ellipsis in Lojban, because ellipsis means that there must be a specific value that can fill the ellipsis, as mentioned in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example7" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example8" /> as a place-holder cannot be represented only by ellipsis in Lojban, because ellipsis means that there must be a specific value that can fill the ellipsis, as mentioned in
<!-- ^^ ellipsis: quick-tour version, 14 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section2" />. Instead, the cmavo
<quote>ce'u</quote> of selma'o KOhA is employed when an explicit sumti is wanted. (The form
<quote>X</quote> will be used in literal translations.)</para>
<para>Therefore, an explicit equivalent of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example7" />, with no ellipsis, is:</para>
<!-- ^^ ellipsis: quick-tour version, 14 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-8DD8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section4-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka mi prami ce'u</jbo>
<en>John exceeds George in-the property-of (I love X).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example8" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section4-example8" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JKBQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e4d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section4-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu zmadu la djordj. le ka ce'u prami mi</jbo>
<en>John exceeds George in-the property-of (X loves me).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -775,39 +775,39 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section5-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le pixra cu cenba le ni ce'u blanu [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>The picture varies in-the amount-of (X is blue).</gloss>
<gloss>The picture varies in how blue it is.</gloss>
<en>The picture varies in blueness.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section5-example4" />conveys that the blueness comes and goes, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section5-example5" />conveys that its quantity changes over time.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section5-example4" /> conveys that the blueness comes and goes, whereas
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section5-example5" /> conveys that its quantity changes over time.</para>
<para>Whenever we talk of measurement of an amount, there is some sort of scale, and so the place structure of
<quote>ni</quote> abstraction selbri is:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ni: x1 is the amount of (the bridi) on scale x2
</programlisting>
<para>Note: the best way to express the x2 places of abstract sumti is to use something like
<quote>le ni ... kei be</quote>. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section9-example5" />for the use of this construction.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section9-example5" /> for the use of this construction.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section6">
<title>Truth-value abstraction:
<!-- ^^ value abstraction, 262 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>value abstraction</primary></indexterm>
<quote>jei</quote></title>
<para>The
<quote>blueness of the picture</quote> discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section5" />refers to the measurable amount of blue pigment (or other source of blueness), not to the degree of truth of the claim that blueness is present. That abstraction is expressed in Lojban using
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section5" /> refers to the measurable amount of blue pigment (or other source of blueness), not to the degree of truth of the claim that blueness is present. That abstraction is expressed in Lojban using
<quote>jei</quote>, which is closely related semantically to
<quote>ni</quote>. In the simplest cases,
<quote>le jei</quote> produces not a number but a truth value:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KuTE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e6d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section6-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jei li re su'i re du li vo [kei]</jbo>
@@ -839,21 +839,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba jdice le jei</jbo>
<gloss>la djordj. cu zekri gasnu [kei]</gloss>
<gloss>I [future] decide the truth-value of</gloss>
<gloss>(George being-a-(crime doer)).</gloss>
<en>I will decide whether George is a criminal.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section6-example3" />does not imply that George is, or is not, definitely a criminal. Depending on the legal system I am using, I may make some intermediate decision. As a result,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section6-example3" /> does not imply that George is, or is not, definitely a criminal. Depending on the legal system I am using, I may make some intermediate decision. As a result,
<!-- ^^ legal system, 262 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>legal system</primary></indexterm>
<quote>jei</quote> requires an x2 place analogous to that of
<quote>ni</quote>:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
jei: x1 is the truth value of (the bridi) under epistemology x2
</programlisting>
<para>Abstractions using
<quote>jei</quote> are the mechanism for fuzzy logic in Lojban; the
<quote>jei</quote> abstraction refers to a number between 0 and 1 inclusive (as distinct from
@@ -894,65 +894,65 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section7-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le nu la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<en>I know the event of Frank being a fool.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Not quite right. Events are actually or potentially physical, and can't be contained inside one's mind, except for events of thinking, feeling, and the like;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example2" />comes close to claiming that Frank's being-a-fool is purely a mental activity on the part of the speaker. (In fact,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example2" /> comes close to claiming that Frank's being-a-fool is purely a mental activity on the part of the speaker. (In fact,
<!-- ^^ mental activity, 263 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mental activity</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example2" />is an instance of improperly marked
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example2" /> is an instance of improperly marked
<quote>sumti raising</quote>, a concept discussed further in
<!-- ^^ sumti raising, 266 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sumti raising</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10" />).</para>
<para>Try again:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-oCgP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section7-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le jei la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<en>I know the truth-value of Frank being a fool.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Closer.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example3" />says that I know whether or not Frank is a fool, but doesn't say that he is one, as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example3" /> says that I know whether or not Frank is a fool, but doesn't say that he is one, as
<!-- ^^ Frank is a fool: example, 263 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example1" />does. To catch that nuance, we must say:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example1" /> does. To catch that nuance, we must say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-6p1K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section7-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<en>I know the predication that Frank is a fool.</en>
<!-- ^^ Frank is a fool: example, 263 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Now we have it. Note that the implied assertion
<quote>Frank is a fool</quote> is not a property of
<!-- ^^ Frank is a fool: example, 263 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary></indexterm>
<quote>le du'u</quote> abstraction, but of
<quote>djuno</quote>; we can only know what is in fact true. (As a result,
<quote>djuno</quote> like
<quote>jei</quote> has a place for epistemology, which specifies how we know.)
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example5" />has no such implied assertion:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example5" /> has no such implied assertion:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-eYiD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section7-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi kucli le du'u la frank. cu bebna [kei]</jbo>
<en>I am curious about whether Frank is a fool.</en>
<!-- ^^ Frank is a fool: example, 263 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Frank is a fool</primary></indexterm>
@@ -991,42 +991,42 @@
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section7-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cusku le se du'u la djordj. klama le zarci [kei]</jbo>
<gloss>John expresses the sentence-expressing-that George goes-to the store</gloss>
<en>John says that George goes to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example7" />differs from</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example7" /> differs from</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-AX2I">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e7d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section7-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan cusku lu la djordj. klama le zarci li'u</jbo>
<gloss>John expresses, quote, George goes to the store, unquote.</gloss>
<en>John says
<quote>George goes to the store</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example8" />claims that John actually said the quoted words, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example7" />claims only that he said some words or other which were to the same purpose.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example8" /> claims that John actually said the quoted words, whereas
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section7-example7" /> claims only that he said some words or other which were to the same purpose.</para>
<para>
<quote>le se du'u</quote> is much the same as
<quote>lu'e le du'u</quote>, a symbol for the predication, but
<quote>se du'u</quote> can be used as a selbri, whereas
<quote>lu'e</quote> is ungrammatical in a selbri. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />for a discussion of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" /> for a discussion of
<quote>lu'e</quote>.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section8">
<title>Indirect questions</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>kau</cmavo>
<!-- ^^ kau, 264, 323; ma kau, contrasted with la djan. kau, 264 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1057,37 +1057,37 @@
<jbo>I know who went to the store.</jbo>
<!-- ^^ know who: contrasted with know that, 264; example, 264 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>know who</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This form is called an
<quote>indirect question</quote> in English because the embedded English sentence is a question:
<!-- ^^ indirect question, 323 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indirect question</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Who went to the store?</quote> A person who says
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section8-example2" />is claiming to know the answer to this question. Indirect questions can occur with many other English verbs as well: I can wonder, or doubt, or see, or hear, as well as know who went to the store.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section8-example2" /> is claiming to know the answer to this question. Indirect questions can occur with many other English verbs as well: I can wonder, or doubt, or see, or hear, as well as know who went to the store.</para>
<!-- ^^ verbs: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>verbs</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ know who: contrasted with know that, 264; example, 264 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>know who</primary></indexterm>
<para>To express indirect questions in Lojban, we use a
<!-- ^^ indirect questions, 264; "ma kau" contrasted with "la djan. kau", 264 -->
<!-- ^^ kau, 264, 323; ma kau, contrasted with la djan. kau, 264 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indirect questions</primary></indexterm>
<quote>le du'u</quote> abstraction, but rather than using a question word like
<quote>who</quote>(
<quote>ma</quote> in Lojban), we use any word that will fit grammatically and mark it with the suffix particle
<quote>kau</quote>. This cmavo belongs to selma'o UI, so grammatically it can appear anywhere. The simplest Lojban translation of
<!-- ^^ kau, 264, 323; ma kau, contrasted with la djan. kau, 264 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>kau</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section8-example2" />is therefore:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section8-example2" /> is therefore:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-QUxG">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e8d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section8-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi djuno le du'u</jbo>
<gloss>makau pu klama le zarci</gloss>
<gloss>I know the predication-of</gloss>
<en>X [indirect question] [past] going to the store.</en>
@@ -1196,21 +1196,21 @@
<gloss>I [future] observe the predication-of/fact-that</gloss>
<gloss>John [connective indirect question] George</gloss>
<!-- ^^ indirect question, 323 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indirect question</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>is-at the park.</gloss>
<gloss>I will see whether John or George (or both)</gloss>
<en>is at the park.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In addition,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section8-example7" />is only a loose paraphrase of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section8-example7" /> is only a loose paraphrase of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section8-example3" />, because it is left to the listener's insight to realize that what is known about the goer-to-the-store is his identity rather than some other of his attributes.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section9">
<title>Minor abstraction types</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>li'i</cmavo>
<!-- ^^ li'i, 265 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>li'i</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1418,79 +1418,79 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section10-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I try the door.</jbo>
<!-- ^^ try the door: example, 266 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>try the door</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where it is understood that what I try is actually not the door itself, but the act of opening it. The same simplification can be done in Lojban, but it must be marked explicitly using a cmavo. The relevant cmavo is
<quote>tu'a</quote>, which belongs to selma'o LAhE. The Lojban equivalent of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example3" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example3" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gabC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section10-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci tu'a le vorme</jbo>
<en>I try some-action-to-do-with the door.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The term
<quote>sumti-raising</quote>, as in the title of this section, signifies that a sumti which logically belongs within an abstraction (or even within an abstraction which is itself inside an intermediate abstraction) is
<!-- ^^ intermediate abstraction, 267 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>intermediate abstraction</primary></indexterm>
<quote>raised</quote> to the main bridi level. This transformation from
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example2" />to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example4" />loses information: nothing except convention tells us what the abstraction was.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example2" /> to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example4" /> loses information: nothing except convention tells us what the abstraction was.</para>
<para>Using
<quote>tu'a</quote> is a kind of laziness: it makes speaking easier at the possible expense of clarity for the listener. The speaker must be prepared for the listener to respond something like:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-mKBy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section10-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a le vorme lu'u ki'a</jbo>
<!-- ^^ lu'u, 133, 267; as elidable terminator for qualified sumti, 133 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm>
<en>something-to-do-with the door [terminator] [confusion!]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which indicates that
<quote>tu'a le vorme</quote> cannot be understood. (The terminator for
<quote>tu'a</quote> is
<quote>lu'u</quote>, and is used in
<!-- ^^ lu'u, 133, 267; as elidable terminator for qualified sumti, 133 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example5" />to make clear just what is being questioned: the sumti-raising, rather than the word
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example5" /> to make clear just what is being questioned: the sumti-raising, rather than the word
<quote>vorme</quote> as such.) An example of a confusing raised sumti might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-9S5B">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section10-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a la djan. cu cafne</jbo>
<en>something-to-do-with John frequently-occurs</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This must mean that something which John does, or which happens to John, occurs frequently: but without more context there is no way to figure out what. Note that without the
<quote>tu'a</quote>,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example6" />would mean that John considered as an event frequently occurs - in other words, that John has some sort of on-and-off existence! Normally we do not think of people as events in English, but the x1 place of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example6" /> would mean that John considered as an event frequently occurs - in other words, that John has some sort of on-and-off existence! Normally we do not think of people as events in English, but the x1 place of
<quote>cafne</quote> is an event, and if something that does not seem to be an event is put there, the Lojbanic listener will attempt to construe it as one. (Of course, this analysis assumes that
<quote>djan.</quote> is the name of a person, and not the name of some event.)</para>
<para>Logically, a counterpart of some sort is needed to
<quote>tu'a</quote> which transposes an abstract sumti into a concrete one. This is achieved at the selbri level by the cmavo
<quote>jai</quote>(of selma'o JAI). This cmavo has more than one function, discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />; for the purposes of this chapter, it operates as a conversion of selbri, similarly to the cmavo of selma'o SE. This conversion changes</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-jAdY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section10-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'a mi rinka</jbo>
<gloss>le nu do morsi</gloss>
<gloss>something-to-do-with me causes</gloss>
@@ -1506,23 +1506,23 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jai rinka le nu do morsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-associated-with causing the event-of your death.</gloss>
<en>I cause your death.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In English, the subject of
<quote>cause</quote> can either be the actual cause (an event), or else the agent of the cause (a person, typically); not so in Lojban, where the x1 of
<quote>rinka</quote> is always an event.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example7" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example8" />look equally convenient (or inconvenient), but in making descriptions,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example8" />can be altered to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example7" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example8" /> look equally convenient (or inconvenient), but in making descriptions,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section10-example8" /> can be altered to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Jt1n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e10d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section10-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le jai rinka</jbo>
<gloss>be le nu do morsi</gloss>
<gloss>that-which-is associated-with causing</gloss>
<gloss>(the event-of your death)</gloss>
@@ -1547,21 +1547,21 @@
<gloss>that-which-is agent-in causing</gloss>
<en>(the event-of your death)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section11">
<title>Event-type abstractors and event contour tenses</title>
<para>This section is a logical continuation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section3" />.</para>
<para>There exists a relationship between the four types of events explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section3" />and the event contour tense cmavo of selma'o ZAhO. The specific cmavo of NU and of ZAhO are mutually interdefining; the ZAhO contours were chosen to fit the needs of the NU event types and vice versa. Event contours are explained in full in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section3" /> and the event contour tense cmavo of selma'o ZAhO. The specific cmavo of NU and of ZAhO are mutually interdefining; the ZAhO contours were chosen to fit the needs of the NU event types and vice versa. Event contours are explained in full in
<!-- ^^ event types: described, 258 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>event types</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />, and only summarized here.</para>
<para>The purpose of ZAhO cmavo is to represent the natural portions of an event, such as the beginning, the middle, and the end. They fall into several groups:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>pu'o</quote>,
<quote>ca'o</quote>, and
<quote>ba'o</quote> represent spans of time: before an event begins, while it is going on, and after it is over, respectively.</para>
@@ -1655,22 +1655,22 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>co'i</primary></indexterm>
<para>Note that the parts of events are themselves events, and may be treated as such. The points in time may be seen as
<quote>mu'e</quote> point-events; the spans of time may constitute processes or activities. Therefore, Lojban allows us to refer to processes within processes, activities within states, and many other complicated abstract things.</para>
<!-- ^^ mu'e, 257, 258; place structure, 259 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mu'e</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter11-section12">
<title>Abstractor connection</title>
<para>An abstractor may be replaced by two or more abstractors joined by logical or non-logical connectives. Connectives are explained in detail in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. The connection can be expanded to one between two bridi which differ only in abstraction marker.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section12-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section12-example2" />are equivalent in meaning:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section12-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section12-example2" /> are equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-hybU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c11e12d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section12-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c11e12d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter11-section12-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka la frank. ciska cu xlali</jbo>
<gloss>.ije le ni la frank. ciska cu xlali</gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/12.xml b/todocbook/12.xml
index 8f825f0..f724651 100644
--- a/todocbook/12.xml
+++ b/todocbook/12.xml
@@ -174,21 +174,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la blabi zdani cu gerku be fa la spot. bei la sankt. berNARD. be'o</jbo>
<gloss>zdani la bil. klinton.</gloss>
<gloss>The White House is-a-dog (namely Spot of-breed Saint Bernard)</gloss>
<en>type-of-house-for Bill Clinton.</en>
<!-- ^^ Bill Clinton: example, 275 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Bill Clinton</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Not the most elegant sentence ever written in either Lojban or English. Yet if there is any relation at all between Spot and the White House,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section2-example3" />is arguably true. If we concentrate on just one type of relation in interpreting the tanru
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section2-example3" /> is arguably true. If we concentrate on just one type of relation in interpreting the tanru
<quote>gerku zdani</quote>, then the meaning of
<quote>gerku zdani</quote> changes. So if we understand
<quote>gerku zdani</quote> as having the same meaning as the English word
<quote>doghouse</quote>, the White House would no longer be a
<quote>gerku zdani</quote> with respect to Spot, because as far as we know Spot does not actually live in the White House, and the White House is not a doghouse (derogatory terms for incumbents notwithstanding).</para>
<!-- ^^ derogatory terms, 275 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>derogatory terms</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter12-section3">
<title>The meaning of lujvo</title>
@@ -209,21 +209,21 @@
<quote>le gerku</quote>, the most obvious relation to pick is the very relation named by the tertau,
<quote>zdani</quote>: the relation between a home and its dweller. As a result, the object which fills the first place of
<quote>gerku</quote>(the dog) also fills the second place of
<quote>zdani</quote>(the house-dweller).</para>
<para>The seltau-tertau relationship in the veljvo is expressed by the seltau or tertau predicate itself. Therefore, at least one of the seltau places is going to be equivalent to a tertau place. This place is thus redundant, and can be dropped from the place structure of the lujvo. As a corollary, the precise relationship between the veljvo components can be implicitly determined by finding one or more places to overlap in this way.</para>
<para>So what is the place structure of
<quote>gerzda</quote>? We're left with three places, since the dweller, the
<quote>se zdani</quote>, turned out to be identical to the dog, the
<quote>gerku</quote>. We can proceed as follows:</para>
<para>(The notation introduced casually in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section2" />will be useful in the rest of this chapter. Rather than using the regular x1, x2, etc. to represent places, we'll use the first letter of the relevant gismu in place of the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section2" /> will be useful in the rest of this chapter. Rather than using the regular x1, x2, etc. to represent places, we'll use the first letter of the relevant gismu in place of the
<quote>x</quote>, or more than one letter where necessary to resolve ambiguities. Thus, z1 is the first place of
<quote>zdani</quote>, and g2 is the second place of
<quote>gerku</quote>.)</para>
<para>The place structure of
<quote>zdani</quote> is given as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section2-example1" />, but is repeated here using the new notation:</para>
<!-- ^^ new notation, 276 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>new notation</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-95t5">
<title>
@@ -686,21 +686,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>This is a prayer to Dong</jbo>
<!-- ^^ Dong: example, 281 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Dong</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We could resolve such problems on a case-by-case basis for each lujvo (
<!-- ^^ basis: example, 317 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>basis</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section14" />discusses when this is actually necessary), but case-by-case resolution for run-of-the-mill lujvo makes the task of learning lujvo place structures unmanageable. People need consistent patterns to make sense of what they learn. Such patterns can be found across gismu place structures (see
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section14" /> discusses when this is actually necessary), but case-by-case resolution for run-of-the-mill lujvo makes the task of learning lujvo place structures unmanageable. People need consistent patterns to make sense of what they learn. Such patterns can be found across gismu place structures (see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section16" />), and are even more necessary in lujvo place structures. Case-by-case consideration is still necessary; lujvo creation is a subtle art, after all. But it is helpful to take advantage of any available regularities.</para>
<!-- ^^ lujvo creation: interaction of KE with NAhE, 286; interaction of KE with SE, 286; use of multiple SE in, 286 -->
<!-- ^^ multiple SE: effect of ordering, 194 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>multiple SE</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>lujvo creation</primary></indexterm>
<para>We use two different ordering rules: one for symmetrical lujvo and one for asymmetrical ones. A symmetrical lujvo like
<quote>balsoi</quote>(from
<xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section5" />) has the places of its tertau followed by whatever places of the seltau survive the elimination process. For
<!-- ^^ elimination process, 282 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>elimination process</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1089,21 +1089,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter12-section11-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[ke] zekri nenri [ke'e] klama</jbo>
<en>(crime inside) go</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>doesn't make much sense. (To go to the inside of a crime? To go into a place where it is criminal to be inside - an interpretation almost identical with
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section11-example3" />anyway?)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section11-example3" /> anyway?)</para>
<para>There are cases, however, where omitting a KE or KEhE rafsi can produce another lujvo, equally useful. For example,
<quote>xaskemcakcurnu</quote> means
<quote>oceanic shellfish</quote>, and has the veljvo</para>
<!-- ^^ shellfish, 285; example, 285 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>shellfish</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-0W5t">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e11d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter12-section11-example5" />
</title>
@@ -1624,21 +1624,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-qW3w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter12-section14-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>s1 is a text expressed by s2 to audience s3 in medium s4</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Now it is easy to see that the l2 and s2 places are equivalent: the believer in the religion (l2) is the one who expresses the prayer (s2). This is not one of the cases for which a place ordering rule has been given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section7" />or
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section7" /> or
<xref linkend="cll_chapter12-section13" />; therefore, for lack of a better rule, we put the tertau places first and the remaining seltau places after them, leading to the place structure:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-41dc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c12e14d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter12-section14-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>s1 is a prayer expressed by s2=l2 to audience s3 in medium s4</jbo>
<en>pertaining to religion l1</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1940,21 +1940,21 @@
<quote>klamau</quote>: z1, more than z2, goes to k2 from k3 via k4 by means of k5</gloss>
<gloss>
<quote>selklamau</quote>: z1, more than z2, is gone to by k1 from k3 via k4</gloss>
<gloss>by means of k5</gloss>
<gloss>
<quote>terklamau</quote>: z1, more than z2, is an origin point from destination k2</gloss>
<en>for k1's going via k4 by means of k5</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />for the way in which this problem is resolved when lujvo aren't used.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter11" /> for the way in which this problem is resolved when lujvo aren't used.)</para>
<para>The ordering rule places the things being compared first, and the other seltau places following. Unfortunately the z4 place, which expresses by how much one entity exceeds the other, is displaced into a lujvo place whose number is different for each lujvo. For example, while
<quote>nelcymau</quote> has z4 as its fourth place,
<quote>klamau</quote> has it as its sixth place. In any sentence where a difficulty arises, this amount-place can be redundantly tagged with
<quote>vemau</quote>(for
<quote>zmadu</quote>) or
<quote>veme'a</quote>(for
<quote>mleca</quote>) to help make the speaker's intention clear.</para>
<para>It is important to realize that such comparative lujvo do not presuppose their seltau. Just as in English, saying someone is younger than someone else doesn't imply that they're young in the first place: an octogenarian, after all, is still younger than a nonagenarian. Rather, the 80-year-old has a greater
<!-- ^^ younger: example, 292 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>younger</primary></indexterm>
diff --git a/todocbook/13.xml b/todocbook/13.xml
index ce13bb4..d726986 100644
--- a/todocbook/13.xml
+++ b/todocbook/13.xml
@@ -83,21 +83,21 @@
<quote>.io</quote>,
<quote>.iu</quote>,
<quote>.ua</quote>,
<quote>.ue</quote>,
<!-- ^^ ue, 297 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ue</primary></indexterm>
<quote>.ui</quote>,
<quote>.uo</quote>, and
<quote>.uu</quote>). Note that each of these cmavo has a period before it, marking the pause that is mandatory before every word beginning with a vowel. Attitudinals, like most of the other kinds of indicators described in this chapter, belong to selma'o UI.</para>
<para>Attitudinals can also be compound cmavo, of the types explained in Sections 4-8;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section1-example6" />illustrates one such possibility, the compound attitudinal
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section1-example6" /> illustrates one such possibility, the compound attitudinal
<quote>.ianai</quote>. In attitudinals,
<!-- ^^ ianai, 297, 303, 319 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ianai</primary></indexterm>
<quote>-nai</quote> indicates polar negation: the opposite of the simple attitudinal without the
<quote>-nai</quote>. Thus, as you might suppose,
<quote>.ia</quote> expresses belief, since
<quote>.ianai</quote> expresses disbelief.</para>
<!-- ^^ ianai, 297, 303, 319 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ianai</primary></indexterm>
<para>In addition to the attitudinals, there are other classes of indicators: intensity markers, emotion categories, attitudinal modifiers, observationals, and discursives. All of them are grammatically equivalent, which is why they are treated together in this chapter.</para>
@@ -232,23 +232,23 @@
<jbo>.uecu'i la djan. klama</jbo>
<en>[Ho hum.] John comes.</en>
<jbo>.uenai la djan. klama</jbo>
<en>[Expected!] John comes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example9" />, John's coming has been anticipated by the speaker. In
<!-- ^^ anticipated: example, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>anticipated</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example8" />, no such anticipation has been made, but in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example8" />the lack-of-anticipation goes no further - in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example8" /> the lack-of-anticipation goes no further - in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example7" />, it amounts to actual surprise.</para>
<para>It is not possible to firmly distinguish the pure emotion words beginning with
<quote>o</quote> or
<quote>i</quote> from those beginning with
<quote>u</quote>, but in general they represent more complex, more ambivalent, or more difficult emotions.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.o'a pride modesty shame
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
.o'e closeness detachment distance
.oi complaint/pain doing OK pleasure
@@ -312,33 +312,33 @@
<!-- ^^ o'ecu'i: example, 300 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>o'ecu'i</primary></indexterm>
<en>[Detachment!] John is coming.</en>
<jbo>.o'u la djan. klama</jbo>
<!-- ^^ o'u: example, 300 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>o'u</primary></indexterm>
<en>[Phew!] John is coming.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example13" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example13" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example14" />, John's arrival is no problem: in the former example, the speaker feels emotional distance from the situation; in the latter example, John's coming is actually a relief of some kind.</para>
<para>The pure emotion indicators beginning with
<quote>i</quote> are those which could not be fitted into the
<quote>u</quote> or
<quote>o</quote> groups because there was a lack of room, so they are a mixed lot.
<quote>.ia</quote>,
<quote>.i'a</quote>,
<quote>.ie</quote>, and
<quote>.i'e</quote> do not appear here, as they belong in
<!-- ^^ i'e, 304 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>i'e</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3" />instead.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3" /> instead.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ii fear nervousness security
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
.i'i togetherness privacy
.io respect disrespect
.i'o appreciation envy
.iu love no love lost hatred
.i'u familiarity mystery
</programlisting>
<para>Here are some examples:</para>
@@ -357,41 +357,41 @@
<en>Eek! A mouse!</en>
<jbo>la djan. .iu klama</jbo>
<en>John [love!] is coming.</en>
<jbo>la djan. .ionai klama</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ionai, 301 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ionai</primary></indexterm>
<en>John [disrespect!] is coming.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example15" />shows an attitude-colored observative; the attitudinal modifies the situation described by the observative, namely the mouse that is causing the emotion. Lojban-speaking toddlers, if there ever are any, will probably use sentences like
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example15" /> shows an attitude-colored observative; the attitudinal modifies the situation described by the observative, namely the mouse that is causing the emotion. Lojban-speaking toddlers, if there ever are any, will probably use sentences like
<!-- ^^ observative: contrasted with observation evidential, 316; definition, 188 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observative</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example15" />a lot.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example15" /> a lot.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example16" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example17" />use attitudinals that follow
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example16" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example17" /> use attitudinals that follow
<quote>la djan.</quote> rather than being at the beginning of the sentence. This form means that the attitude is attached to John rather than the event of his coming; the speaker loves or disrespects John specifically. Compare:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-09oC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e2d18" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter13-section2-example18" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama .iu</jbo>
<en>John is-coming [love!]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where it is specifically the coming of John that inspires the feeling.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example17" />is a compact way of swearing at John: you could translate it as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2-example17" /> is a compact way of swearing at John: you could translate it as
<quote>That good-for-nothing John is coming.</quote></para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section3">
<title>Propositional attitude indicators</title>
<para>As mentioned at the beginning of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2" />, attitudinals may be divided into two groups, the pure emotion indicators explained in that section, and a contrasting group which may be called the
<quote>propositional attitude indicators</quote>. These indicators establish an internal, hypothetical world which the speaker is reacting to, distinct from the world as it really is. Thus we may be expressing our attitude towards
<!-- ^^ hypothetical world, 301; contrasted with real world, example, 320 -->
<!-- ^^ real world: contrasted with hypothetical world, example, 320 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>real world</primary></indexterm>
@@ -606,27 +606,27 @@
<jbo>.i'enai do .i'e zukte</jbo>
<!-- ^^ i'enai, 304 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>i'enai</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ i'e, 304 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>i'e</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>[disapproval] you [approval] act</gloss>
<en>I don't approve of what you did, but I approve of you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3-example16" />illustrates the use of a propositional attitude indicator,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3-example16" /> illustrates the use of a propositional attitude indicator,
<quote>i'e</quote>, in both the usual sense (at the beginning of the bridi) and as a pure emotion (attached to
<!-- ^^ i'e, 304 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>i'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>do</quote>). The event expressed by the main bridi is disapproved of by the speaker, but the referent of the sumti in the x1 place (namely the listener) is approved of.</para>
<para>To indicate that an attitudinal discussed in this section is not meant to indicate a propositional attitude, the simplest expedient is to split the attitudinal off into a separate sentence. Thus, a version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3-example8" />which actually claimed that the listener was or would be driving the car might be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3-example8" /> which actually claimed that the listener was or would be driving the car might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-96qq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e3d17" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter13-section3-example17" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do sazri le karce .i .e'a</jbo>
<!-- ^^ e'a, 303 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>e'a</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>You drive the car. [Permission].</gloss>
@@ -754,21 +754,21 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section5">
<title>The space of emotions</title>
<para>Each of the attitude scales constitutes an axis in a multi-dimensional space. In effect, given our total so far of 39 scales, we have a 39-dimensional space. At any given time, our emotions and attitudes are represented by a point in this 39-dimensional space, with the intensity indicators serving as coordinates along each dimension. A complete attitudinal inventory, should one decide to express it, would consist of reading off each of the scale values for each of the emotions, with the vector sum serving as a distinct single point, which is our attitude.</para>
<!-- ^^ dimension: meaning as sumti tcita, 233 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dimension</primary></indexterm>
<para>Now no one is going to ever utter a string of 100-odd attitudinals to express their emotions. If asked, we normally do not recognize more than one or two emotions at a time - usually the ones that are strongest or which most recently changed in some significant way. But the scale system provides some useful insights into a possible theory of emotion (which might be testable using Lojban), and incidentally explains how Lojbanists express compound emotions when they do recognize them.</para>
<!-- ^^ compound emotions, 306 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>compound emotions</primary></indexterm>
<para>The existence of 39 scales highlights the complexity of emotion. We also aren't bound to the 39. There are modifiers described in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section6" />that multiply the set of scales by an order of magnitude. You can also have mixed feelings on a scale, which might be expressed by
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section6" /> that multiply the set of scales by an order of magnitude. You can also have mixed feelings on a scale, which might be expressed by
<!-- ^^ magnitude: tense, 250 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>magnitude</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ feelings: expression of contrasted with talking about, 298 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>feelings</primary></indexterm>
<quote>cu'i</quote>, but could also be expressed by using both the
<!-- ^^ cu'i, 299, 305 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>cu'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>positive</quote> and
<quote>negative</quote> scale emotions at once. One expression of
<quote>fortitude</quote> might be
@@ -903,21 +903,21 @@
be'u lack/need presence satiation
<!-- ^^ be'u, 310 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>be'u</primary></indexterm>
need satisfaction
se'a [sevzi] self-sufficiency dependency
<!-- ^^ se'a, 310 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>se'a</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>It turned out that, once we had devised the six emotion categories, we also recognized some other commonalities among emotions. These tended to fit nicely on scales of their own, but generally tend not to be thought of as separate emotions. Some of these are self-explanatory, some need to be placed in context. Some of these tend to go well with only a few of the attitudinals, others go with nearly all of them. To really understand these modifiers, try to use them in combination with one or two of the attitudinals found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section2" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section3" />, and see what emotional pictures you can build:</para>
<!-- ^^ pictures: captions to, 7; credits for, 6 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pictures</primary></indexterm>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>ga'i</quote> expresses the scale used to indicate condescension or polite deference; it is not respect in general, which is
<!-- ^^ ga'i, 308 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ga'i</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ deference: example, 308 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>deference</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ condescension: example, 308 -->
@@ -1045,22 +1045,22 @@
<jbo>.ause'i</jbo>
<gloss>[desire] [self]</gloss>
<en>I want it!</en>
<jbo>.ause'inai</jbo>
<gloss>[desire] [other]</gloss>
<en>I want you to have it!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In both cases, the English
<quote>it</quote> is vague, reflecting the absence of a bridi.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section7-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section7-example6" />are pure expressions of attitude. Analogously,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section7-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section7-example6" /> are pure expressions of attitude. Analogously,
<quote>.uuse'i</quote> is self-pity, whereas
<quote>.uuse'inai</quote> is pity for someone else.</para>
<!-- ^^ uuse'inai, 314 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>uuse'inai</primary></indexterm>
<para>The modifier
<quote>ri'e</quote> indicates emotional release versus emotional control.
<!-- ^^ ri'e, 309 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ri'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I will not let him know how angry I am</quote>, you say to yourself before entering the room. The Lojban is much shorter:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Pwuv">
@@ -1078,21 +1078,21 @@
<para>On the other hand,
<quote>ri'e</quote> can be used by itself to signal an emotional outburst.</para>
<!-- ^^ ri'e, 309 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ri'e</primary></indexterm>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>fu'i</quote> may express a reason for feeling the way we do, as opposed to a feeling in itself; but it is a reason that is more emotionally determined than most. For example, it could show the difference between the mental discomfort mentioned in
<!-- ^^ mental discomfort: example, 307 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mental discomfort</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ fu'i, 309 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'i</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section6" />when it is felt on an easy test, as opposed to on a hard test. When someone gives you a back massage, you could use
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section6" /> when it is felt on an easy test, as opposed to on a hard test. When someone gives you a back massage, you could use
<quote>.o'ufu'i</quote> to show appreciation for the assistance in your comfort.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>be'u</quote> expresses, roughly speaking, whether the emotion it modifies is in response to something you don't have enough of, something you have enough of, or something you have too much of. It is more or less the attitudinal equivalent of the subjective quantifier cmavo
<!-- ^^ be'u, 310 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>be'u</primary></indexterm>
<quote>mo'a</quote>,
<!-- ^^ mo'a, 442, 448 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mo'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>rau</quote>, and
<!-- ^^ rau, 442, 448 -->
@@ -1155,21 +1155,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'ese'anai</jbo>
<gloss>[I can!] [dependent]</gloss>
<en>I can do it if you help me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>from the same child would indicate a (hopefully temporary) loss of self-confidence. It is also possible to negate the
<quote>.e'e</quote> in
<!-- ^^ e'e, 303 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>e'e</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section7-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section7-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section7-example8" />, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-stdV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e7d12" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter13-section7-example12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.e'enaise'a</jbo>
<gloss>[I can't!] [self-sufficient]</gloss>
<en>I can't do it if you insist on
@@ -1355,21 +1355,21 @@
<en>Do you agree?</en>
<jbo>.iare'epei</jbo>
<gloss>[belief] [spiritual] [question]</gloss>
<en>Are you a Believer?</en>
<jbo>.aipei</jbo>
<gloss>[intention] [question]</gloss>
<en>Are you going to do it?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10-example3" />might appear at the end of a command, to which the response</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10-example3" /> might appear at the end of a command, to which the response</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-sKmg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter13-section10-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.aicai</jbo>
<en>[intention] [maximal]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1496,35 +1496,35 @@
<gloss>[Anger!] [start emotion]</gloss>
<en>I'm getting angry!</en>
<jbo>.iu bu'onai .uinai</jbo>
<!-- ^^ bu'onai, 314 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bu'onai</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>[Love!] [end emotion] [unhappiness!]</gloss>
<en>I don't love you any more; I'm sad.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the difference in effect between
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10-example12" />and:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10-example12" /> and:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-6EiY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e10d13" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter13-section10-example13" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca ba'o prami do ja'e le nu mi badri</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] [cessitive] love you with-result the event-of (I am-sad).</gloss>
<en>I no longer love you; therefore, I am sad.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is a straightforward bridi claim.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10-example13" />states that you have (or have had) certain emotions;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10-example12" />expresses those emotions directly.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10-example13" /> states that you have (or have had) certain emotions;
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10-example12" /> expresses those emotions directly.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section11">
<title>Evidentials</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ja'o [jalge] I conclude
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
ca'e I define
<!-- ^^ ca'e, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ca'e</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2185,21 +2185,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-rxfh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c13e12d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter13-section12-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ru</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the equivalent of either
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section12-example5" />or
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section12-example5" /> or
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section12-example6" />.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter13-section13">
<title>Miscellaneous indicators</title>
<para>Some indicators do not fall neatly into the categories of attitudinal, evidential, or discursive. This section discusses the following miscellaneous indicators:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ki'a metalinguistic confusion
<!-- skip cmavo list automation -->
na'i metalinguistic negator
jo'a metalinguistic affirmer
@@ -2335,21 +2335,21 @@
<gloss>I see the blue [figurative] house.</gloss>
<en>I see the
<quote>blue</quote> house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the house is not blue in the sense of color, but in some other sense, whose meaning is entirely culturally dependent. The use of
<quote>pe'a</quote> unambiguously marks a cultural reference:
<!-- ^^ pe'a, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>blanu</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section13-example2" />could mean
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section13-example2" /> could mean
<quote>sad</quote>(as in English) or something completely different.</para>
<para>The negated form,
<quote>pe'anai</quote>, indicates that what has been said is to be interpreted literally, in the usual way for Lojban; natural-language intuition is to be ignored.</para>
<!-- ^^ pe'anai, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'anai</primary></indexterm>
<para>Alone among the cmavo of selma'o UI,
<quote>pe'a</quote> has a rafsi, namely
<!-- ^^ pe'a, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>pev</quote>. This rafsi is used in forming figurative (culturally dependent) lujvo, whose place structure need have nothing to do with the place structure of the components. Thus
@@ -2398,21 +2398,21 @@
<quote>bi'unai</quote> need not be made, as the listener can infer the right referent. However, if a different man were referred to still later in the story,
<!-- ^^ bi'unai, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bi'unai</primary></indexterm>
<quote>le bi'u nanmu</quote> would clearly show that this man was different from the previous one.</para>
<!-- ^^ bi'u, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bi'u</primary></indexterm>
<para>Finally, the indicator
<quote>ge'e</quote> has been discussed in
<!-- ^^ ge'e, 311, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ge'e</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section8" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section8" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section10" />. It is used to express an attitude which is not covered by the existing set, or to avoid expressing any attitude.</para>
<para>Another use for
<quote>ge'e</quote> is to explicitly avoid expressing one's feeling on a given scale; in this use, it functions like a member of selma'o CAI:
<!-- ^^ ge'e, 311, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ge'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>.iige'e</quote> means roughly
<quote>I'm not telling whether I'm afraid or not.</quote></para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
kau indirect question
<!-- ^^ kau, 264, 323; ma kau, contrasted with la djan. kau, 264 -->
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index be5da90..c6bcc0c 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -264,21 +264,21 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>giheks</primary></indexterm>
<para>There also exist giks, joiks, ijoiks, and joigiks, which are not logical connectives, but are other kinds of compound cmavo which will be introduced later.</para>
<!-- ^^ joigiks: connection types, 361; syntax of, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>joigiks</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ giks: syntax of, 340 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>giks</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section4">
<title>Logical connection of bridi</title>
<para>Now we are ready to express
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section1-example1" />in Lojban! The kind of logical connective which is placed between two Lojban bridi to connect them logically is an ijek:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section1-example1" /> in Lojban! The kind of logical connective which is placed between two Lojban bridi to connect them logically is an ijek:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-h2hN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section4-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .ija la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>John is-a-man or James is-a-woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -327,22 +327,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section4-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .inajo la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman.</en>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .ijonai la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>John is a man if-and-only-if James is-not-a-woman</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The meaning of both
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example6" />is the same as that of:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example6" /> is the same as that of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-1Kp9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section4-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John is a man or James is a woman, but not both.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is another example:</para>
@@ -351,31 +351,31 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section4-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. nanmu .ijanai la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-a-man or James is-not-a-woman.</gloss>
<en>John is a man if James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>How's that again? Are those two English sentences in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example8" />really equivalent? In English, no. The Lojban TTFT truth function can be glossed
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example8" /> really equivalent? In English, no. The Lojban TTFT truth function can be glossed
<quote>A if B</quote>, but the
<quote>if</quote> does not quite have its English sense.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example8" />is true so long as John is a man, even if James is not a woman; likewise, it is true just because James is not a woman, regardless of John's gender. This kind of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example8" /> is true so long as John is a man, even if James is not a woman; likewise, it is true just because James is not a woman, regardless of John's gender. This kind of
<quote>if-then</quote> is technically known as a
<quote>material conditional</quote>.</para>
<para>Since James is not a woman (by our assertions in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section1" />), the English sentence
<quote>John is a man if James is a woman</quote> seems to be neither true nor false, since it assumes something which is not true. It turns out to be most convenient to treat this
<quote>if</quote> as TTFT, which on investigation means that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example8" />is true.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example8" /> is true.
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example9" />, however, is equally true:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-EdY5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section4-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. ninmu .ijanai la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>John is a woman if James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -383,21 +383,21 @@
<para>This can be thought of as a principle of consistency, and may be paraphrased as follows:
<!-- ^^ principle of consistency: of logical-if statements, 337 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>principle of consistency</primary></indexterm>
<quote>If a false statement is true, any statement follows from it.</quote> All uses of English
<!-- ^^ false statement: implications of, 337 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>false statement</primary></indexterm>
<quote>if</quote> must be considered very carefully when translating into Lojban to see if they really fit this Lojban mold.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example10" />, which uses the TFTT truth function, is subject to the same rules: the stated gloss of TFTT as
<quote>only if</quote> works naturally only when the right-hand bridi is false; if it is true, the left-hand bridi may be either true or false. The last gloss of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example10" />illustrates the use of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4-example10" /> illustrates the use of
<quote>if ... then</quote> as a more natural substitute for
<!-- ^^ if ... then: compared with only if, 338; logical connectives contrasted with other translations, 339 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>if ... then</primary></indexterm>
<quote>only if</quote>.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-9CCS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e4d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section4-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -434,21 +434,21 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section5">
<title>Forethought bridi connection</title>
<!-- ^^ bridi connection: use of imperatives in, 353; use of truth questions in, 353 -->
<!-- ^^ imperatives: and truth, 353; attitude, 308; English contrasted with Lojban in presence of subject of command, 147; quick-tour version, 22; with ko, 146 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>imperatives</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bridi connection</primary></indexterm>
<para>Many concepts in Lojban are expressible in two different ways, generally referred to as
<quote>afterthought</quote> and
<quote>forethought</quote>.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4" />discussed what is called
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section4" /> discussed what is called
<quote>afterthought bridi logical connection</quote>. The word
<!-- ^^ bridi logical connection: compared with sumti logical connections, 340 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bridi logical connection</primary></indexterm>
<quote>afterthought</quote> is used because the connective cmavo and the second bridi were added, as it were, afterwards and without changing the form of the first bridi. This form might be used by someone who makes a statement and then wishes to add or qualify that statement after it has been completed. Thus,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-dp8V">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section5-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -509,21 +509,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section5-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>(It is true that) both John is a man and James is a woman.</en>
<jbo>gu la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<en>It is true that John is a man, whether or not James is a woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is worth emphasizing that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section5-example5" />does not assert that James is (or is not) a woman. The
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section5-example5" /> does not assert that James is (or is not) a woman. The
<quote>gu</quote> which indicates that
<quote>la djeimyz. ninmu</quote> may be true or false is unfortunately rather remote from the bridi thus affected.</para>
<para>Perhaps the most important of the truth functions commonly expressed in forethought is TFTT, which can be paraphrased as
<quote>if ... then ...</quote>:</para>
<!-- ^^ if ... then: compared with only if, 338; logical connectives contrasted with other translations, 339 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>if ... then</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Xcg1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section5-example6" />
@@ -560,22 +560,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section5-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nu do cidja dunda fi le xarju cu rinka le nu ri ba banro</jbo>
<en>The event-of (you food-give to the pig) causes the event-of (it will grow).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Causality is discussed in far more detail in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section5-example8" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section5-example9" />illustrates a truth function, FTTF, which needs to negate either the first or the second bridi. We already understand how to negate the first bridi:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section5-example8" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section5-example9" /> illustrates a truth function, FTTF, which needs to negate either the first or the second bridi. We already understand how to negate the first bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-I2jU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e5d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section5-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>gonai la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>John is-not-a-man if-and-only-if James is-a-woman,</gloss>
<en>Either John is a man or James is a woman but not both.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -650,21 +650,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e6d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section6-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan .e la .alis. klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>John and Alice go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section6-example2" />means exactly the same thing as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section6-example2" /> means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section6-example1" />: one may be rigorously transformed into the other without any change of logical meaning. This rule is true in general for every different kind of logical connection in Lojban; all of them, with one exception (see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12" />), can always be transformed into a logical connection between sentences that expresses the same truth function.</para>
<para>The afterthought logical connectives between sumti are eks, which contain a connective cmavo of selma'o A. If ijeks were used in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section6-example2" />, the meaning would be changed:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-7KHA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e6d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section6-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -679,21 +679,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e6d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section6-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. .o la .alis. klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>John if-and-only-if Alice goes-to the market.</gloss>
<en>John goes to the market if, and only if, Alice does.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The second line of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section6-example3" />is highly stilted English, but the first line (of which it is a literal translation) is excellent Lojban.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section6-example3" /> is highly stilted English, but the first line (of which it is a literal translation) is excellent Lojban.</para>
<para>What about forethought sumti connection? As is the case for bridi connection, geks are appropriate. They are not the only selma'o of forethought logical-connectives, but are the most commonly used ones.</para>
<!-- ^^ sumti connection: afterthought, 340; forethought, 341 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sumti connection</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ bridi connection: use of imperatives in, 353; use of truth questions in, 353 -->
<!-- ^^ imperatives: and truth, 353; attitude, 308; English contrasted with Lojban in presence of subject of command, 147; quick-tour version, 22; with ko, 146 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>imperatives</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bridi connection</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-YEa4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e6d5" />
@@ -764,29 +764,29 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section7-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dotco .ijo mi ricfu</jbo>
<gloss>.ijo mi nanmu</gloss>
<gloss>I am-German. If-and-only-if I am-rich.</gloss>
<en>If-and-only-if I am-a-man.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>shows that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example3" />does not mean that either I am all three of these things or none of them; instead, an accurate translation would be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example3" /> does not mean that either I am all three of these things or none of them; instead, an accurate translation would be:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
Of the three properties - German-ness, wealth, and manhood - I possess either exactly one or else all three.
</programlisting>
<para>Because of the counterintuitiveness of this outcome, it is safest to avoid
<phrase role="logical-vowel">O</phrase> with more than two sentences. Likewise, the connectives which involve negation also have unexpected truth values when used with more than two sentences.</para>
<para>In fact, no combination of logical connectives can produce the
<quote>all or none</quote> interpretation intended (but not achieved) by
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example3" />without repeating one of the bridi. See
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example3" /> without repeating one of the bridi. See
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example10" />.</para>
<para>There is an additional difficulty with the use of more than two sentences. What is the meaning of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-mLo1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e7d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section7-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .ije mi nelci la martas. .ija mi nelci la meris.</jbo>
<en>I like John. And I like Martha. Or I like Mary.</en>
@@ -806,21 +806,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-dPcI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e7d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section7-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Either I like John and I like Martha, or I like Mary, or both.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example6" />is the correct translation of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example6" /> is the correct translation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example4" />. The reason is that Lojban logical connectives pair off from the left, like many constructs in the language. This rule, called the left-grouping rule, is easy to forget, especially when intuition pulls the other way. Forethought connectives are not subject to this problem:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-487z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e7d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section7-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ga ge mi nelci la djan. gi mi nelci la martas. gi mi nelci la meris.</jbo>
<en>Either (Both I like John and I like Martha) or I like Mary.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -837,44 +837,44 @@
<en>Both I like John and (Either I like Martha or I like Mary).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is not equivalent to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example4" />, but is instead a valid translation into Lojban, using forethought, of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example5" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section8">
<title>Grouping of afterthought connectives</title>
<para>There are several ways in Lojban to render
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example5" />using afterthought only. The simplest method is to make use of the cmavo
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example5" /> using afterthought only. The simplest method is to make use of the cmavo
<quote>bo</quote>(of selma'o BO). This cmavo has several functions in Lojban, but is always associated with high precedence and short scope. In particular, if
<quote>bo</quote> is placed after an ijek, the result is a grammatically distinct kind of ijek which overrides the regular left-grouping rule. Connections marked with
<quote>bo</quote> are interpreted before connections not so marked.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example1" />is equivalent in meaning to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example1" /> is equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example8" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Uu7D">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section8-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .ije mi nelci la martas. .ijabo mi nelci la meris.</jbo>
<en>I like John, and I like Martha or I like Mary.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English translation feebly indicates with a comma what the Lojban marks far more clearly: the
<quote>I like Martha</quote> and
<quote>I like Mary</quote> sentences are joined by
<quote>.ija</quote> first, before the result is joined to
<quote>I like John</quote> by
<quote>.ije</quote>. Eks can have
<quote>bo</quote> attached in exactly the same way, so that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example2" />is equivalent in meaning to Example 8.1:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example2" /> is equivalent in meaning to Example 8.1:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JVhK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section8-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .e la martas. .abo la meris.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Forethought connectives, however, never can be suffixed with
@@ -887,53 +887,53 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-YJeE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section8-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. .ebo la martas. .abo la meris.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Does this wind up meaning the same as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example4" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example4" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example6" />? Not at all. A second rule relating to
<quote>bo</quote> is that where several
<quote>bo</quote>-marked connectives are used in succession, the normal Lojban left-grouping rule is replaced by a right-grouping rule. As a result,
<!-- ^^ right-grouping rule: definition of, 87 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>right-grouping rule</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example3" />in fact means the same as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example3" /> in fact means the same as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example2" />. This rule may be occasionally exploited for special effects, but is tricky to keep straight; in writing intended to be easy to understand, multiple consecutive connectives marked with
<quote>bo</quote> should be avoided.</para>
<para>The use of
<quote>bo</quote>, therefore, gets tricky in complex connections of more than three sentences. Looking back at the English translations of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example8" />, parentheses were used to clarify the grouping. These parentheses have their Lojban equivalents, two sets of them actually.
<quote>tu'e</quote> and
<quote>tu'u</quote> are used with ijeks, and
<quote>ke</quote> and
<quote>ke'e</quote> with eks and other connectives to be discussed later. (
<quote>ke</quote> and
<quote>ke'e</quote> are also used in other roles in the language, but always as grouping markers). Consider the English sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-aqIg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section8-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I kiss you and you kiss me, if I love you and you love me.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the semantics tells us that the instances of
<quote>and</quote> are meant to have higher precedence than that of
<quote>if</quote>. If we wish to express
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example4" />in afterthought, we can say:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example4" /> in afterthought, we can say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-1PSK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section8-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cinba do .ije[bo] do cinba mi .ijanai mi prami do .ijebo do prami mi</jbo>
<en>I kiss you and you kiss me, if I love you and you love me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -949,21 +949,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu'e mi cinba do .ije do cinba mi tu'u</jbo>
<gloss>.ijanai tu'e mi prami do .ije do prami mi [tu'u]</gloss>
<gloss>( I kiss you and you kiss me )</gloss>
<en>if ( I love you and you love me ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> pairs set off the structure. The cmavo
<quote>tu'u</quote> is an elidable terminator, and its second occurrence in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example6" />is bracketed, because all terminators may be elided at the end of a text.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example6" /> is bracketed, because all terminators may be elided at the end of a text.</para>
<para>In addition, parentheses are a general solution: multiple parentheses may be nested inside one another, and additional afterthought material may be added without upsetting the existing structure. Neither of these two advantages apply to
<quote>bo</quote> grouping. In general, afterthought constructions trade generality for simplicity.</para>
<para>Because of the left-grouping rule, the first set of
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> parentheses may actually be left off altogether, producing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-QGBz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section8-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -997,21 +997,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci .e le zdani .a ke le ckule .e le briju [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>I walk-to the market and the house or ( the school and the office ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>If sumti were allowed to begin with
<quote>ke</quote>, unavoidable ambiguities would result, so
<quote>ke</quote> grouping of sumti is allowed only just after a logical connective. This rule does not apply to
<quote>tu'e</quote> grouping of bridi, as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example6" />shows.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example6" /> shows.</para>
<para>Now we have enough facilities to handle the problem of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section7-example3" />:
<quote>I am German, rich, and a man - or else none of these.</quote> The following paraphrase has the correct meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KyHw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e8d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section8-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[tu'e] mi dotco .ijo mi ricfu [tu'u]</jbo>
@@ -1055,21 +1055,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section9-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan.</jbo>
<en>I go-to the market and like John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example2" />indicates, giheks are used in afterthought to create compound bridi;
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example2" /> indicates, giheks are used in afterthought to create compound bridi;
<!-- ^^ giheks: syntax of, 346 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>giheks</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ compound bridi: definition, 344; logical connection of, 344; more than one sumti in common, 345; multiple with bo, 346; multiple with ke...ke'e, 346; one sumti in common, 344; separate tail-terms for bridi-tails, 346; separate tail-terms for forethought-connected bridi-tails, 347 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>compound bridi</primary></indexterm>
<quote>gi'e</quote> is the gihek corresponding to
<quote>and</quote>. The actual phrases
<quote>klama le zarci</quote> and
<quote>nelci la djan.</quote> that the gihek connects are known as
<quote>bridi-tails</quote>, because they represent (in this use) the
<quote>tail end</quote> of a bridi, including the selbri and any following sumti, but excluding any sumti that precede the selbri:</para>
@@ -1093,37 +1093,37 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section9-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta do .ije mi lebna lo rupnu do</jbo>
<en>I give the book to-you, and I take some currency-units from-you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example4" />, the first and last sumti of each bridi are identical; the selbri and the second sumti are different. By moving the final sumti to the beginning, a form analogous to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example2" />can be achieved:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example2" /> can be achieved:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Evo4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section9-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fi do fa mi dunda le cukta gi'e lebna lo rupnu</jbo>
<en>to/from you I give the book and take some currency-units.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the
<quote>fi</quote> does not have an exact English translation because it merely places
<quote>do</quote> in the third place of both
<quote>lebna</quote> and
<quote>dunda</quote>. However, a form that preserves natural sumti order also exists in Lojban. Giheks connect two bridi-tails, but also allow sumti to be added following the bridi-tail. These sumti are known as tail-terms, and apply to both bridi. The straightforward gihek version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example4" />therefore is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example4" /> therefore is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-DYBN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section9-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta gi'e lebna lo rupnu vau do</jbo>
<en>I (give the book) and (take some currency-units) to/from you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1138,33 +1138,33 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section9-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci [vau]</jbo>
<en>I go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has a single elided
<quote>vau</quote>, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example2" />is equivalent to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example2" /> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-RfIR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section9-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci [vau] gi'e nelci la djan. [vau] [vau]</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where the double
<quote>vau</quote> at the end of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example8" />terminates both the right-hand bridi-tail and the unexpressed tail-terms.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example8" /> terminates both the right-hand bridi-tail and the unexpressed tail-terms.</para>
<para>A final use of giheks is to combine bridi-tails used as complete sentences, the Lojban observative:</para>
<!-- ^^ observative: contrasted with observation evidential, 316; definition, 188 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observative</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ giheks: syntax of, 346 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>giheks</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-rvUD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e9d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section9-example9" />
</title>
@@ -1222,41 +1222,41 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section10-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci la djan. gi'e nelci la martas. gi'abo nelci la meris.</jbo>
<en>I like John and ( like Martha or like Mary ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is equivalent in meaning to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example2" />. Likewise,
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> grouping can be used after giheks:</para>
<!-- ^^ giheks: syntax of, 346 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>giheks</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-rH4n">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section10-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dzukla le zarci gi'e dzukla le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>gi'a ke dzukla le ckule gi'e dzukla le briju [ke'e]</gloss>
<gloss>I walk-to the market and walk-to the house,</gloss>
<en>or walk-to the school and walk-to the office.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is the gihek version of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8-example9" />. The same rule about using
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> bracketing only just after a connective applies to bridi-tails as to sumti, so the first two bridi-tails in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section10-example2" />cannot be explicitly grouped; implicit left-grouping suffices to associate them.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section10-example2" /> cannot be explicitly grouped; implicit left-grouping suffices to associate them.</para>
<para>Each of the pairs of bridi-tails joined by multiple giheks can have its own set of tail-terms:</para>
<!-- ^^ giheks: syntax of, 346 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>giheks</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-1asY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section10-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dejni lo rupnu la djan. .inaja mi dunda le cukta la djan.</jbo>
@@ -1270,21 +1270,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section10-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dejni lo rupnu nagi'a dunda gi'abo lebna vau le cukta vau la djan.</jbo>
<en>[If] I owe some currency-units then (give or take) a book to/from John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The literal English translation in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section10-example4" />is almost unintelligible, but the Lojban is perfectly grammatical.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section10-example4" /> is almost unintelligible, but the Lojban is perfectly grammatical.
<quote>mi</quote> fills the x1 place of all three selbri;
<quote>lo rupnu</quote> is the x2 of
<quote>dejni</quote>, whereas
<quote>le cukta</quote> is a tail-term shared between
<quote>dunda</quote> and
<quote>lebna</quote>;
<quote>la djan.</quote> is a tail-term shared by
<quote>dejni</quote> and by
<quote>dunda gi'abo lebna</quote>. In this case, greater clarity is probably achieved by moving
<quote>la djan.</quote> to the beginning of the sentence, as in
@@ -1331,21 +1331,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section10-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na ge klama le zarci gi dzukla le zdani</jbo>
<en>[False!] I both go to the market and walk to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since a pair of sentences joined by geks is the equivalent of a bridi-tail, it may be followed by tail terms. The forethought equivalent of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example6" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9-example6" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-BUsi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e10d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section10-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ge dunda le cukta gi lebna lo rupnu vau do</jbo>
<en>I both ( give the book ) and ( take some currency-units ) to/from you.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1390,21 +1390,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section11-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I go to the market from the office and to the house from the school.</jbo>
<!-- ^^ to the market from the office, 348 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>to the market from the office</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The Lojban version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11-example1" />requires two termsets joined by a logical connective. A
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11-example1" /> requires two termsets joined by a logical connective. A
<quote>term</quote> is either a sumti or a sumti preceded by a tense or modal tag such as
<quote>pu</quote> or
<quote>bai</quote>. Afterthought termsets are formed by linking terms together by inserting the cmavo
<quote>ce'e</quote>(of selma'o CEhE) between each of them. Furthermore, the logical connective (which is a jek) must be prefixed by the cmavo
<quote>pe'e</quote>(of selma'o PEhE). (We could refer to the combination of
<!-- ^^ pe'e, 347 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>pe'e</quote> and a jek as a
<!-- ^^ pe'e, 347 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1463,21 +1463,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le briju .ija do le zarci cu klama le briju</jbo>
<en>I go to-the office, or you to-the market go from-the office.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>So
<quote>le briju</quote> is your origin but my destination, and thus falls in the x2 and x3 places of
<quote>klama</quote> simultaneously! This is legal because even though there is only one selbri,
<quote>klama</quote>, there are two distinct bridi expressed here. In addition,
<quote>mi</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11-example4" />is serving as a termset containing only one term. An analogous paradox applies to compound bridi with tail-terms and unequal numbers of sumti within the connected bridi-tails:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11-example4" /> is serving as a termset containing only one term. An analogous paradox applies to compound bridi with tail-terms and unequal numbers of sumti within the connected bridi-tails:</para>
<!-- ^^ compound bridi: definition, 344; logical connection of, 344; more than one sumti in common, 345; multiple with bo, 346; multiple with ke...ke'e, 346; one sumti in common, 344; separate tail-terms for bridi-tails, 346; separate tail-terms for forethought-connected bridi-tails, 347 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>compound bridi</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-zsiy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e11d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section11-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci gi'e dzukla vau le briju</jbo>
<en>I ( go to-the market and walk ) to/from-the office.</en>
@@ -1502,66 +1502,66 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju</jbo>
<gloss>nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]</gloss>
<gloss>I go [start termset] both to-the market from-the office</gloss>
<en>[joint] and to-the house from-the school [end termset].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that even though two termsets are being connected, only one
<quote>nu'i</quote> is used.</para>
<para>The grammatical uses of termsets that do not contain logical connectives are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12">
<title>Logical connection within tanru</title>
<para>As noted at the beginning of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9" />, there is no logical connective in Lojban that joins selbri and nothing but selbri. However, it is possible to have logical connectives within a selbri, forming a kind of tanru that involves a logical connection. Consider the simple tanru
<quote>blanu zdani</quote>, blue house. Now anything that is a blue ball, in the most ordinary understanding of the phrase at least, is both blue and a ball. And indeed, instead of
<quote>blanu bolci</quote>, Lojbanists can say
<quote>blanu je bolci</quote>, using a jek connective within the tanru. (We saw jeks used in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11" />also, but there they were always prefixed by
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11" /> also, but there they were always prefixed by
<quote>pe'e</quote>; in this section they are used alone.) Here is a pair of examples:</para>
<!-- ^^ pe'e, 347 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-IxBH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu zdani</jbo>
<en>This is-a-blue type-of house.</en>
<jbo>ti blanu je zdani</jbo>
<en>This is-blue and a-house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But of course
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example2" />are not necessarily equivalent in meaning! It is the most elementary point about Lojban tanru that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example1" />might just as well mean</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example2" /> are not necessarily equivalent in meaning! It is the most elementary point about Lojban tanru that
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example1" /> might just as well mean</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-DxVB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>This is a house for blue inhabitants.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example2" />certainly is not equivalent in meaning to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example2" /> certainly is not equivalent in meaning to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example3" />.</para>
<para>A full explanation of logical connection within tanru belongs rather to a discussion of selbri structure than to logical connectives in general. Why? Because although
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example2" />happens to mean the same as</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example2" /> happens to mean the same as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-XXX6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu gi'e zdani</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and therefore as</para>
@@ -1713,21 +1713,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d14" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example14" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska pa nanmu je ninmu</jbo>
<en>I see a man and woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example14" />means that you see one thing which is both a man and a woman simultaneously! A
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section12-example14" /> means that you see one thing which is both a man and a woman simultaneously! A
<quote>nanmu je ninmu</quote> is a manwoman, a presumably non-existent creature who is both a
<quote>nanmu</quote> and a
<quote>ninmu</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section13">
<title>Truth questions and connective questions</title>
<!-- ^^ connective questions: answering, 352; compared with other languages, 353; non-logical, 359 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>connective questions</primary></indexterm>
<para>So far we have addressed only sentences which are statements. Lojban, like all human languages, needs also to deal with sentences which are questions. There are many ways of asking questions in Lojban, but some of these (like questions about quantity, tense, and emotion) are discussed in other chapters.</para>
<para>The simplest kind of question is of the type
@@ -1753,22 +1753,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section13-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu la faidon. gerku</jbo>
<en>Is-it-true-that Fido is-a-dog?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example2" />are equivalent in meaning.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example2" /> are equivalent in meaning.</para>
<para>A truth question can be answered
<quote>yes</quote> or
<quote>no</quote>, depending on the truth or falsity, respectively, of the underlying statement. The standard way of saying
<quote>yes</quote> in Lojban is
<quote>go'i</quote> and of saying
<quote>no</quote> is
<quote>nago'i</quote>. (The reasons for this rule are explained in
<!-- ^^ nago'i: quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>nago'i</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.) In answer to
@@ -1800,51 +1800,51 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-mftC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section13-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Is Fido a dog or a cat?</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Superficially,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example5" />seems like a truth question with the underlying statement:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example5" /> seems like a truth question with the underlying statement:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-n6Ec">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section13-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Fido is a dog or a cat.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>By translating
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example6" />into Lojban and prefixing
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example6" /> into Lojban and prefixing
<quote>xu</quote> to signal a truth question, we get:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-hz4S">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section13-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu la faidon. gerku gi'onai mlatu</jbo>
<en>Is-it-true-that Fido is-a-dog or is-a-cat (but not both)?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Given that Fido really is either a dog or a cat, the appropriate answer would be
<quote>go'i</quote>; if Fido were a fish, the appropriate answer would be
<quote>nago'i</quote>.</para>
<!-- ^^ nago'i: quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>nago'i</primary></indexterm>
<para>But that is not what an English-speaker who utters
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example5" />is asking! The true significance of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example5" />is that the speaker desires to know the truth value of either of the two underlying bridi (it is presupposed that only one is true).</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example5" /> is asking! The true significance of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example5" /> is that the speaker desires to know the truth value of either of the two underlying bridi (it is presupposed that only one is true).</para>
<para>Lojban has an elegant mechanism for rendering this kind of question which is very unlike that used in English. Instead of asking about the truth value of the connected bridi, Lojban users ask about the truth function which connects them. This is done by using a special question cmavo: there is one of these for each of the logical connective selma'o, as shown by the following table:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ge'i</cmavo>
<!-- ^^ ge'i, 352 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ge'i</primary></indexterm>
<selmaho>GA</selmaho>
<description>forethought connective question</description>
<!-- ^^ forethought connective(s): as ungrammatical utterance, 352; contrasted with afterthought connective, 338 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought connective</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1876,21 +1876,21 @@
<cmavo>ji</cmavo>
<selmaho>A</selmaho>
<description>sumti connective question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>(This list unfortunately departs from the pretty regularity of the other cmavo for logical connection. The two-syllable selma'o, GIhA and GUhA, make use of the cmavo ending in
<quote>-i</quote> which is not used for a truth function, but
<quote>gi</quote> and
<quote>.i</quote> were not available, and different cmavo had to be chosen. This table must simply be memorized, like most other non-connective cmavo assignments.)</para>
<para>One correct translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example5" />employs a question gihek:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example5" /> employs a question gihek:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-G1Xs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section13-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis gerku gi'i mlatu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ gi'i, 352 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>gi'i</primary></indexterm>
<en>Alice is-a-dog [truth function?] is-a-cat?</en>
@@ -1914,21 +1914,21 @@
<jbo>gi'enai</jbo>
<en>Alice is a dog and is not a cat.</en>
<jbo>nagi'enai</jbo>
<en>Alice is not a dog and is not a cat.</en>
<jbo>nagi'o</jbo>
<gloss>gi'onai</gloss>
<en>Alice is a dog or is a cat but not both (I'm not saying which).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example12" />is correct but uncooperative.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example12" /> is correct but uncooperative.</para>
<para>As usual, Lojban questions are answered by filling in the blank left by the question. Here the blank is a logical connective, and therefore it is grammatical in Lojban to utter a bare logical connective without anything for it to connect.</para>
<para>The answer
<quote>gi'e</quote>, meaning that Alice is a dog and is a cat, is impossible in the real world, but for:</para>
<!-- ^^ real world: contrasted with hypothetical world, example, 320 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>real world</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-xtIf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d13" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section13-example13" />
</title>
@@ -1946,21 +1946,21 @@
<quote>.e</quote>, meaning that I want both, is perfectly plausible, if not necessarily polite.</para>
<para>The forethought questions
<quote>ge'i</quote> and
<!-- ^^ ge'i, 352 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ge'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>gu'i</quote> are used like the others, but ambiguity forbids the use of isolated forethought connectives as answers - they sound like the start of forethought-connected bridi. So although
<!-- ^^ gu'i, 352 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>gu'i</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ forethought connectives: with tense, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought connectives</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example14" />is the forethought version of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example14" /> is the forethought version of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section13-example13" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-286J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e13d14" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section13-example14" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do djica tu'a</jbo>
<gloss>ge'i loi ckafi</gloss>
<!-- ^^ ge'i, 352 -->
@@ -2068,21 +2068,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section14-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<en>John massed-with Alice carry the piano.</en>
<!-- ^^ carry the piano: example, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>carry the piano</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example3" />covers the case mentioned, where John and Alice divide the labor; it also could mean that John did all the hauling and Alice did the supervising. This possibility arises because the properties of a mass are the properties of its components, which can lead to apparent contradictions: if John is small and Alice is large, then John-and-Alice is both small and large. Masses are also discussed in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example3" /> covers the case mentioned, where John and Alice divide the labor; it also could mean that John did all the hauling and Alice did the supervising. This possibility arises because the properties of a mass are the properties of its components, which can lead to apparent contradictions: if John is small and Alice is large, then John-and-Alice is both small and large. Masses are also discussed in
<!-- ^^ supervising: as a contribution to mass action, 354 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>supervising</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />.</para>
<para>Grammatically,
<quote>joi</quote> can appear between two sumti (like an ek) or between two tanru components (like a jek). This flexibility must be paid for in the form of occasional terminators that cannot be elided:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-NN93">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section14-example4" />
</title>
@@ -2172,21 +2172,21 @@
<jbo>mi cuxna la .alis. la frank. ce la .alis. ce la djeimyz.</jbo>
<gloss>I choose Alice from Frank and-member Alice and-member James.</gloss>
<en>I choose Alice from among Frank, Alice, and James.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The x3 place of
<quote>cuxna</quote> is a set from which the choice is being made. A set is an abstract object which is determined by specifying its members. Unlike those of a mass, the properties of a set are unrelated to its members' properties: the set of all rats is large (since many rats exist), but the rats themselves are small. This chapter does not attempt to explain set theory (the mathematical study of sets) in detail: explaining propositional logic is quite enough for one chapter!</para>
<!-- ^^ set of all rats: example, 447 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>set of all rats</primary></indexterm>
<para>In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example6" />we specify that set by listing the members with
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example6" /> we specify that set by listing the members with
<quote>ce</quote> joining them.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Emw0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section14-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti liste mi ce'o do ce'o la djan.</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ce'o, 354, 362 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ce'o</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2235,21 +2235,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. .e la djordj. bruna</jbo>
<en>James and George is-a-brother.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>since that expands to two bridi and means that James is a brother and so is George, but not necessarily of each other. If the
<quote>.e</quote> is changed to
<quote>jo'u</quote>, however, the meaning of
<!-- ^^ jo'u, 354, 355; contrasted with ce, 355; contrasted with ce'o, 355; contrasted with joi, 355; result of connection with, 355 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>jo'u</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example8" />is preserved:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example8" /> is preserved:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gnwy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section14-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. jo'u la djordj. cu remei bruna</jbo>
<!-- ^^ jo'u, 354, 355; contrasted with ce, 355; contrasted with ce'o, 355; contrasted with joi, 355; result of connection with, 355 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>jo'u</primary></indexterm>
<en>James in-common-with George are-a-twosome type-of-brothers.</en>
@@ -2311,21 +2311,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. prami la meris. .ije la djordj. prami la meris.</jbo>
<gloss>.ije la djeimyz. prami la martas. .ije la djordj. prami la martas.</gloss>
<gloss>James loves Mary, and George loves Mary,</gloss>
<en>and James loves Martha, and George loves Martha.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which represents quite a different state of affairs from
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example12" />. The meaning of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example12" />can also be conveyed by a termset:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example12" /> can also be conveyed by a termset:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-nER7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e14d15" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section14-example15" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djeimyz. ce'e la meris. pe'e .e la djordj. ce'e la martas. prami</jbo>
<!-- ^^ pe'e, 347 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm>
<en>James [plus] Mary [joint] and George [plus] Martha loves.</en>
@@ -2392,22 +2392,22 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>union</primary></indexterm>
<jbo>lo'i ricfu ku ku'a lo'i dotco cu cmalu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ku'a, 354, 356 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ku'a</primary></indexterm>
<en>The set-of rich-things intersection the-set-of German-things is small.</en>
<!-- ^^ intersection: of sets, 356 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>intersection</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>There is a parallelism between logic and set theory that makes
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example2" />equivalent respectively to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example2" /> equivalent respectively to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-azCQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section15-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'i ricfu ja dotco cu barda</jbo>
<en>The-set-of rich-or-German-things is large.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -2474,22 +2474,22 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ce'e bau la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>pe'e joi do ce'e bau la gliban. nu'u casnu</gloss>
<!-- ^^ pe'e, 347 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>( I [plus] in-language Lojban</gloss>
<en>massed-with you [plus] in-language English ) discuss.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Like all non-logical connectives, the usage shown in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example7" />cannot be mechanically converted into a non-logical connective placed at another location in the bridi. The forethought equivalent of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example7" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example7" /> cannot be mechanically converted into a non-logical connective placed at another location in the bridi. The forethought equivalent of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example7" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-DgXI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e15d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section15-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu'i joigi mi bau la lojban gi do bau la gliban. nu'u casnu</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Non-logical forethought termsets are also useful when the things to be non-logically connected are sumti preceded with tense or modal (BAI) tags:</para>
@@ -2502,21 +2502,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. fa'u la frank. cusku nu'i bau la lojban.</jbo>
<gloss>nu'u fa'u bai tu'a la djordj. [nu'u]</gloss>
<gloss>John respectively-with Frank express [start termset] in-language Lojban</gloss>
<gloss>[joint] respectively-with under-compulsion-by George.</gloss>
<en>John and Frank speak in Lojban and under George's compulsion, respectively.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example9" />associates speaking in Lojban with John, and speaking under George's compulsion with Frank. We do not know what language Frank uses, or whether John speaks under anyone's compulsion.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example9" /> associates speaking in Lojban with John, and speaking under George's compulsion with Frank. We do not know what language Frank uses, or whether John speaks under anyone's compulsion.</para>
<!-- ^^ anyone: contrasted with everyone in assumption of existence, 399 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>anyone</primary></indexterm>
<para>Joiks may be prefixed with
<quote>.i</quote> to produce ijoiks, which serve to non-logically connect sentences. The ijoik
<!-- ^^ ijoik: as name for compound cmavo, 336; definition, 358 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ijoik</primary></indexterm>
<quote>.ice'o</quote> indicates that the event of the second bridi follows that of the first bridi in some way other than a time relationship (which is handled with a tense):</para>
<!-- ^^ ice'o: contrasted with .ibabo, 358 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ice'o</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-27xU">
@@ -2543,21 +2543,21 @@
<gloss>( Compute the quantity of taxes.</gloss>
<gloss>And-then wash the car.</gloss>
<gloss>And-then walkingly-accompany the dog. )</gloss>
<gloss>List of things to do:</gloss>
<gloss>Figure taxes.</gloss>
<gloss>Wash car.</gloss>
<en>Walk dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example10" />represents a list of things to be done in priority order. The order is important, hence the need for a sequence connective, but does not necessarily represent a time order (the dog may end up getting walked first). Note the use of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15-example10" /> represents a list of things to be done in priority order. The order is important, hence the need for a sequence connective, but does not necessarily represent a time order (the dog may end up getting walked first). Note the use of
<quote>tu'e</quote> and
<quote>tu'u</quote> as general brackets around the whole list. This is related to, but distinct from, their use in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section8" />, because there is no logical connective between the introductory phrase
<quote>mi ba gasnu la'edi'e</quote> and the rest. The brackets effectively show how large an utterance the word
<quote>di'e</quote>, which means
<!-- ^^ di'e, 149, 358; effect of tu'e/tu'u on, 358 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>the following utterance</quote>, refers to.</para>
<para>Similarly,
<quote>.ijoi</quote> is used to connect sentences that represent the components of a joint event such as a joint cause: the Lojban equivalent of
@@ -2606,21 +2606,21 @@
<en>Both as a mass (i.e, mixed together).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Ugh. (Or in Lojban: .a'unaisairo'o.)</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section16">
<title>Interval connectives and forethought non-logical connection</title>
<!-- ^^ non-logical connection: and elidability of terminators, 354; in mathematical expressions, 361; in tanru, distinguishing from connection of sumti, 354; of individuals into mass, 355; of individuals into set, 355; of modals, 208; of operands, 455; of operators, 455; of sumti, distinguishing from connection in tanru, 354; of termsets, 357 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>non-logical connection</primary></indexterm>
<para>In addition to the non-logical connectives of selma'o JOI explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section15" />, there are three other connectives which can appear in joiks:
<quote>bi'i</quote>,
<quote>bi'o</quote>, and
<quote>mi'i</quote>, all of selma'o BIhI. The first two cmavo are used to specify intervals: abstract objects defined by two endpoints. The cmavo
<!-- ^^ mi'i, 359, 455 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>bi'i</quote> is correct if the endpoints are independent of order, whereas
<quote>bi'o</quote> or
<quote>sebi'o</quote> are used when order matters.</para>
<!-- ^^ sebi'o, 359 -->
@@ -2659,21 +2659,21 @@
<jbo>mi cadzu ca la pacac. bi'o la recac.</jbo>
<gloss>I walk simultaneous-with First-hour [ordered-interval] Second-hour.</gloss>
<en>I walk from one o'clock to two o'clock.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section16-example2" />, on the other hand, it is essential that
<quote>la pacac.</quote> comes before
<quote>la recac.</quote>; otherwise we have an 11-hour (or 23-hour) interval rather than a one-hour interval. In this use of an interval, the whole interval is probably intended, or at least most of it.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section16-example2" />is equivalent to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section16-example2" /> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-qqIr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section16-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cadzu ca la recac. sebi'o la pacac.</jbo>
<!-- ^^ sebi'o, 359 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sebi'o</primary></indexterm>
<en>I walk simultaneous-with Second-hour [reverse] [ordered] First-hour.</en>
@@ -2786,40 +2786,40 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>joigiks</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ joigik: as name for compound cmavo, 336; definition, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>joigik</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
[se] JOI [nai] GI
[se] BIhI [nai] GI
GAhO [se] BIhI [nai] GAhO GI
</programlisting>
<para>Joigiks may be used to non-logically connect bridi, sumti, and bridi-tails; and also in termsets.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example3" />in forethought becomes:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14-example3" /> in forethought becomes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-iBpP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section16-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>joigi la djan. gi la .alis. bevri le pipno</jbo>
<en>[Together] John and Alice carry the piano.</en>
<!-- ^^ carry the piano: example, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>carry the piano</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The first
<quote>gi</quote> is part of the joigik; the second
<!-- ^^ joigik: as name for compound cmavo, 336; definition, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>joigik</primary></indexterm>
<quote>gi</quote> is the regular gik that separates the two things being connected in all forethought forms.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section16-example6" />can be expressed in forethought as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section16-example6" /> can be expressed in forethought as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-u51K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e16d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section16-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ca sanli ke'i bi'i ga'o gi la drezdn. gi la frankfurt.</jbo>
<gloss>I [present] stand [exclusive] between [inclusive] Dresden and Frankfurt.</gloss>
<en>I am standing between Dresden (exclusive) and Frankfurt (inclusive).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2839,67 +2839,67 @@
<!-- ^^ guheks: connecting operators, 361; syntax of, 350 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>guheks</primary></indexterm>
<quote>bo</quote> are not allowed for operators.) This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para>In addition, eks with
<quote>bo</quote> and with
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there is no analogue of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Only a few examples of each kind of mekso connection will be given. Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in either the mekso or the logical-connective scheme of things. These examples are drawn from
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />, and contain many mekso features not explained in this chapter.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example1" />exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example1" /> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gMU4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section17-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>( Three or four ) people go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example2" />is equivalent in meaning, but uses forethought connection:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example2" /> is equivalent in meaning, but uses forethought connection:</para>
<!-- ^^ forethought connection: contrasted with afterthought for grammatical utterances, 352; definition, 199; in abstractions, 365; in tenses, 363; observatives, 347; of operands, 453; of operators, 453 -->
<!-- ^^ observatives: and abstractions, 255; quick-tour version, 15 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observatives</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought connection</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ftNY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section17-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ga ci gi vo [ve'o] prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>( Either 3 or 4 ) people go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the mekso in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example2" />are being used as quantifiers. Lojban requires that any mekso other than a simple number be enclosed in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example2" /> are being used as quantifiers. Lojban requires that any mekso other than a simple number be enclosed in
<quote>vei</quote> and
<quote>ve'o</quote> parentheses when used as a quantifier. The right parenthesis mark,
<quote>ve'o</quote>, is an elidable terminator.</para>
<para>Simple examples of logical connection between operators are hard to come by. A contrived example is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-dCxf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section17-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i je pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 2 plus and times 2 equals the-number 4.</gloss>
<en>2 + 2 = 4 and 2 x 2 = 4.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The forethought form of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example3" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example3" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-YBD6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e17d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section17-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re ge su'i gi pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two both plus and times two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<en>Both 2 + 2 = 4 and 2 x 2 = 4.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2941,21 +2941,21 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ce'o</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>
<quote>x</quote> sub (
<quote>b</quote> sequence
<quote>d</quote>)</gloss>
<en>x</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the
<quote>boi</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example6" />is not elidable, because the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section17-example6" /> is not elidable, because the
<quote>xi</quote> subscript needs something to attach to.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section18">
<title>Tenses, modals, and logical connection</title>
<para>The tense and modal systems of Lojban interact with the logical connective system. No one chapter can explain all of these simultaneously, so each chapter must present its own view of the area of interaction with emphasis on its own concepts and terminology. In the examples of this chapter, the many tenses of various selma'o as well as the modals of selma'o BAI are represented by the simple time cmavo
<quote>pu</quote>,
<quote>ca</quote>, and
<quote>ba</quote>(of selma'o PU) representing the past, the present, and the future respectively. Preceding a selbri, these cmavo state the time when the bridi was, is, or will be true (analogous to English verb tenses); preceding a sumti, they state that the event of the main bridi is before, simultaneous with, or after the event given by the sumti (which is generally a
<quote>le nu</quote> abstraction; see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />).</para>
@@ -2983,22 +2983,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section18-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .artr. pu je ba nolraitru</jbo>
<gloss>Arthur [past] and [future] is-a-noblest-governor.</gloss>
<en>Arthur was and will be king.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example2" />are equivalent in meaning; neither says anything about whether Arthur is king now.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example2" /> are equivalent in meaning; neither says anything about whether Arthur is king now.</para>
<para>Non-logical connection with joiks is also possible between tenses:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Mcsi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section18-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu bi'o ba vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>I [past] from ... to [future] breathe.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ breathe: example, 363 -->
@@ -3161,30 +3161,30 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d13" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section18-example13" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mikce jebabo ricfu</jbo>
<gloss>I-am-a doctor and [later] rich</gloss>
<en>I am a doctor and future rich person.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As can be seen from
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example11" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example11" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example12" />, the choice between
<quote>bo</quote> and
<quote>ke</quote>(or
<quote>tu'e</quote>) is arbitrary when there are only two things to be connected. If there were no tense information to include, of course neither would be required; it is only the rule that tense information must always be sandwiched between the logical connective and a following
<quote>bo</quote>,
<quote>ke</quote>, or
<quote>tu'e</quote> that requires the use of one of these grouping cmavo in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example7" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example9" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example7" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example9" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example13" />.</para>
<para>Non-logical connectives with
<quote>bo</quote> and
<quote>ke</quote> can include tense information in exactly the same way as logical connectives. Forethought connectives, however (except as noted below) are unable to do so, as are termsets or tense connectives. Mathematical operands and operators can also include tense information in their logical connectives as a result of their close parallelism with sumti and tanru components respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-sgUo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e18d14" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section18-example14" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -3203,32 +3203,32 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi pu ge klama le zarci gi tervecnu lo cidja</jbo>
<!-- ^^ pu ge, 365 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pu ge</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>I [past] both go-to the market and buy some food</gloss>
<en>I went to the market and bought some food.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example15" />is similar to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example15" /> is similar to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section18-example5" />. There is no time relationship specified between the going and the buying; both are simply set in the past.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter14-section19">
<title>Abstractor connection and connection within abstractions</title>
<para>Last and (as a matter of fact) least: a logical connective is allowed between abstraction markers of selma'o NU. As usual, the connection can be expanded to a bridi connection between two bridi which differ only in abstraction marker. Jeks are the appropriate connective.
<!-- ^^ bridi connection: use of imperatives in, 353; use of truth questions in, 353 -->
<!-- ^^ imperatives: and truth, 353; attitude, 308; English contrasted with Lojban in presence of subject of command, 147; quick-tour version, 22; with ko, 146 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>imperatives</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bridi connection</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section19-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section19-example2" />are equivalent in meaning:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section19-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section19-example2" /> are equivalent in meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-C7PL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e19d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section19-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c14e19d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section19-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ka la frank. ciska cu xlali .ije le ni la frank. ciska cu xlali</jbo>
<en>The quality-of Frank's writing is bad, and the quantity of Frank's writing is bad.</en>
diff --git a/todocbook/15.xml b/todocbook/15.xml
index 4813384..d304d24 100644
--- a/todocbook/15.xml
+++ b/todocbook/15.xml
@@ -17,32 +17,32 @@
<anchor xml:id="c15e1d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John goes to the store</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<quote>John</quote> is the subject, and
<quote>goes to the store</quote> is the predicate. Negating
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example1" />to produce</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example1" /> to produce</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gm3I">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e1d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John doesn't go to the store.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>has the effect of declaring that the predicate does not hold for the subject.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example2" />says nothing about whether John goes somewhere else, or whether someone else besides John goes to the store.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example2" /> says nothing about whether John goes somewhere else, or whether someone else besides John goes to the store.</para>
<para>We will call this kind of negation
<quote>natural language negation</quote>. This kind of negation is difficult to manipulate by the tools of logic, because it doesn't always follow the rules of logic. Logical negation is bi-polar: either a statement is true, or it is false. If a statement is false, then its negation must be true. Such negation is termed contradictory negation.</para>
<para>Let's look at some examples of how natural language negation can violate the rules of contradictory negation.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-15rv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e1d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example3" />
<anchor xml:id="c15e1d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example4" />
</title>
@@ -58,46 +58,46 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example5" />
<anchor xml:id="c15e1d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I mustn't go to the dance.</jbo>
<jbo>I must go to the dance.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>At first thought,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example5" />negates
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example5" /> negates
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example6" />. Thinking further, we realize that there is an intermediate state wherein I am permitted to go to the dance, but not obligated to do so. Thus, it is possible that both statements are false.</para>
<para>Sometimes order is significant:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gjsy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e1d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example7" />
<anchor xml:id="c15e1d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>The falling rock didn't kill Sam.</jbo>
<jbo>Sam wasn't killed by the falling rock.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Our minds play tricks on us with this one. Because
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example7" />is written in what is called the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example7" /> is written in what is called the
<quote>active voice</quote>, we immediately get confused about whether
<quote>the falling rock</quote> is a suitable subject for the predicate
<quote>did kill Sam</quote>.
<quote>Kill</quote> implies volition to us, and rocks do not have volition. This confusion is employed by opponents of gun control who use the argument
<quote>Guns don't kill people; people kill people.</quote></para>
<para>Somehow, we don't have the same problem with
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example8" />. The subject is Sam, and we determine the truth or falsity of the statement by whether he was or wasn't killed by the falling rock.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example8" />also helps us focus on the fact that there are at least two questionable facts implicit in this sentence: whether Sam was killed, and if so, whether the falling rock killed him. If Sam wasn't killed, the question of what killed him is moot.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section1-example8" /> also helps us focus on the fact that there are at least two questionable facts implicit in this sentence: whether Sam was killed, and if so, whether the falling rock killed him. If Sam wasn't killed, the question of what killed him is moot.</para>
<para>This type of problem becomes more evident when the subject of the sentence turns out not to exist:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-t5Jg">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e1d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example9" />
<anchor xml:id="c15e1d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section1-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>The King of Mexico didn't come to dinner.</jbo>
@@ -245,21 +245,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section2-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci lo na ca nolraitru be le frasygu'e</jbo>
<gloss>I am-fond-of one-who-is ([false] the current king of the French-country).</gloss>
<en>I am fond of one who isn't the current king of France.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The claim of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section2-example10" />could apply to anyone except a person who is fond of no one at all, since the relation within the description is false for everyone. You cannot readily express these situations in colloquial English.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section2-example10" /> could apply to anyone except a person who is fond of no one at all, since the relation within the description is false for everyone. You cannot readily express these situations in colloquial English.</para>
<!-- ^^ anyone: contrasted with everyone in assumption of existence, 399 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>anyone</primary></indexterm>
<para>Negation with
<quote>na</quote> applies to an entire bridi, and not to just part of a selbri. Therefore, you won't likely have reason to put
<quote>na</quote> inside a tanru. In fact, the grammar currently does not allow you to do so (except in a lujvo and in elaborate constructs involving GUhA, the forethought connector for selbri). Any situation where you might want to do so can be expressed in a less-compressed non-tanru form. This grammatical restriction helps ensure that bridi negation is kept separate from other forms of negation.</para>
<!-- ^^ connector: for relative clauses, 508 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>connector</primary></indexterm>
<para>The grammar of
<quote>na</quote> allows multiple adjacent negations, which cancel out, as in normal logic:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-RJKu">
@@ -325,21 +325,21 @@
<jbo>mi na klama le zarci ki'u lenu le karce cu spofu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ki'u, 197 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ki'u</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>I [false] go-to the market because the car is broken.</gloss>
<en>It is false that:
<quote>I go to the market because the car is broken.</quote></en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>you end up negating too much.</para>
<para>Such mistranslations result from the ambiguity of English compounded by the messiness of natural language negation. A correct translation of the normal interpretation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section2-example14" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section2-example14" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-R3GU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e2d16" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section2-example16" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lenu mi na klama le zarci cu se krinu</jbo>
<gloss>lenu le karce cu spofu</gloss>
<gloss>The event-of (my [false] going-to the market) is justified by</gloss>
<gloss>the event-of (the car being broken).</gloss>
@@ -477,21 +477,21 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JTrd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e3d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section3-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John didn't go to Paris from Rome.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Might
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3-example9" />imply that John went to Paris from somewhere else? Or did he go somewhere else from Rome? Or perhaps he didn't go anywhere at all: maybe someone else did, or maybe there was no event of going whatsoever. One can devise circumstances where any one, two or all three of these statements might be inferred by a listener.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3-example9" /> imply that John went to Paris from somewhere else? Or did he go somewhere else from Rome? Or perhaps he didn't go anywhere at all: maybe someone else did, or maybe there was no event of going whatsoever. One can devise circumstances where any one, two or all three of these statements might be inferred by a listener.</para>
<para>In English, we have a clear way of distinguishing scalar negation from predicate negation that can be used in many situations. We can use the partial word
<quote>non-</quote> as a prefix. But this is not always considered good usage, even though it would render many statements much clearer. For example, we can clearly distinguish</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gN3C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e3d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section3-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>That is a non-blue house.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -500,22 +500,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-GtQC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e3d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section3-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>That is a blue non-house.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3-example10" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3-example11" />have the advantage that, while they contain a negative indication, they are in fact positive assertions. They say what is true by excluding the false; they do not say what is false.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3-example10" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3-example11" /> have the advantage that, while they contain a negative indication, they are in fact positive assertions. They say what is true by excluding the false; they do not say what is false.</para>
<para>We can't always use
<quote>non-</quote> though, because of the peculiarities of English's grammar. It would sound strange to say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-A3yR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e3d12" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section3-example12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John went to non-Paris from Rome.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -540,21 +540,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section3-example14" />
<anchor xml:id="c15e3d15" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section3-example15" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John is moral</jbo>
<jbo>John is immoral</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>To be immoral is much more than to just be not moral: it implies the opposite condition. Statements like
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3-example15" />are strong negations which not only deny the truth of a statement, but assert its opposite. Since,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3-example15" /> are strong negations which not only deny the truth of a statement, but assert its opposite. Since,
<quote>opposite</quote> implies a scale, polar negations are a special variety of scalar negations.</para>
<para>To examine this concept more closely, let us draw a linear scale, showing two examples of how the scale is used:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>All Most Some</cmavo>
<selmaho>Few</selmaho>
<description>None</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>Excellent Good Fair</cmavo>
@@ -584,21 +584,21 @@
<quote>il-</quote>, and
<quote>im-</quote>. Just which form and permissible values are implied by a scalar negation is dependent on the semantics of the word or concept which is being negated, and on the context. Much confusion in English results from the uncontrolled variations in meaning of these phrases and prefixes.</para>
<para>In the examples of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4" />, we will translate the general case of scalar negation using the general formula
<quote>other than</quote> when a phrase is scalar-negated, and
<quote>non-</quote> when a single word is scalar-negated.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter15-section4">
<title>selbri and tanru negation</title>
<para>All the scalar negations illustrated in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3" />are expressed in Lojban using the cmavo
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3" /> are expressed in Lojban using the cmavo
<quote>na'e</quote>(of selma'o NAhE). The most common use of
<quote>na'e</quote> is as a prefix to the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-uMSb">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section4-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section4-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -610,29 +610,29 @@
</example>
<para>Comparing these two, we see that the negation operator being used in
<!-- ^^ negation operator: contrasted with negative sign, 438; contrasted with subtraction operator, 438 -->
<!-- ^^ subtraction operator: contrasted with negation operator, 438; contrasted with negative sign, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>subtraction operator</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ negative sign: contrasted with negation operator, 438; contrasted with subtraction operator, 434 -->
<!-- ^^ subtraction operator: contrasted with negation operator, 438; contrasted with negative sign, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>subtraction operator</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>negative sign</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>negation operator</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example2" />is
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example2" /> is
<quote>na'e</quote>. But what exactly does
<quote>na'e</quote> negate? Does the negation include only the gismu
<quote>klama</quote>, which is the entire selbri in this case, or does it include the
<quote>le zarci</quote> as well? In Lojban, the answer is unambiguously
<quote>only the gismu</quote>. The cmavo
<quote>na'e</quote> always applies only to what follows it.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example2" />looks as if it were parallel to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example2" /> looks as if it were parallel to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-tqX1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section4-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>I [false] go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -665,25 +665,25 @@
<jbo>mi na'e cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>I (other-than-walkingly)-go-to the market.</en>
<jbo>mi cadzu na'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>I walkingly-(other-than-go-to) the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>These negations show the default scope of
<quote>na'e</quote> is close-binding on an individual brivla in a tanru.
<!-- ^^ close-binding, 490 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>close-binding</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example5" />says that I am going to the market, but in some kind of a non-walking manner. (As with most tanru, there are a few other possible interpretations, but we'll assume this one - see
- <xref linkend="selbri" />for a discussion of tanru meaning).</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example5" /> says that I am going to the market, but in some kind of a non-walking manner. (As with most tanru, there are a few other possible interpretations, but we'll assume this one - see
+ <xref linkend="selbri" /> for a discussion of tanru meaning).</para>
<para>In neither
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example5" />nor
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example6" />does the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example5" /> nor
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example6" /> does the
<quote>na'e</quote> negate the entire selbri. While both sentences contain negations that deny a particular relationship between the sumti, they also have a component which makes a positive claim about such a relationship. This is clearer in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example5" />, which says that I am going, but in a non-walking manner. In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example6" />, we have claimed that the relationship between me and the market in some way involves walking, but is not one of
<quote>going to</quote>(perhaps we are walking around the market, or walking-in-place while at the market).</para>
<para>The
<quote>scale</quote>, or actually the
<quote>set</quote>, implied in Lojban tanru negations is anything which plausibly can be substituted into the tanru. (Plausibility here is interpreted in the same way that answers to a
<quote>mo</quote> question must be plausible - the result must not only have the right number of places and have sumti values appropriate to the place structure, it must also be appropriate or relevant to the context.) This minimal condition allows a speaker to be intentionally vague, while still communicating meaningful information. The speaker who uses selbri negation is denying one relationship, while minimally asserting a different relationship.</para>
<para>We also need a scalar negation form that has a scope longer than a single brivla. There exists such a longer-scope selbri negation form, as exemplified by (each Lojban sentence in the next several examples is given twice, with parentheses in the second copy showing the scope of the
<quote>na'e</quote>):</para>
@@ -728,40 +728,40 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section4-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be le mi birka ke'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>I other-than-(quickly walking-on-my-arms-ly) go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example10" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example11" />do not express the same thing:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example10" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example11" /> do not express the same thing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Qoen">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section4-example10" />
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section4-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'eke sutra cadzu [ke'e] lemi birka</jbo>
<gloss>mi na'e (ke sutra cadzu [ke'e]) lemi birka</gloss>
<en>I other-than-(quickly-walk-on) my-arms.</en>
<jbo>mi na'eke sutra cadzu be lemi birka [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>mi na'e (ke sutra cadzu be lemi birka [ke'e])</gloss>
<en>I other-than-(quickly-walk-on my-arms).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The translations show that the negation in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example10" />is more restricted in scope; i.e. less of the sentence is negated with respect to x1 (
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example10" /> is more restricted in scope; i.e. less of the sentence is negated with respect to x1 (
<quote>mi</quote>).</para>
<para>Logical scope being an important factor in Lojban's claims to be unambiguous, let us indicate the relative precedence of
<quote>na'e</quote> as an operator. Grouping with
<quote>ke</quote> and
<quote>ke'e</quote>, of course, has an overt scope, which is its advantage.
<quote>na'e</quote> is very close binding to its brivla. Internal binding of tanru, with
<quote>bo</quote>, is not as tightly bound as
<quote>na'e</quote>.
<quote>co</quote>, the tanru inversion operator has a scope that is longer than all other tanru constructs.</para>
<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
@@ -855,22 +855,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c15e4d17" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section4-example17" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu nalkrecau</jbo>
<gloss>An-actual currently noblest-governor of the French country is-non-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>The current King of France is a non-bald-one.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example16" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example17" />express the predicate negation forms using a negation word (
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example16" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4-example17" /> express the predicate negation forms using a negation word (
<quote>na'e</quote>) or rafsi (
<quote>-nal-</quote>); yet they make positive assertions about the current King of France; ie., that he is other-than-bald or non-bald. This follows from the close binding of
<quote>na'e</quote> to the brivla. The lujvo form makes this overt by absorbing the negative marker into the word.</para>
<!-- ^^ lujvo form: consonant cluster requirement in, 59; final letter of, 59; hierarchy of priorities for selection of, 72; number of letters in, 59; requirements for hyphen insertion in, 59; requirements for n-hyphen insertion in, 60; requirements for r-hyphen insertion in, 60; requirements for y-hyphen insertion in, 59 -->
<!-- ^^ y-hyphen: and consonant cluster determination, 56; and stress determination, 56; use of, 56 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>y-hyphen</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ r-hyphen: contrasted with n-hyphen in requirements for use, 60; use of, 56, 60 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>r-hyphen</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ n-hyphen: contrasted with r-hyphen in requirements for use, 60; use of, 56, 60 -->
<!-- ^^ r-hyphen: contrasted with n-hyphen in requirements for use, 60; use of, 56, 60 -->
@@ -930,21 +930,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu cu na'e xunre skari</jbo>
<en>The chair is of a non-(red)-color (as perceived by something under some conditions).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We might also have reduced the pragmatic ambiguity by making the two trailing sumti values explicit (the
<quote>as perceived by</quote> and
<quote>under conditions</quote> places have been added to the place structure of
<quote>xunre</quote>). But assume we have a really stubborn listener (an artificially semi-intelligent computer?) who will find a way to misinterpret
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section5-example3" />even with three specific sumti provided.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section5-example3" /> even with three specific sumti provided.</para>
<para>In this case, we use a sumti tagged with the sumti tcita
<quote>ci'u</quote>, which translates roughly as
<!-- ^^ ci'u, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ci'u</primary></indexterm>
<quote>on a scale of X</quote>, where
<quote>X</quote> is the sumti. For maximal clarity, the tagged sumti can be bound into the negated selbri with
<quote>be</quote>. To clarify
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section5-example3" />, we might say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-a8S1">
<title>
@@ -955,21 +955,21 @@
<jbo>le stizu cu na'e xunre be ci'u loka skari</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ci'u, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ci'u</primary></indexterm>
<en>The chair is a non-(red on-a-scale-of-colorness)-thing.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We can alternately use the sumti tcita
<quote>teci'e</quote>, based on
<quote>ciste</quote>, which translates roughly as
<quote>of a system of components X</quote>, for universes of discourse; in this case, we would express
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section5-example3" />as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section5-example3" /> as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-I0eV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e5d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section5-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu cu na'e xunre be teci'e le skari</jbo>
<en>The chair is a non-(red of-a-system-with-components-the-colors)-thing.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1047,22 +1047,22 @@
<en>That is ugly/very ugly/repulsive.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>to'e</quote> has the assigned rafsi
<quote>-tol-</quote> and
<quote>-to'e-</quote>; the cmavo
<quote>no'e</quote> has the assigned rafsi
<quote>-nor-</quote> and
<quote>-no'e-</quote>. The selbri in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section5-example10" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section5-example12" />could be replaced by the lujvo
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section5-example10" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section5-example12" /> could be replaced by the lujvo
<quote>nalmle</quote>,
<quote>normle</quote>, and
<quote>tolmle</quote> respectively.</para>
<para>This large variety of scalar negations is provided because different scales have different properties. Some scales are open-ended in both directions: there is no
<quote>ultimately ugly</quote> or
<quote>ultimately beautiful</quote>. Other scales, like temperature, are open at one end and closed at the other: there is a minimum temperature (so-called
<quote>absolute zero</quote>) but no maximum temperature. Still other scales are closed at both ends.</para>
<para>Correspondingly, some selbri have no obvious
<quote>to'e</quote>- what is the opposite of a dog? - while others have more than one, and need
<quote>ci'u</quote> to specify which opposite is meant.</para>
@@ -1084,40 +1084,40 @@
<anchor xml:id="c15e6d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section6-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>no lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu krecau</jbo>
<gloss>Zero of those who are currently noblest-governors of the French country are-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>No current king of France is bald.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Is
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section6-example1" />true? Yes, because it merely claims that of the current Kings of France, however many there may be, none are bald, which is plainly true, since there are no such current Kings of France.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section6-example1" /> true? Yes, because it merely claims that of the current Kings of France, however many there may be, none are bald, which is plainly true, since there are no such current Kings of France.</para>
<para>Now let us look at the same sentence using
<quote>na'ebo</quote> negation:</para>
<!-- ^^ na'ebo, 135 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-LebJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e6d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section6-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na'ebo lo ca nolraitru be le fasygu'e cu krecau</jbo>
<!-- ^^ na'ebo, 135 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>[Something] other-than-(the-current-noblest-governor of the French country) is-hair-without.</gloss>
<en>Something other than the current King of France is bald.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section6-example2" />is true provided that something reasonably describable as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section6-example2" /> is true provided that something reasonably describable as
<quote>other than a current King of France</quote>, such as the King of Saudi Arabia, or a former King of France, is in fact bald.</para>
<para>In place of
<quote>na'ebo</quote>, you may also use
<!-- ^^ na'ebo, 135 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>na'ebo</primary></indexterm>
<quote>no'ebo</quote> and
<quote>to'ebo</quote>, to be more specific about the sumti which would be appropriate in place of the stated sumti. Good examples are hard to come by, but here's a valiant try:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-S4AU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e6d3" />
@@ -1183,21 +1183,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e7d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section7-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi paroinai dansu le bisli</jbo>
<en>I [once] [not] dance-on the ice</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means that I dance on the ice either zero or else two or more times within the relevant time interval described by the bridi.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section7-example3" />is very different from the English use of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section7-example3" /> is very different from the English use of
<quote>not once</quote>, which is an emphatic way of saying
<quote>never</quote>- that is, exactly zero times.</para>
<para>In indicators and attitudinals of selma'o UI or CAI,
<quote>nai</quote> denotes a polar negation. As discussed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />, most indicators have an implicit scale, and
<quote>nai</quote> changes the indicator to refer to the opposite end of the scale. Thus
<quote>.uinai</quote> expresses unhappiness, and
<quote>.ienai</quote> expresses disagreement (not ambivalence, which is expressed with the neutral or undecided intensity as
<quote>.iecu'i</quote>).</para>
<para>Vocative cmavo of selma'o COI are considered a kind of indicator, but one which identifies the listener. Semantically, we could dispense with about half of the COI selma'o words based on the scalar paradigm. For example,
@@ -1212,21 +1212,21 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>protocol</primary></indexterm>
<quote>nai</quote>: negative acknowledgement, which is
<quote>je'enai</quote>(
<quote>I didn't get that</quote>).</para>
<para>Unlike the attitudinal indicators, which tend to be unimportant in noisy situations, the protocol vocatives become more important. So if, in a noisy environment, a protocol listener makes out only
<!-- ^^ protocol: computer communications using COI, 326; parliamentary using COI, 326; using vocatives, 326 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>protocol</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ attitudinal indicators, 297; conventions of interpretation, 311; placement of "nai" in, 311; placement of scale in, 311; quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary></indexterm>
<quote>nai</quote>, he or she can presume it is a negative acknowledgement and repeat transmission or otherwise respond accordingly.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />provides more detail on this topic.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" /> provides more detail on this topic.</para>
<para>The abstractors of selma'o NU follow the pattern of the tenses and modals. NU allows negative abstractions, especially in compound abstractions connected by logical connectives:
<quote>su'ujeninai</quote>, which corresponds to
<quote>su'u jenai ni</quote> just as
<quote>punai je ca</quote> corresponds to
<quote>pu naje ca</quote>. It is not clear how much use logically connected abstractors will be: see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />.</para>
<para>A
<quote>nai</quote> attached to a non-logical connective (of selma'o JOI or BIhI) is a scalar negation, and says that the bridi is false under the specified mixture, but that another connective is applicable. Non-logical connectives are discussed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />.</para>
</section>
@@ -1315,23 +1315,23 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section8-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. [cu] ba na klama la paris. .e la rom.</jbo>
<en>John later-will [false] go-to [both] Paris and Rome.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We stated in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3" />that sentences like
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section8-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section8-example7" />appear to be semantically identical, but that subtle semantic distinctions may eventually be found.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section3" /> that sentences like
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section8-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section8-example7" /> appear to be semantically identical, but that subtle semantic distinctions may eventually be found.</para>
<para>You can also use a scalar negation with
<quote>na'e</quote>, in which case, it is equivalent to putting a
<quote>na'eke</quote> immediately after any tense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-q70h">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e8d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section8-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na'e go'i</jbo>
@@ -1391,35 +1391,35 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section9-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>go'i</jbo>
<en>[repeat previous]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A plain
<quote>go'i</quote> does not mean
<quote>Yes it is</quote>; it merely abbreviates repeating the previous statement unmodified, including any negators present; and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section9-example3" />actually states that it is false that John went to both Paris and Rome.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section9-example3" /> actually states that it is false that John went to both Paris and Rome.</para>
<para>When considering:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Pgrw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e9d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter15-section9-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na go'i</jbo>
<en>[false] [repeat previous]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>as a response to a negative question like
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section9-example2" />, Lojban designers had to choose between two equally plausible interpretations with opposite effects. Does
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section9-example4" />create a double negative in the sentence by adding a new
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section9-example4" /> create a double negative in the sentence by adding a new
<quote>na</quote> to the one already there (forming a double negative and hence a positive statement), or does the
<quote>na</quote> replace the previous one, leaving the sentence unchanged?</para>
<para>It was decided that substitution, the latter alternative, is the preferable choice, since it is then clear whether we intend a positive or a negative sentence without performing any manipulations. This is the way English usually works, but not all languages work this way - Russian, Japanese, and Navajo all interpret a negative reply to a negative question as positive.</para>
<!-- ^^ Navajo: example, 64 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Navajo</primary></indexterm>
<para>The positive assertion cmavo of selma'o NA, which is "ja'a", can also replace the
<quote>na</quote> in the context, giving:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-iUfV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c15e9d5" />
@@ -1560,21 +1560,21 @@
<quote>na'i</quote> the grammar of UI. The inclusion of
<!-- ^^ inclusion: property of sets, 125 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>inclusion</primary></indexterm>
<quote>na'i</quote> anywhere in a sentence makes it a non-assertion, and suggests one or more pitfalls in assigning a truth value.</para>
<para>Let us briefly indicate how the above-mentioned metalinguistic errors can be identified. Other metalinguistic problems can then be marked by devising analogies to these examples:</para>
<para>Existential failure can be marked by attaching
<quote>na'i</quote> to the descriptor
<quote>lo</quote> or the
<quote>poi</quote> in a
<quote>da poi</quote>-form sumti. (See Chapter 6 and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />for details on these constructions.) Remember that if a
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" /> for details on these constructions.) Remember that if a
<quote>le</quote> sumti seems to refer to a non-existent referent, you may not understand what the speaker has in mind - the appropriate response is then
<quote>ki'a</quote>, asking for clarification.</para>
<para>Presupposition failure can be marked directly if the presupposition is overt; if not, one can insert a
<quote>mock presupposition</quote> to question with the sumti tcita (selma'o BAI) word
<quote>ji'u</quote>;
<quote>ji'uku</quote> thus explicitly refers to an unexpressed assumption, and
<quote>ji'una'iku</quote> metalinguistically says that something is wrong with that assumption. (See
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />.)</para>
<para>Scale errors and category errors can be similarly expressed with selma'o BAI.
<quote>le'a</quote> has meaning
@@ -1600,21 +1600,21 @@
<para>This mutual independence of gismu is only an ideal. Pragmatically, people will categorize things based on their world-views. We will write dictionary definitions that will relate gismu, unfortunately including some of these world-view assumptions. Lojbanists should try to minimize these assumptions, but this seems a likely area where logical rules will break down (or where Sapir-Whorf effects will be made evident). In terms of negation, however, it is vital that we clearly preserve the capability of denying a presumably obvious scale or category assumption.</para>
<!-- ^^ Sapir-Whorf effects: and emotional indicators, 329 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Sapir-Whorf effects</primary></indexterm>
<para>Solecisms, grammatical and spelling errors will be marked by marking the offending word or phrase with
<quote>na'i</quote>(in the manner of any selma'o UI cmavo). In this sense,
<quote>na'i</quote> becomes equivalent to the English metalinguistic marker
<quote>[sic]</quote>. Purists may choose to use ZOI or LOhU/LEhU quotes or
<quote>sa'a</quote>-marked corrections to avoid repeating a truly unparsable passage, especially if a computer is to analyze the speech/text. See
<!-- ^^ sa'a, 321, 481; editorial insertion of text already containing sa'a, 321; interaction with li'o, 321; interaction with sei, 321; interaction with to'i, 321 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sa'a</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />for explanations of these usages.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> for explanations of these usages.</para>
<para>In summary, metalinguistic negation will typically take the form of referring to a previous statement and marking it with one or more
<quote>na'i</quote> to indicate what metalinguistic errors have been made, and then repeating the statement with corrections. References to previous statements may be full repetitions, or may use members of selma'o GOhA.
<quote>na'i</quote> at the beginning of a statement merely says that something is inappropriate about the statement, without specificity.</para>
<!-- ^^ specificity: expressing with po, 173 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>specificity</primary></indexterm>
<para>In normal use, metalinguistic negation requires that a corrected statement follow the negated statement. In Lojban, however, it is possible to completely and unambiguously specify metalinguistic errors without correcting them. It will eventually be seen whether an uncorrected metalinguistic negation remains an acceptable form in Lojban. In such a statement, metalinguistic expression would involve an ellipsis not unlike that of tenseless expression.</para>
<!-- ^^ ellipsis: quick-tour version, 14 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>
<para>Note that metalinguistic negation gives us another kind of legitimate negative answer to a
<!-- ^^ negative answer: quick-tour version, 24 -->
diff --git a/todocbook/16.xml b/todocbook/16.xml
index 17731c7..89bb209 100644
--- a/todocbook/16.xml
+++ b/todocbook/16.xml
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
<chapter xml:id="cll_chapter16">
<title>Chapter 16
<quote>Who Did You Pass On The Road? Nobody</quote>: Lojban And Logic</title>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section1">
<title>What's wrong with this picture?</title>
<para>The following brief dialogue is from
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7" /> of
<citation>Through The Looking Glass</citation> by Lewis Carroll.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KB90">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e1d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section1-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>
<quote>Who did you pass on the road?</quote> the King went on, holding out his hand to the Messenger for some more hay.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -124,44 +124,44 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[zo'e] viska mi</jbo>
<en>Something-unspecified sees me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>zo'e</quote> indicates that a sumti has been omitted (indeed, even
<quote>zo'e</quote> itself can be omitted in this case, as explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />) and the listener must fill in the correct value from context. In other words,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example2" />means
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example2" /> means
<quote>‘You-know-what' sees me.</quote></para>
<para>However,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example1" />is just as likely to assert simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correct translation is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example1" /> is just as likely to assert simply that there is someone who sees me, in which case a correct translation is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-jjLd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section2-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<en>There-is-an-X such-that X sees me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example3" />does not presuppose that the listener knows who sees the speaker, but simply tells the listener that there is someone who sees the speaker. Statements of this kind are called
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example3" /> does not presuppose that the listener knows who sees the speaker, but simply tells the listener that there is someone who sees the speaker. Statements of this kind are called
<quote>existential claims</quote>. (Formally, the one doing the seeing is not restricted to being a person; it could be an animal or - in principle - an inanimate object. We will see in
<!-- ^^ existential claims: definition, 392; restricting, 394 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>existential claims</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ existential: mixed claim with universal, 394 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>existential</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4" />how to represent such restrictions.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4" /> how to represent such restrictions.)</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example3" />has a two-part structure: there is the part
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example3" /> has a two-part structure: there is the part
<quote>da zo'u</quote>, called the prenex, and the part
<quote>da viska mi</quote>, the main bridi. Almost any Lojban bridi can be preceded by a prenex, which syntactically is any number of sumti followed by the cmavo
<quote>zo'u</quote>(of selma'o ZOhU). For the moment, the sumti will consist of one or more of the cmavo
<quote>da</quote>,
<quote>de</quote>, and
<quote>di</quote>(of selma'o KOhA), glossed in the literal translations as
<quote>X</quote>,
<quote>Y</quote>, and
<quote>Z</quote> respectively. By analogy to the terminology of symbolic logic, these cmavo are called
<quote>variables</quote>.</para>
@@ -176,41 +176,41 @@
<gloss>There-is-an-X there-is-a-Y such that X loves Y.</gloss>
<en>Somebody loves somebody.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example4" />, the literal interpretation of the two variables
<quote>da</quote> and
<quote>de</quote> as
<quote>there-is-an-X</quote> and
<quote>there-is-a-Y</quote> tells us that there are two things which stand in the relationship that one loves the other. It might be the case that the supposed two things are really just a single thing that loves itself; nothing in the Lojban version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example4" />rules out that interpretation, which is why the colloquial translation does not say
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example4" /> rules out that interpretation, which is why the colloquial translation does not say
<quote>Somebody loves somebody else.</quote> The things referred to by different variables may be different or the same. (We use
<quote>somebody</quote> here rather than
<quote>something</quote> for naturalness; lovers and beloveds are usually persons, though the Lojban does not say so.)</para>
<para>It is perfectly all right for the variables to appear more than once in the main bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-wBYE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section2-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da zo'u da prami da</jbo>
<!-- ^^ da prami da: contrasted with da prami de, 393 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>da prami da</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such that X loves X</gloss>
<en>Somebody loves himself/herself.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example5" />claims is fundamentally different from what
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example4" />claims, because
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example5" /> claims is fundamentally different from what
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example4" /> claims, because
<quote>da prami da</quote> is not structurally the same as
<!-- ^^ da prami da: contrasted with da prami de, 393 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>da prami da</primary></indexterm>
<quote>da prami de</quote>. However,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-3QV5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e2d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section2-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -262,53 +262,53 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section3-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Everything sees me.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, this example is false, because there are many things which do not see the speaker. It is not easy to find simple truthful examples of so-called universal claims (those which are about everything), so bear with us for a while. (Indeed, some Lojbanists tend to avoid universal claims even in other languages, since they are so rarely true in Lojban.)</para>
<!-- ^^ universal claims: dangers of using, 396; explanation, 393; restricting, 394, 395 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>universal claims</primary></indexterm>
<para>The Lojban translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example1" />is</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example1" /> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-nraD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section3-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<en>For-every X : X sees me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>When the variable cmavo
<quote>da</quote> is preceded by
<quote>ro</quote>, the combination means
<quote>For every X</quote> rather than
<quote>There is an X</quote>. Superficially, these English formulations look totally unrelated:
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section6" />will bring them within a common viewpoint. For the moment, accept the use of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section6" /> will bring them within a common viewpoint. For the moment, accept the use of
<quote>ro da</quote> for
<quote>everything</quote> on faith.</para>
<para>Here is a universal claim with two variables:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-jSrU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e3d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section3-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da ro de zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X, for-every Y : X loves Y.</gloss>
<en>Everything loves everything.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again, X and Y can represent the same thing, so
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example3" />does not mean
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example3" /> does not mean
<quote>Everything loves everything else.</quote> Furthermore, because the claim is universal, it is about every thing, not merely every person, so we cannot use
<quote>everyone</quote> or
<quote>everybody</quote> in the translation.</para>
<para>Note that
<quote>ro</quote> appears before both
<quote>da</quote> and
<quote>de</quote>. If
<quote>ro</quote> is omitted before either variable, we get a mixed claim, partly existential like those of
<!-- ^^ existential: mixed claim with universal, 394 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>existential</primary></indexterm>
@@ -323,40 +323,40 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da de zo'u da viska de</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X, there-is-a-Y : X sees Y.</gloss>
<en>Everything sees something.</en>
<jbo>da ro de zo'u da viska de</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X such-that-for-every-Y : X sees Y.</gloss>
<en>Something sees everything.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example4" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example5" />mean completely different things.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example4" />says that for everything, there is something which it sees, not necessarily the same thing seen for every seer.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example4" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example5" /> mean completely different things.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example4" /> says that for everything, there is something which it sees, not necessarily the same thing seen for every seer.
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example5" />, on the other hand, says that there is a particular thing which can see everything that there is (including itself). Both of these are fairly silly, but they are different kinds of silliness.</para>
<!-- ^^ can see: example, 244 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>can see</primary></indexterm>
<para>There are various possible translations of universal claims in English: sometimes we use
<!-- ^^ universal claims: dangers of using, 396; explanation, 393; restricting, 394, 395 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>universal claims</primary></indexterm>
<quote>anybody/anything</quote> rather than
<quote>everybody/everything</quote>. Often it makes no difference which of these is used: when it does make a difference, it is a rather subtle one which is explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section4">
<title>Restricted claims:
<quote>da poi</quote></title>
<para>The universal claims of
<!-- ^^ universal claims: dangers of using, 396; explanation, 393; restricting, 394, 395 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>universal claims</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3" />are not only false but absurd: there is really very little to be said that is both true and non-trivial about every object whatsoever. Furthermore, we have been glossing over the distinction between
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3" /> are not only false but absurd: there is really very little to be said that is both true and non-trivial about every object whatsoever. Furthermore, we have been glossing over the distinction between
<quote>everything</quote> and
<quote>everybody</quote> and the other pairs ending in
<quote>-thing</quote> and
<quote>-body</quote>. It is time to bring up the most useful feature of Lojban variables: the ability to restrict their ranges.</para>
<para>In Lojban, a variable
<quote>da</quote>,
<quote>de</quote>, or
<quote>di</quote> may be followed by a
<quote>poi</quote> relative clause in order to restrict the range of things that the variable describes. Relative clauses are described in detail in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />, but the kind we will need at present consist of
@@ -389,22 +389,22 @@
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example1" />, the variable
<quote>da</quote> can refer to any object whatever; there are no restrictions on it. In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example2" />,
<quote>da</quote> is restricted by the
<quote>poi prenu</quote> relative clause to persons only, and so
<quote>da poi prenu</quote> translates as
<quote>someone.</quote>(The difference between
<quote>someone</quote> and
<quote>somebody</quote> is a matter of English style, with no real counterpart in Lojban.) If
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example2" />is true, then
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example1" />must be true, but not necessarily vice versa.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example2" /> is true, then
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example1" /> must be true, but not necessarily vice versa.</para>
<para>Universal claims benefit even more from the existence of relative clauses. Consider</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-DFen">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e4d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section4-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da zo'u da vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X : X breathes</gloss>
<en>Everything breathes</en>
@@ -424,22 +424,22 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dog breathes</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>Each dog breathes.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ dog breathes, 395 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dog breathes</primary></indexterm>
<en>All dogs breathe.</en>
<!-- ^^ breathe: example, 363 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>breathe</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example3" />is a silly falsehood, but
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example4" />is an important truth (at least if applied in a timeless or potential sense: see
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example3" /> is a silly falsehood, but
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example4" /> is an important truth (at least if applied in a timeless or potential sense: see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />). Note the various colloquial translations
<quote>every dog</quote>,
<quote>each dog</quote>, and
<quote>all dogs</quote>. They all come to the same thing in Lojban, since what is true of every dog is true of all dogs.
<quote>All dogs</quote> is treated as an English plural and the others as singular, but Lojban makes no distinction.</para>
<!-- ^^ plural: Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking, 120; Lojban equivalent of, 443; meaning of le with, 123 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>plural</primary></indexterm>
<para>If we make an existential claim about dogs rather than a universal one, we get:</para>
<!-- ^^ existential: mixed claim with universal, 394 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>existential</primary></indexterm>
@@ -455,34 +455,34 @@
<!-- ^^ dog breathes, 395 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dog breathes</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section5">
<title>Dropping the prenex</title>
<para>It isn't really necessary for every Lojban bridi involving variables to have a prenex on the front. In fact, none of the examples we've seen so far required prenexes at all! The rule for dropping the prenex is simple: if the variables appear in the same order within the bridi as they did in the prenex, then the prenex is superfluous. However, any
<quote>ro</quote> or
<quote>poi</quote> appearing in the prenex must be transferred to the first occurrence of the variable in the main part of the bridi. Thus,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example3" />becomes just:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example3" /> becomes just:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-9zAo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section5-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-an-X-which sees me.</gloss>
<en>Something sees me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example4" />becomes:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section4-example4" /> becomes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-na9C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section5-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi gerku cu vasxu</jbo>
<gloss>For-every X which is-a-dog, it-breathes.</gloss>
<en>Every dog breathes.</en>
<!-- ^^ dog breathes, 395 -->
@@ -494,21 +494,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section5-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi prenu ku'o de poi gerku ku'o zo'u de batci da</jbo>
<en>For-every X which is-a-person, there-is-a-Y which is-a-dog: Y bites X.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The prenex of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example3" />is like that of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example3" /> is like that of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example4" />(but with relative clauses): it notes that the following bridi is true of every person with respect to some dog, not necessarily the same dog for each. But in the main bridi part, the
<quote>de</quote> appears before the
<quote>da</quote>. Therefore, the true translation is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KLAr">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section5-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Every person is bitten by some dog (or other).</jbo>
@@ -522,53 +522,53 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section5-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>de poi gerku cu batci ro da poi prenu</jbo>
<gloss>There-is-a-Y which is-a-dog which-bites every X which is-a-person</gloss>
<en>Some dog bites everyone.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which has the structure of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section3-example5" />: it says that there is a dog (call him Fido) who bites, has bitten, or will bite every person that has ever existed! We can safely rule out Fido's existence, and say that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example5" />is false, while agreeing to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example5" /> is false, while agreeing to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example3" />.</para>
<para>Even so,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example3" />is most probably false, since some people never experience dogbite. Examples like 5.3 and 4.4 (might there be some dogs which never have breathed, because they died as embryos?) indicate the danger in Lojban of universal claims even when restricted. In English we are prone to say that
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example3" /> is most probably false, since some people never experience dogbite. Examples like 5.3 and 4.4 (might there be some dogs which never have breathed, because they died as embryos?) indicate the danger in Lojban of universal claims even when restricted. In English we are prone to say that
<!-- ^^ universal claims: dangers of using, 396; explanation, 393; restricting, 394, 395 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>universal claims</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ English we: contrasted with Lojban pro-sumti for we, 146 -->
<!-- ^^ pro-sumti for we: contrasted with English we, 146 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pro-sumti for we</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>English we</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Everyone says</quote> or that
<quote>Everybody does</quote> or that
<quote>Everything is</quote> when in fact there are obvious counterexamples which we are ignoring for the sake of making a rhetorical point. Such statements are plain falsehoods in Lojban, unless saved by a context (such as tense) which implicitly restricts them.</para>
<para>How can we express
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example3" />in Lojban without a prenex? Since it is the order in which variables appear that matters, we can say:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example3" /> in Lojban without a prenex? Since it is the order in which variables appear that matters, we can say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-y90e">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e5d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section5-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi prenu cu se batci de poi gerku</jbo>
<en>Every-X which is-a-person is-bitten-by some-Y which is-a-dog.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>using the conversion operator
<quote>se</quote>(explained in
<xref linkend="selbri" />) to change the selbri
<quote>batci</quote>(
<quote>bites</quote>) into
<quote>se batci</quote>(
<quote>is bitten by</quote>). The translation given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example4" />uses the corresponding strategy in English, since English does not have prenexes (except in strained
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section5-example4" /> uses the corresponding strategy in English, since English does not have prenexes (except in strained
<quote>logician's English</quote>). This implies that a sentence with both a universal and an existential variable can't be freely converted with
<!-- ^^ existential variable: in abstraction contrasted with in main bridi, 400; in main bridi contrasted with in abstraction, 400 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>existential variable</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ existential: mixed claim with universal, 394 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>existential</primary></indexterm>
<quote>se</quote>; one must be careful to preserve the order of the variables.</para>
<para>If a variable occurs more than once, then any
<quote>ro</quote> or
<quote>poi</quote> decorations are moved only to the first occurrence of the variable when the prenex is dropped. For example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-4nqt">
@@ -607,21 +607,21 @@
<!-- ^^ ro prenu, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ro prenu</primary></indexterm>
<quote>all persons</quote>, just as
<!-- ^^ all persons: example, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>all persons</primary></indexterm>
<quote>re prenu</quote> means
<quote>two persons</quote>. In fact, unadorned
<quote>da</quote> is also taken to have an implicit number in front of it, namely
<quote>su'o</quote>, which means
<quote>at least one</quote>. Why is this? Consider
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example3" />again, this time with an explicit
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2-example3" /> again, this time with an explicit
<quote>su'o</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-TI8K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section6-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o da zo'u da viska mi</jbo>
<gloss>For-at-least-one X : X sees me.</gloss>
<en>Something sees me.</en>
@@ -660,22 +660,22 @@
</example>
<para>which would be false if nothing, or only one thing, saw the speaker, but not otherwise. We note the
<quote>su'o</quote> here meaning
<quote>at least</quote>;
<quote>su'o</quote> by itself is short for
<quote>su'opa</quote> where
<quote>pa</quote> means
<quote>one</quote>, as is explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />.</para>
<para>The prenex may be removed from
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section6-example2" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section6-example3" />as from the others, leading to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section6-example2" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section6-example3" /> as from the others, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-2r5v">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e6d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section6-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re da viska mi</jbo>
<en>Two Xes see me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -759,22 +759,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section7-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci gerku cu batci re nanmu</jbo>
<en>Three dogs bite two men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The question raised by
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section7-example1" />is, does each of the dogs bite the same two men, or is it possible that there are two different men per dog, for six men altogether? If the former interpretation is taken, the number of men involved is fixed at two; but if the latter, then the speaker has to be taken as saying that there might be any number of men between two and six inclusive. Let us transform
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section7-example1" />step by step as we did with
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section7-example1" /> is, does each of the dogs bite the same two men, or is it possible that there are two different men per dog, for six men altogether? If the former interpretation is taken, the number of men involved is fixed at two; but if the latter, then the speaker has to be taken as saying that there might be any number of men between two and six inclusive. Let us transform
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section7-example1" /> step by step as we did with
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section6-example6" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-neNT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section7-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi gerku cu batci re de poi nanmu</jbo>
<en>Three Xes which are-dogs bite two Ys which are-men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -808,21 +808,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re de poi nanmu ku'o ci da poi gerku zo'u da batci de</jbo>
<en>For-two Ys which are-men, for-three Xes which are-dogs, X bites Y</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>for although we have now limited the number of men to exactly two, we end up with an indeterminate number of dogs, from three to six. The distinction is called a
<quote>scope distinction</quote>: in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section7-example2" />,
<quote>ci gerku</quote> is said to have wider scope than
<quote>re nanmu</quote>, and therefore precedes it in the prenex. In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section7-example4" />the reverse is true.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section7-example4" /> the reverse is true.</para>
<para>The solution is to use a termset, which is a group of terms either joined by
<quote>ce'e</quote>(of selma'o CEhE) between each term, or else surrounded by
<quote>nu'i</quote>(of selma'o NUhI) on the front and
<quote>nu'u</quote>(of selma'o NUhU) on the rear. Terms (which are either sumti or sumti prefixed by tense or modal tags) that are grouped into a termset are understood to have equal scope:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JbVH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e7d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section7-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -875,23 +875,23 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section8-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da poi klama le zarci cu cadzu le foldi</jbo>
<gloss>All X such-that-it goes-to the store walks-on the field.</gloss>
<en>Everyone who goes to the store walks across the field.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But there is a subtle difference between
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example2" />.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example2" />tells us that, in fact, there are people who go to the store, and that they walk across the field. A sumti of the type
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example2" /> tells us that, in fact, there are people who go to the store, and that they walk across the field. A sumti of the type
<quote>ro da poi klama</quote> requires that there are things which
<quote>klama</quote>: Lojban universal claims always imply the corresponding existential claims as well.
<!-- ^^ universal claims: dangers of using, 396; explanation, 393; restricting, 394, 395 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>universal claims</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ existential claims: definition, 392; restricting, 394 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>existential claims</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ existential: mixed claim with universal, 394 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>existential</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example1" />, on the other hand, does not require that there are any people who go to the store: it simply states, conditionally, that if there is anyone who goes to the store, he or she walks across the field as well. This conditional form mirrors the true Lojban translation of
<!-- ^^ anyone who goes: walks, example, 399 -->
@@ -903,40 +903,40 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section8-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro da zo'u ganai da klama le zarci gi cadzu le foldi</jbo>
<en>For-every X: if X is-a-goer-to the store then X is-a-walker-on the field.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Although
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example3" />is a universal claim as well, its universality only implies that there are objects of some sort or another in the universe of discourse. Because the claim is conditional, nothing is implied about the existence of goers-to-the-store or of walkers-on-the-field, merely that any entity which is one is also the other.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example3" /> is a universal claim as well, its universality only implies that there are objects of some sort or another in the universe of discourse. Because the claim is conditional, nothing is implied about the existence of goers-to-the-store or of walkers-on-the-field, merely that any entity which is one is also the other.</para>
<para>There is another use of
<quote>any</quote> in English that is not universal but existential. Consider</para>
<!-- ^^ existential: mixed claim with universal, 394 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>existential</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-7Eu9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section8-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>I need any box that is bigger than this one.</jbo>
<!-- ^^ need any box, 400 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>need any box</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ any box, 400 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>any box</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example4" />does not at all mean that I need every box bigger than this one, for indeed I do not; I require only one box. But the naive translation</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example4" /> does not at all mean that I need every box bigger than this one, for indeed I do not; I require only one box. But the naive translation</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KHya">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section8-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nitcu da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti</jbo>
<en>I need some-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this-one</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -946,33 +946,33 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section8-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti zo'u mi nitcu da</jbo>
<en>There-is-an-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this : I need X.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What to do? Well, the x2 place of
<quote>nitcu</quote> can be filled with an event as well as an object, and in fact
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example5" />can also be paraphrased as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example5" /> can also be paraphrased as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-e7ta">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section8-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nitcu lo nu mi ponse lo tanxe poi bramau ti</jbo>
<en>I need an event-of I possess some box(es) which-are bigger-than this-one.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Rewritten using variables,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example7" />becomes</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example7" /> becomes</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-4Pz8">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section8-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nitcu lo nu da zo'u</jbo>
<gloss>da se ponse mi gi'e tanxe gi'e bramau ti</gloss>
<gloss>I need an event-of there-being an-X such-that :</gloss>
<en>X is-possessed-by me and is-a-box and is-bigger-than this-thing.</en>
@@ -985,47 +985,47 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section8-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>da poi tanxe gi'e bramau ti zo'u</jbo>
<gloss>mi nitcu le nu mi ponse da</gloss>
<gloss>There-is-an-X which is-a-box and is-bigger-than this-one such-that :</gloss>
<en>I need the event-of my possessing X.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But what are the implications of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example9" />? The main difference is that in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example9" />, the
<quote>da</quote> is said to exist in the real world of the outer bridi; but in
<!-- ^^ real world: contrasted with hypothetical world, example, 320 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>real world</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example7" />, the existence is only within the inner bridi, which is a mere event that need not necessarily come to pass. So
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example9" />means</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example9" /> means</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-xC32">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e8d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section8-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>There's a box, bigger than this one, that I need</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is what
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example6" />says, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example7" />turns out to be an effective translation of our original
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example6" /> says, whereas
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example7" /> turns out to be an effective translation of our original
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section8-example1" />. So uses of
<quote>any</quote> that aren't universal end up being reflected by variables bound in the prenex of a subordinate bridi.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section9">
<title>Negation boundaries</title>
<para>This section, as well as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section10" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section10" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12" />, are in effect a continuation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />, introducing features of Lojban negation that require an understanding of prenexes and variables. In the examples below,
<quote>there is a Y</quote> and the like must be understood as
<!-- ^^ there is a Y: expression, notation convention, 401 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>there is a Y</primary></indexterm>
<quote>there is at least one Y, possibly more</quote>.</para>
<para>As explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />, the negation of a bridi is usually accomplished by inserting
<quote>na</quote> at the beginning of the selbri:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-hBRH">
@@ -1052,21 +1052,21 @@
<quote>naku</quote> at the left end of the prenex. This form is called
<quote>external bridi negation</quote>, as opposed to
<!-- ^^ external bridi negation: compared to internal bridi negation, 401; definition, 401 -->
<!-- ^^ internal bridi negation: compared to external bridi negation, 401; definition, 401 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>internal bridi negation</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>external bridi negation</primary></indexterm>
<quote>internal bridi negation</quote> using
<!-- ^^ internal bridi negation: compared to external bridi negation, 401; definition, 401 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>internal bridi negation</primary></indexterm>
<quote>na</quote>. The prenex version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example1" />is</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example1" /> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-IH8J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section9-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku zo'u la djan. klama</jbo>
<gloss>It is not the case that: John comes.</gloss>
<en>It is false that: John comes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1154,22 +1154,22 @@
<gloss>It is false that: there is at least one thing that is loved by everybody.</gloss>
<en>There isn't any one thing that everybody loves.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the negation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example6" />.</para>
<para>The rules of formal logic require that, to move a negation boundary within a prenex, you must
<quote>invert any quantifier</quote> that the negation boundary passes across. Inverting a quantifier means that any
<quote>ro</quote>(all) is changed to
<quote>su'o</quote>(at least one) and vice versa. Thus,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example7" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example8" />can be restated as, respectively:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example7" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example8" /> can be restated as, respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-cJLQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section9-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'oda naku su'ode zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For some X, it is false that: there is a Y such that: X loves Y.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ there is a Y: expression, notation convention, 401 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>there is a Y</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1206,21 +1206,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d12" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section9-example12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>rode su'oda naku zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<gloss>For every Y, there is an X, such that it is false that: X loves Y.</gloss>
<en>For each thing there is someone who doesn't love it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Investigation will show that, indeed, each transformation preserves the meanings of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example8" />.</para>
<para>The quantifier
<quote>no</quote>(meaning
<quote>zero of</quote>) also involves a negation boundary. To transform a bridi containing a variable quantified with
<quote>no</quote>, we must first expand it. Consider</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-qCph">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e9d13" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section9-example13" />
</title>
@@ -1240,21 +1240,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku noda rode zo'u da prami de</jbo>
<!-- ^^ noda: expanding to naku su'oda, 403 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>noda</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>It is false that: there is no X that, for every Y, X loves Y.</gloss>
<en>It is false that there is nobody who loves everything.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>We can simplify
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example14" />by transforming the prenex. To move the negation phrase within the prenex, we must first expand the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9-example14" /> by transforming the prenex. To move the negation phrase within the prenex, we must first expand the
<quote>no</quote> quantifier. Thus
<quote>for no x</quote> means the same thing as
<quote>it is false for some x</quote>, and the corresponding Lojban
<quote>noda</quote> can be replaced by
<!-- ^^ noda: expanding to naku su'oda, 403 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>noda</primary></indexterm>
<quote>naku su'oda</quote>. Making this substitution, we get:</para>
<!-- ^^ naku su'oda: as expansion of noda, 403 -->
<!-- ^^ noda: expanding to naku su'oda, 403 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>noda</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1480,21 +1480,21 @@
<jbo>naku zo'u su'oda poi verba cu klama su'ode poi ckule</jbo>
<gloss>It is false that some which are children go-to some which are schools.</gloss>
<en>All children don't go to some school (not just some children).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Lojban provides a negation form which more closely emulates natural language negation. This involves putting
<quote>naku</quote> before the selbri, instead of a
<quote>na</quote>.
<quote>naku</quote> is clearly a contradictory negation, given its parallel with prenex bridi negation. Using
<quote>naku</quote>,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example1" />can be expressed as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example1" /> can be expressed as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-nvtf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section11-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'oda poi verba naku klama su'ode poi ckule</jbo>
<gloss>Some which-are children don't go-to some which-are schools.</gloss>
<en>Some children don't go to a school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1522,43 +1522,43 @@
<en>For some children, for every school, they don't go to it.</en>
<jbo>su'oda poi verba cu klama naku su'ode poi ckule</jbo>
<en>Some children don't go to (some) school(s).</en>
<jbo>naku roda poi verba cu klama su'ode poi ckule</jbo>
<en>It is false that all children go to some school(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example5" />, we moved the negation boundary rightward across the quantifier of
<quote>de</quote>, forcing us to invert it. In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example7" />we moved the negation boundary across the quantifier of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example7" /> we moved the negation boundary across the quantifier of
<quote>da</quote>, forcing us to invert it instead.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example6" />merely switched the selbri and the negation boundary, with no effect on the quantifiers.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example6" /> merely switched the selbri and the negation boundary, with no effect on the quantifiers.</para>
<para>The same rules apply if you rearrange the sentence so that the quantifier crosses an otherwise fixed negation. You can't just convert the selbri of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example4" />and rearrange the sumti to produce</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example4" /> and rearrange the sumti to produce</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-rHwu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section11-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'ode poi ckule ku'o naku se klama roda poi verba</jbo>
<en>Some schools aren't gone-to-by every child.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>or rather,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example8" />means something completely different from
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example8" /> means something completely different from
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example4" />. Conversion with
<quote>se</quote> under
<quote>naku</quote> negation is not symmetric; not all sumti are treated identically, and some sumti are not invariant under conversion. Thus, internal negation with
<quote>naku</quote> is considered an advanced technique, used to achieve stylistic compatibility with natural languages.</para>
<para>It isn't always easy to see which quantifiers have to be inverted in a sentence.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example4" />is identical in meaning to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example4" /> is identical in meaning to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-S6y4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section11-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o verba naku klama su'o ckule</jbo>
<en>Some children don't go-to some school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1569,21 +1569,21 @@
<para>It is trivial to export an internal bridi negation expressed with
<!-- ^^ internal bridi negation: compared to external bridi negation, 401; definition, 401 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>internal bridi negation</primary></indexterm>
<quote>na</quote> to the prenex, as we saw in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section9" />; you just move it to the left end of the prenex. In comparison, it is non-trivial to export a
<!-- ^^ comparison: claims related to based on form, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>comparison</primary></indexterm>
<quote>naku</quote> to the prenex because of the quantifiers. The rules for exporting
<quote>naku</quote> require that you export all of the quantified variables (implicit or explicit) along with
<quote>naku</quote>, and you must export them from left to right, in the same order that they appear in the sentence. Thus
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example4" />goes into prenex form as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section11-example4" /> goes into prenex form as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-3f22">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e11d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section11-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'oda poi verba ku'o naku</jbo>
<gloss>su'ode poi ckule zo'u da klama de</gloss>
<gloss>For some X which is a child, it is not the case that</gloss>
<en>there is a Y which is a school such that: X goes to Y.</en>
@@ -1725,41 +1725,41 @@
<quote>nai</quote> to negate the bridi or sumti that follows.</para>
<para>We have defined
<quote>na</quote> and
<quote>naku zo'u</quote> as, respectively, internal and external bridi negation. These forms being identical, the negation boundary always remains at the left end of the prenex. Thus, exporting or importing negation between external and internal bridi negation forms never requires DeMorgan's Law to be applied.
<!-- ^^ internal bridi negation: compared to external bridi negation, 401; definition, 401 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>internal bridi negation</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ external bridi negation: compared to internal bridi negation, 401; definition, 401 -->
<!-- ^^ internal bridi negation: compared to external bridi negation, 401; definition, 401 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>internal bridi negation</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>external bridi negation</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example2" />are exactly equivalent:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example2" /> are exactly equivalent:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Erjj">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section12-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section12-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. na klama ga la paris. gi la rom.</jbo>
<en>John [false] goes-to either Paris or Rome.</en>
<jbo>naku zo'u la djan. klama ga la paris. gi la rom.</jbo>
<en>It-is-false that: John goes-to either Paris or Rome.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>It is not an acceptable logical manipulation to move a negator from the bridi level to one or more sumti. However,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example1" />and related examples are not sumti negations, but rather expand to form two logically connected sentences. In such a situation, DeMorgan's Law must be applied. For instance,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example1" /> and related examples are not sumti negations, but rather expand to form two logically connected sentences. In such a situation, DeMorgan's Law must be applied. For instance,
<!-- ^^ logically connected sentences: and DeMorgan's Law, 408 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>logically connected sentences</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example2" />expands to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example2" /> expands to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KMct">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section12-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ge la djan. la paris. na klama</jbo>
<gloss>gi la djan. la rom. na klama</gloss>
<gloss>[It is true that] both John, to-Paris, [false] goes,</gloss>
<en>and John, to-Rome, [false] goes.</en>
@@ -1787,25 +1787,25 @@
<jbo>la djein. le zarci na ge dzukla gi bajrykla</jbo>
<en>Jane to-the market [false] both walks and runs.</en>
<jbo>la djein. le zarci ganai dzukla ginai bajrykla</jbo>
<gloss>Jane to-the market either [false] walks or [false] runs.</gloss>
<en>Jane to-the market if walks then ([false] runs).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Placing
<quote>le zarci</quote> before the selbri makes sure that it is properly associated with both parts of the logical connection. Otherwise, it is easy to erroneously leave it off one of the two sentences.)</para>
<para>It is wise, before freely doing transformations such as the one from
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example4" />to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example4" /> to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example5" />, that you become familiar with expanding logical connectives to separate sentences, transforming the sentences, and then recondensing. Thus, you would prove the transformation correct by the following steps. By moving its
<quote>na</quote> to the beginning of the prenex as a
<quote>naku</quote>,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example4" />becomes:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example4" /> becomes:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-g5PI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e12d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section12-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>naku zo'u la djein. le zarci ge dzukla gi bajrykla</jbo>
<en>It is false that : Jane to-the market (both walks and runs).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1862,22 +1862,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section12-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ga la paris. gi la rom. naku se klama la djan.</jbo>
<en>(Either Paris or Rome) is-not gone-to-by John.</en>
<jbo>la djan. naku klama ge la paris. gi la rom.</jbo>
<en>John doesn't go-to both Paris and Rome.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>That
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example10" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example11" />mean the same should become evident by studying the English. It is a good exercise to work through the Lojban and prove that they are the same.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example10" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section12-example11" /> mean the same should become evident by studying the English. It is a good exercise to work through the Lojban and prove that they are the same.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section13">
<title>selbri variables</title>
<!-- ^^ selbri variables: form when not in prenex, 410; prenex form as indefinite description, 409; quantified, 410 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>selbri variables</primary></indexterm>
<para>In addition to the variables
<quote>da</quote>,
<quote>de</quote>, and
<quote>di</quote> that we have seen so far, which function as sumti and belong to selma'o KOhA, there are three corresponding variables
<quote>bu'a</quote>,
@@ -1905,24 +1905,24 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>su'o bu'a zo'u la djim. bu'a la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>For-at-least-one relationship-F : Jim stands-in-relationship-F to-John.</gloss>
<en>There's some relationship between Jim and John.</en>
<!-- ^^ some relationship: example, 409 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>some relationship</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The translations of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example1" />show how unidiomatic selbri variables are in English; Lojban sentences like
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example1" /> show how unidiomatic selbri variables are in English; Lojban sentences like
<!-- ^^ selbri variables: form when not in prenex, 410; prenex form as indefinite description, 409; quantified, 410 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>selbri variables</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example1" />need to be totally reworded in English. Furthermore, when a selbri variable appears in the prenex, it is necessary to precede it with a quantifier such as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example1" /> need to be totally reworded in English. Furthermore, when a selbri variable appears in the prenex, it is necessary to precede it with a quantifier such as
<quote>su'o</quote>; it is ungrammatical to just say
<quote>bu'a zo'u</quote>. This rule is necessary because only sumti can appear in the prenex, and
<quote>su'o bu'a</quote> is technically a sumti - in fact, it is an indefinite description like
<!-- ^^ indefinite description: as needing explicit outer quantifier, 132; as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier, 132; compared with restricted variable, 398; definition, 132, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ restricted variable: compared with indefinite description, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restricted variable</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indefinite description</primary></indexterm>
<quote>re nanmu</quote>, since
<quote>bu'a</quote> is grammatically equivalent to a brivla like
<quote>nanmu</quote>. However, indefinite descriptions involving the bu'a-series cannot be imported from the prenex.</para>
@@ -1944,43 +1944,43 @@
<anchor xml:id="c16e13d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section13-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro bu'a zo'u la djim. bu'a la djan.</jbo>
<gloss>For-every relationship-F : Jim stands-in-relationship-F to-John.</gloss>
<en>Every relationship exists between Jim and John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example2" />are almost certainly true: Jim and John might be brothers, or might live in the same city, or at least have the property of being jointly human.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example2" /> are almost certainly true: Jim and John might be brothers, or might live in the same city, or at least have the property of being jointly human.
<!-- ^^ brothers: example, 355 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>brothers</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example3" />is palpably false, however; if Jim and John were related by every possible relationship, then they would have to be both brothers and father-and-son, which is impossible.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section13-example3" /> is palpably false, however; if Jim and John were related by every possible relationship, then they would have to be both brothers and father-and-son, which is impossible.</para>
<!-- ^^ brothers: example, 355 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>brothers</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section14">
<title>A few notes on variables</title>
<para>A variable may have a quantifier placed in front of it even though it has already been quantified explicitly or implicitly by a previous appearance, as in:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-x0FP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c16e14d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section14-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi mlatu cu blabi .ije re da cu barda</jbo>
<en>Three Xs which-are cats are white, and two Xs are big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>What does
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section14-example1" />mean? The appearance of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section14-example1" /> mean? The appearance of
<quote>ci da</quote> quantifies
<quote>da</quote> as referring to three things, which are restricted by the relative clause to be cats. When
<quote>re da</quote> appears later, it refers to two of those three things - there is no saying which ones. Further uses of
<quote>da</quote> alone, if there were any, would refer once more to the three cats, so the requantification of
<quote>da</quote> is purely local.</para>
<para>In general, the scope of a prenex that precedes a sentence extends to following sentences that are joined by ijeks (explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />) such as the
<quote>.ije</quote> in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section14-example1" />. Theoretically, a bare
<quote>.i</quote> terminates the scope of the prenex. Informally, however, variables may persist for a while even after an
@@ -2011,21 +2011,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter16-section14-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci da poi prenu cu se ralju pa da</jbo>
<gloss>Three Xs which are-persons are-led-by one-of X</gloss>
<en>Three people are led by one of them.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
<quote>pa da</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section14-example2" />does not specify the number of things to which
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section14-example2" /> does not specify the number of things to which
<quote>da</quote> refers, as the preceding
<quote>ci da</quote> does. Instead, it selects one of them for use in this sumti only. The number of referents of
<quote>da</quote> remains three, but a single one (there is no way of knowing which one) is selected to be the leader.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter16-section15">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<para>This chapter is incomplete. There are many more aspects of logic that I neither fully understand nor feel competent to explain, neither in abstract nor in their Lojban realization. Lojban was designed to be a language that makes predicate logic speakable, and achieving that goal completely will need to wait for someone who understands both logic and Lojban better than I do. I can only hope to have pointed out the areas that are well-understood (and by implication, those that are not).</para>
<!-- ^^ logic and Lojban: more aspects, 411 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>logic and Lojban</primary></indexterm>
</section>
diff --git a/todocbook/17.xml b/todocbook/17.xml
index 8a1a58d..f4d3b1d 100644
--- a/todocbook/17.xml
+++ b/todocbook/17.xml
@@ -152,21 +152,21 @@
<quote>fail</quote> and
<quote>vale</quote> sound similar, but just hearing the first lerfu word of either, namely
<quote>eff</quote> or
<quote>vee</quote>, is enough to discriminate easily between them - and even if the first lerfu word were somehow confused, neither
<quote>vail</quote> nor
<quote>fale</quote> is a word of ordinary English, so the rest of the spelling determines which word is meant. Still, the capability of spelling out words does exist in Lojban.</para>
<!-- ^^ spelling out words: Lojban contrasted with English, 414 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>spelling out words</primary></indexterm>
<para>Note that the lerfu words ending in
<quote>y</quote> were written (in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section2-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section2-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section2-example2" />) with pauses after them. It is not strictly necessary to pause after such lerfu words, but failure to do so can in some cases lead to ambiguities:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-6dMS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e2d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter17-section2-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cy. claxu</jbo>
<gloss>I lerfu-
<quote>c</quote> without</gloss>
@@ -248,21 +248,21 @@
<!-- ^^ ga'e, 415 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ga'e</primary></indexterm>
<en>i [upper] V A N [lower]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo and compound cmavo of this type will be called
<quote>shift words</quote>.</para>
<para>How long does a shift word last? Theoretically, until the next shift word that contradicts it or until the end of text. In practice, it is common to presume that a shift word is only in effect until the next word other than a lerfu word is found.</para>
<para>It is often convenient to shift just a single letter to upper case. The cmavo
<quote>tau</quote>, of selma'o LAU, is useful for the purpose. A LAU cmavo must always be immediately followed by a BY cmavo or its equivalent: the combination is grammatically equivalent to a single BY. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section14" />for details.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section14" /> for details.)</para>
<para>A likely use of
<quote>tau</quote> is in the internationally standardized symbols for the chemical elements. Each element is represented using either a single upper-case lerfu or one upper-case lerfu followed by one lower-case lerfu:</para>
<!-- ^^ upper-case: lerfu word for, 415 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>upper-case</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ lower-case: lerfu word for, 415 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>lower-case</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ chemical elements: use of single-letter shift for, 415 -->
<!-- ^^ single-letter shift: as toggle, 415 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>single-letter shift</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ letter shift, 498 -->
@@ -625,36 +625,36 @@
<en>(
<quote>e</quote> acute )
<quote>t</quote>( acute
<quote>e</quote>)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and it does not matter whether
<quote>akut. bu</quote> appears before or after
<quote>.ebu</quote>; the
<quote>tei ... foi</quote> grouping guarantees that the acute accent is associated with the correct lerfu. Of course, the level of precision represented by
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section6-example1" />would rarely be required: it might be needed by a Lojban-speaker when spelling out a French word for exact transcription by another Lojban-speaker who did not know French.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section6-example1" /> would rarely be required: it might be needed by a Lojban-speaker when spelling out a French word for exact transcription by another Lojban-speaker who did not know French.</para>
<para>This system breaks down in languages which use more than one accent mark on a single lerfu; some other convention must be used for showing which accent marks are written where in that case. The obvious convention is to represent the mark nearest the basic lerfu by the lerfu word closest to the word representing the basic lerfu. Any remaining ambiguities must be resolved by further conventions not yet established.</para>
<!-- ^^ accent marks: proposed lerfu words for, 429 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>accent marks</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ accent mark: a diacritical mark, 418; example, 419 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>accent mark</primary></indexterm>
<para>Some languages, like Swedish and Finnish, consider certain accented lerfu to be completely distinct from their unaccented equivalents, but Lojban does not make a formal distinction, since the printed characters look the same whether they are reckoned as separate letters or not. In addition, some languages consider certain 2-letter combinations (like
<quote>ll</quote> and
<quote>ch</quote> in Spanish) to be letters; this may be represented by enclosing the combination in
<quote>tei ... foi</quote>.</para>
<para>In addition, when discussing a specific language, it is permissible to make up new lerfu words, as long as they are either explained locally or well understood from context: thus Spanish
<quote>ll</quote> or Croatian
<quote>lj</quote> could be called
<quote>libu</quote>, but that usage would not necessarily be universally understood.</para>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section19" />contains a table of proposed lerfu words for some common accent marks.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section19" /> contains a table of proposed lerfu words for some common accent marks.</para>
<!-- ^^ accent marks: proposed lerfu words for, 429 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>accent marks</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section7">
<title>Punctuation marks</title>
<para>Lojban does not have punctuation marks as such: the denpa bu and the slaka bu are really a part of the alphabet. Other languages, however, use punctuation marks extensively. As yet, Lojban does not have any words for these punctuation marks, but a mechanism exists for devising them: the cmavo
<!-- ^^ punctuation marks: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>punctuation marks</primary></indexterm>
<quote>lau</quote> of selma'o LAU.
<!-- ^^ lau, 419; effect on following lerfu word, 419 -->
@@ -838,21 +838,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter17-section9-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku goi gy. cu xekri .i gy. klama le zdani</jbo>
<en>The dog, or G, is black. G goes to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>There is a special rule that sometimes makes lerfu strings more advantageous than the regular pro-sumti cmavo. If no assignment can be found for a lerfu string (especially a single lerfu word), it can be assumed to refer to the most recent sumti whose name or description begins in Lojban with that lerfu. So
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section9-example2" />can be rephrased:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section9-example2" /> can be rephrased:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-7hVs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e9d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter17-section9-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le gerku cu xekri. .i gy. klama le zdani</jbo>
<en>The dog is black. G goes to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -927,21 +927,21 @@
<para>requires the first
<quote>boi</quote> to separate the lerfu string
<quote>xy.</quote> from the digit string
<!-- ^^ digit string: definition of, 458 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>digit string</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ro</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section10">
<title>References to lerfu</title>
<para>The rules of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section9" />make it impossible to use unmarked lerfu words to refer to lerfu themselves. In the sentence:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section9" /> make it impossible to use unmarked lerfu words to refer to lerfu themselves. In the sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-CYny">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter17-section10-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.abu. cu lerfu</jbo>
<en>A is-a-letteral.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -954,58 +954,58 @@
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter17-section10-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o .abu cu lerfu</jbo>
<en>The-expression
<quote>a</quote> is-a-letteral.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Now we can translate
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section1-example1" />into Lojban:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section1-example1" /> into Lojban:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-UT1J">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter17-section10-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>dei vasru vo lerfu</jbo>
<gloss>po'u me'o .ebu</gloss>
<gloss>this-sentence contains four letterals</gloss>
<gloss>which-are the-expression
<quote>e</quote>.</gloss>
<en>This sentence contains four
<quote>e</quote> s.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since the Lojban sentence has only four
<quote>e</quote> lerfu rather than fourteen, the translation is not a literal one - but
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section10-example4" />is a Lojban truth just as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section1-example1" />is an English truth. Coincidentally, the colloquial English translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section10-example4" />is also true!</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section10-example4" /> is a Lojban truth just as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section1-example1" /> is an English truth. Coincidentally, the colloquial English translation of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section10-example4" /> is also true!</para>
<para>The reader might be tempted to use quotation with
<quote>lu ... li'u</quote> instead of
<quote>me'o</quote>, producing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-pbDf">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter17-section10-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu .abu li'u cu lerfu</jbo>
<en>[quote] .abu [unquote] is-a-letteral.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(The single-word quote
<quote>zo</quote> cannot be used, because
<quote>.abu</quote> is a compound cmavo.) But
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section10-example4" />is false, because it says:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section10-example4" /> is false, because it says:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-P8Ag">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c17e10d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter17-section10-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>The word
<quote>.abu</quote> is a letteral</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1314,21 +1314,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter17-section12-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la cribe cu ciska</jbo>
<gloss>That-named
<quote>Bear</quote> writes.</gloss>
<en>Bear is a writer.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section12-example5" />does not of course refer to a bear (
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section12-example5" /> does not of course refer to a bear (
<quote>le cribe</quote> or
<quote>lo cribe</quote>) but to something else, probably a person, named
<quote>Bear</quote>. Similarly,
<quote>me dy ny. .abu</quote> is a predicate which can be used as a name, producing a kind of acronym which can have pauses between the individual lerfu words.</para>
<!-- ^^ acronym: definition, 423 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>acronym</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter17-section13">
<title>Computerized character codes</title>
<!-- ^^ character codes: definition, 425 -->
@@ -1364,21 +1364,21 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ American dollars: example, 425 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>American dollars</primary></indexterm>
<en>
<quote>$</quote> represents American dollars.</en>
<!-- ^^ American dollars: example, 425 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>American dollars</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Understanding
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section13-example1" />depends on knowing the value in the ASCII character set (one of the simplest and oldest) of the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section13-example1" /> depends on knowing the value in the ASCII character set (one of the simplest and oldest) of the
<!-- ^^ ASCII: application to lerfu words, 425 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
<quote>$</quote> character. Therefore, the
<quote>se'e</quote> convention is only intelligible to those who know the underlying character set. For precisely specifying a particular character, however, it has the advantages of unambiguity and (relative) cultural neutrality, and therefore Lojban provides a means for those with access to descriptions of such character sets to take advantage of them.</para>
<!-- ^^ se'e, 425; and number base convention, 425 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>se'e</primary></indexterm>
<para>As another example, the Unicode character set (also known as ISO 10646) represents the international symbol of peace, an inverted trident in a circle, using the base-16 value 262E. In a suitable context, a Lojbanist may say:</para>
<!-- ^^ Unicode, 425 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Unicode</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-MXET">
diff --git a/todocbook/18.xml b/todocbook/18.xml
index 9f54ff0..e53ec8f 100644
--- a/todocbook/18.xml
+++ b/todocbook/18.xml
@@ -36,21 +36,21 @@
<jbo>3x + 2y</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>contains omitted multiplication operators, but there are other possible interpretations for the strings
<!-- ^^ multiplication: explicit expression of, 437; implicit expression of, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>multiplication</primary></indexterm>
<quote>3x</quote> and
<quote>2y</quote> than as mathematical multiplication. Therefore, the Lojban verbal (spoken and written) form of
<!-- ^^ multiplication: explicit expression of, 437; implicit expression of, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>multiplication</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section1-example1" />must not omit the multiplication operators.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section1-example1" /> must not omit the multiplication operators.</para>
<!-- ^^ multiplication: explicit expression of, 437; implicit expression of, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>multiplication</primary></indexterm>
<para>The remainder of this chapter explains (in as much detail as is currently possible) the mekso system. This chapter is by intention complete as regards mekso components, but only suggestive about uses of those components - as of now, there has been no really comprehensive use made of mekso facilities, and many matters must await the test of usage to be fully clarified.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section2">
<title>Lojban numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pa</cmavo>
@@ -237,21 +237,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re fi'u ze</jbo>
<!-- ^^ fi'u, 433 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fi'u</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>two fraction seven</gloss>
<en>2/7</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section3-example3" />is the name of the number two-sevenths; it is not the same as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section3-example3" /> is the name of the number two-sevenths; it is not the same as
<quote>the result of 2 divided by 7</quote> in Lojban, although numerically these two are equal. If the denominator of the fraction is present but the numerator is not, the numerator is taken to be 1, thus expressing the reciprocal of the following number:</para>
<!-- ^^ reciprocal: expression of mathematical, 433 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>reciprocal</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-zR7K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section3-example4" />
<anchor xml:id="c18e3d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section3-example5" />
</title>
@@ -362,85 +362,85 @@
te'o PA exponential e (approx 2.71828...)
fi'u PA golden ratio,
<!-- ^^ fi'u, 433 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fi'u</primary></indexterm>
<phrase role="IPA">Φ</phrase>, phi, (1 + sqrt(5))/2 (approx. 1.61803...)
</programlisting>
<para>The last cmavo is the same as the fraction sign cmavo: a fraction sign with neither numerator nor denominator represents the golden ratio.</para>
<para>Numbers can have any of these digit, punctuation, and special-number cmavo of Sections 2, 3, and 4 in any combination:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example1" />4.1) ma'u ci'i
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example1" /> 4.1) ma'u ci'i
<!-- ^^ ci'i, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm>
+
<phrase role="IPA">∞</phrase>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d2" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example2" />4.2) ci ka'o re
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example2" /> 4.2) ci ka'o re
<!-- ^^ ka'o, 434; as special number compared with as numerical punctuation, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ka'o</primary></indexterm>
3i2 (a complex number equivalent to
<quote>3 + 2i</quote>)
</programlisting>
<para>Note that
<quote>ka'o</quote> is both a special number (meaning
<!-- ^^ ka'o, 434; as special number compared with as numerical punctuation, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ka'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>i</quote>) and a number punctuation mark (separating the real and the imaginary parts of a complex number).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example3" />4.3) ci'i no
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example3" /> 4.3) ci'i no
<!-- ^^ ci'i, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm>
infinity zero
<!-- ^^ infinity: example, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>infinity</primary></indexterm>
<phrase role="IPA">ℵ</phrase>
<subscript>0</subscript> (a transfinite cardinal)
<!-- ^^ transfinite cardinal: example, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>transfinite cardinal</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>The special numbers
<quote>pai</quote> and
<quote>te'o</quote> are mathematically important, which is why they are given their own cmavo:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example4" />4.4) pai
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example4" /> 4.4) pai
pi,
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d5" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example5" />4.5) te'o
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example5" /> 4.5) te'o
e
</programlisting>
<para>However, many combinations are as yet undefined:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-rv8p">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example6" />
<anchor xml:id="c18e4d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section4-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>pa pi re pi ci</jbo>
<en>1.2.3</en>
<jbo>pa ni'u re</jbo>
<en>1 negative-sign 2</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section4-example7" />is not
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section4-example7" /> is not
<quote>1 minus 2</quote>, which is represented by a different cmavo sequence altogether. It is a single number which has not been assigned a meaning. There are many such numbers which have no well-defined meaning; they may be used for experimental purposes or for future expansion of the Lojban number system.</para>
<para>It is possible, of course, that some of these
<quote>oddities</quote> do have a meaningful use in some restricted area of mathematics. A mathematician appropriating these structures for specialized use needs to consider whether some other branch of mathematics would use the structure differently.</para>
<para>More information on numbers may be found in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8" />to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8" /> to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section12" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section5">
<title>Simple infix expressions and equations</title>
<!-- ^^ infix expressions: in operands being used in Polish notation, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>infix expressions</primary></indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
du GOhA equals
su'i VUhU plus
@@ -506,21 +506,21 @@
<en>This fly has a mass of 3 grams.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>requires
<quote>li</quote> because
<quote>ci</quote> is being used as a sumti. Note that this is the way in which measurements are stated in Lojban: all the predicates for units of length, mass, temperature, and so on have the measured object as the first place and a number as the second place. Using
<!-- ^^ measurements: expressing, 435 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>measurements</primary></indexterm>
<quote>li</quote> for
<quote>le</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5-example2" />would produce</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5-example2" /> would produce</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gJe1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section5-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci prenu</jbo>
<en>The-number 3 is-a-person.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -580,21 +580,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section5-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci su'i vo pi'i mu du li reci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number three plus four times five equals the-number two-three.</gloss>
<en>3 + 4 × 5 = 23</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Is the Lojban version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5-example7" />true? No!
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5-example7" /> true? No!
<quote>3 + 4 × 5</quote> is indeed 23, because the usual conventions of mathematics state that multiplication takes precedence over addition; that is, the multiplication
<!-- ^^ multiplication: explicit expression of, 437; implicit expression of, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>multiplication</primary></indexterm>
<quote>4 × 5</quote> is done first, giving 20, and only then the addition
<quote>3 + 20</quote>. But VUhU operators by default are done left to right, like other Lojban grouping, and so a truthful bridi would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-XUQh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e5d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section5-example8" />
</title>
@@ -674,21 +674,21 @@
<quote>a × b × c</quote>. (Of course, a local convention could state that the value of a variable like
<quote>abc</quote>, with a multi-lerfu name, was equal to the values of the variables
<quote>a</quote>,
<quote>b</quote>, and
<quote>c</quote> multiplied together.)</para>
<para>The explicit operator
<quote>pi'i</quote> is required in the Lojban verbal form whereas multiplication is implicit in the symbolic form. Note that
<!-- ^^ multiplication: explicit expression of, 437; implicit expression of, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>multiplication</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ve'o</quote>(the right parenthesis) is an elidable terminator: the first use of it in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5-example10" />is required, but the second use (marked by square brackets) could be elided. Additionally, the first
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5-example10" /> is required, but the second use (marked by square brackets) could be elided. Additionally, the first
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>square brackets</primary></indexterm>
<quote>bi'e</quote>(also marked by square brackets) is not necessary to get the proper grouping, but it is included here for symmetry with the other one.</para>
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>square brackets</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ bi'e, 437; effect on following operator, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bi'e</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section6">
<title>Forethought operators (Polish notation, functions)</title>
@@ -808,21 +808,21 @@
<quote>ma'o</quote> can be generalized from lerfu strings to any mekso operand: see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section21" />.)</para>
<para>When using forethought mekso, the optional marker
<quote>pe'o</quote> may be placed in front of the operator. This usage can help avoid confusion by providing clearly marked
<!-- ^^ pe'o, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>pe'o</quote> and
<!-- ^^ pe'o, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ku'e</quote> pairs to delimit the operand list.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6-example1" />to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6-example1" /> to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6-example3" />, respectively, with explicit
<quote>pe'o</quote> and
<!-- ^^ pe'o, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ku'e</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-CDR6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section6-example4" />
<anchor xml:id="c18e6d5" />
@@ -840,21 +840,21 @@
<jbo>li zy du li pe'o ma'o fy.boi xy. ku'e</jbo>
<!-- ^^ pe'o, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'o</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note: When using forethought mekso, be sure that the operands really are operands: they cannot contain regular infix expressions unless parenthesized with
<!-- ^^ infix expressions: in operands being used in Polish notation, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>infix expressions</primary></indexterm>
<quote>vei</quote> and
<quote>ve'o</quote>. An earlier version of the complex
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example6" />came to grief because I forgot this rule.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example6" /> came to grief because I forgot this rule.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section7">
<title>Other useful selbri for mekso bridi</title>
<para>So far our examples have been isolated mekso (it is legal to have a bare mekso as a sentence in Lojban) and equation bridi involving
<quote>du</quote>. What about inequalities such as
<quote>x < 5</quote>? The answer is to use a bridi with an appropriate selbri, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-s4TW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e7d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section7-example1" />
@@ -1029,22 +1029,22 @@
<en>I look-at one person</en>
<jbo>mi catlu ro prenu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ro prenu, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ro prenu</primary></indexterm>
<en>I look-at all persons</en>
<!-- ^^ all persons: example, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>all persons</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example1" />might be true, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example2" />is almost certainly false.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example1" /> might be true, whereas
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example2" /> is almost certainly false.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>so'a</quote>,
<!-- ^^ so'a, 440 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>so'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>so'e</quote>,
<!-- ^^ so'e, 440; meaning of, 441 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>so'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>so'i</quote>,
<!-- ^^ so'i, 440 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>so'i</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1125,21 +1125,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi citka piro lei nanba</jbo>
<en>I eat the-whole-of the-mass-of bread</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Similarly,
<quote>piso'a</quote> means
<quote>almost the whole of</quote>; and so on down to
<quote>piso'u</quote>,
<quote>a tiny part of</quote>. These numbers are particularly appropriate with masses, which are usually measured rather than counted, as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example8" />shows.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example8" /> shows.</para>
<para>In addition to these cmavo, there is
<quote>no'o</quote>, meaning
<!-- ^^ no'o, 441 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>no'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>the typical value</quote>, and
<!-- ^^ typical value: contrasted with elliptical value for sumti, 157; contrasted with mathematical average, 441 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>typical value</primary></indexterm>
<quote>pino'o</quote>, meaning
<quote>the typical portion</quote>: Sometimes
<quote>no'o</quote> can be translated
@@ -1175,21 +1175,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi catlu da'a re prenu</jbo>
<en>I look-at all-but two persons</en>
<jbo>mi catlu da'a so'u prenu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ so'u, 440 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>so'u</primary></indexterm>
<en>I look-at all-but a-few persons</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example12" />is similar in meaning to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example12" /> is similar in meaning to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example3" />.</para>
<para>If no number follows
<quote>da'a</quote>, then
<quote>pa</quote> is assumed;
<quote>da'a</quote> by itself means
<quote>all but one</quote>, or in ordinal contexts
<quote>all but the last</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-3z2U">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e8d13" />
@@ -1198,21 +1198,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro ratcu ka'e citka da'a ratcu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ka'e, 243 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ka'e</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>All rats can eat all-but-one rats.</gloss>
<en>All rats can eat all other rats.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(The use of
<quote>da'a</quote> means that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example13" />does not require that all rats can eat themselves, but does allow it. Each rat has one rat it cannot eat, but that one might be some rat other than itself. Context often dictates that
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example13" /> does not require that all rats can eat themselves, but does allow it. Each rat has one rat it cannot eat, but that one might be some rat other than itself. Context often dictates that
<!-- ^^ eat themselves: example, 442 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>eat themselves</primary></indexterm>
<quote>itself</quote> is, indeed, the
<quote>other</quote> rat.)</para>
<para>As mentioned in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section3" />,
<quote>ma'u</quote> and
<quote>ni'u</quote> are also legal numbers, and they mean
<quote>some positive number</quote> and
<quote>some negative number</quote> respectively.</para>
@@ -1296,21 +1296,21 @@
<en>I saw both dogs.</en>
<!-- ^^ both dogs: example, 442 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>both dogs</primary></indexterm>
<jbo>mi speni so'ici prenu</jbo>
<gloss>I am-married-to many/three persons.</gloss>
<en>I am married to three persons (which is
<quote>many</quote> in the circumstances).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example19" />assumes a mostly monogamous culture by stating that three is
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section8-example19" /> assumes a mostly monogamous culture by stating that three is
<quote>many</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section9">
<title>Approximation and inexact numbers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ji'i PA approximately
su'e PA at most
<!-- ^^ su'e, 443; with elided number, 443 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>su'e</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1381,22 +1381,22 @@
<!-- ^^ rounded up: example, 443 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>rounded up</primary></indexterm>
<jbo>re pi ze pa ji'i ni'u</jbo>
<gloss>two point seven one approximation negative-sign</gloss>
<en>2.71 (rounded down)</en>
<!-- ^^ rounded down: example, 443 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>rounded down</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example3" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example5" />are all approximations to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example3" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example5" /> are all approximations to
<quote>te'o</quote>(exponential e).
<quote>ji'i</quote> can also appear by itself, in which case it means
<quote>approximately the typical value in this context</quote>.</para>
<!-- ^^ typical value: contrasted with elliptical value for sumti, 157; contrasted with mathematical average, 441 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>typical value</primary></indexterm>
<para>The four cmavo
<quote>su'e</quote>,
<!-- ^^ su'e, 443; with elided number, 443 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>su'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>su'o</quote>,
@@ -1428,24 +1428,24 @@
<!-- ^^ me'i, 443; with elided number, 443 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>me'i</primary></indexterm>
<en>I look-at less-than two persons</en>
<jbo>mi catlu za'u re prenu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ za'u, 443; with elided number, 443 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>za'u</primary></indexterm>
<en>I look-at more-than two persons</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Each of these is a subtly different claim:
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example7" />is true of two or any greater number, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example9" />requires three persons or more. Likewise,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example6" />refers to zero, one, or two;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example8" />to zero or one. (Of course, when the context allows numbers other than non-negative integers,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example7" /> is true of two or any greater number, whereas
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example9" /> requires three persons or more. Likewise,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example6" /> refers to zero, one, or two;
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section9-example8" /> to zero or one. (Of course, when the context allows numbers other than non-negative integers,
<quote>me'i re</quote> can be any number less than 2, and likewise with the other cases.) The exact quantifier,
<!-- ^^ me'i, 443; with elided number, 443 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>me'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>exactly 2, neither more nor less</quote> is just
<quote>re</quote>. Note that
<quote>su'ore</quote> is the exact Lojban equivalent of English plurals.</para>
<para>If no number follows one of these cmavo,
<quote>pa</quote> is understood: therefore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-brir">
<title>
@@ -1602,22 +1602,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e10d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section10-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li ci pi'e rere pi'e vono su'i pi'e ci pi'e cici du li ci pi'e rexa pi'e paci</jbo>
<gloss>The-number 3:22:40 plus :3:33 equals the-number 3:26:13.</gloss>
<en>3:22:40 + 0:3:33 = 3:26:13</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Of course, only context tells you that the first part of the numbers in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section10-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section10-example6" />is hours, the second minutes, and the third seconds.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section10-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section10-example6" /> is hours, the second minutes, and the third seconds.</para>
<!-- ^^ hours:minutes:seconds: example, 445 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>hours</primary></indexterm>
<para>The same mechanism using
<quote>pi'e</quote> can be used to express numbers which have a base larger than 16. For example, base-20 Mayan mathematics might use digits from
<!-- ^^ Mayan mathematics: as a system with base larger than 16, 445 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Mayan mathematics</primary></indexterm>
<quote>no</quote> to
<quote>paso</quote>, each separated by
<quote>pi'e</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Nx5T">
@@ -1862,21 +1862,21 @@
<jbo>mi raumoi le velskina porsi</jbo>
<gloss>I am-enough-th-in the movie-audience sequence</gloss>
<!-- ^^ enough-th: example, 447 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>enough-th</primary></indexterm>
<en>I am enough-th in the movie line.</en>
<!-- ^^ enough-th: example, 447 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>enough-th</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section11-example7" />means, in the appropriate context, that my position in line is sufficiently far to the front that I will get a seat for the movie.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section11-example7" /> means, in the appropriate context, that my position in line is sufficiently far to the front that I will get a seat for the movie.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>si'e</quote> creates portion selbri. The place structure is:</para>
<!-- ^^ si'e, 447 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>si'e</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ portion selbri: definition, 447; place structure, 447; place structure effect from subjective numbers, 448 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>portion selbri</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is an (n)th portion of mass x2
</programlisting>
<para>Some examples:</para>
@@ -2031,42 +2031,42 @@
<!-- ^^ stereotypical: as not derogatory in Lojban, 126; compared with typical, 126 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>stereotypical</primary></indexterm>
<en>I have a snowball's chance in Hell of being king.</en>
<!-- ^^ snowball's chance: example, 448 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>snowball's chance</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note: the elidable terminator
<quote>boi</quote> is not used between a number and a member of MOI. As a result, the
<quote>me'u</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section11-example13" />could also be replaced by a
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section11-example13" /> could also be replaced by a
<quote>boi</quote>, which would serve the same function of preventing the
<quote>pa</quote> and
<quote>moi</quote> from joining into a compound.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section12">
<title>Number questions</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xo</cmavo>
<!-- ^^ xo, 449 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>xo</primary></indexterm>
<selmaho>PA</selmaho>
<description>number question</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>xo</quote>, a member of selma'o PA, is used to ask questions whose answers are numbers. Like most Lojban question words, it fills the blank where the answer should go. (See
<!-- ^^ xo, 449 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>xo</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />for more on Lojban questions.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> for more on Lojban questions.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-BJGv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e12d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section12-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c18e12d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section12-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i re du li xo</jbo>
<!-- ^^ xo, 449 -->
@@ -2156,21 +2156,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e13d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section13-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xy.boi xi by.boi xi vo</jbo>
<en>x</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example10" />for the standard method of specifying multiple subscripts on a single object.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example10" /> for the standard method of specifying multiple subscripts on a single object.</para>
<para>More information on the uses of subscripts may be found in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section14">
<title>Infix operators revisited</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>tu'o</cmavo>
<!-- ^^ tu'o, 450, 453; for infix operations with too few operands, 450 -->
@@ -2535,33 +2535,33 @@
<!-- ^^ lo'o, 454; effect of logical connective on elidability of, 454 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>lo'o</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>As befits a logical language, Lojban has extensive provision for logical connectives within both operators and operands. Full details on logical and non-logical connectives are provided in
<!-- ^^ logical language: truth functions, 333 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>logical language</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. Operands are connected in afterthought with selma'o A and in forethought with selma'o GA, just like sumti. Operators are connected in afterthought with selma'o JA and in forethought with selma'o GUhA, just like tanru components. This parallelism is no accident.</para>
<para>In addition, A+BO and A+KE constructs are allowed for grouping logically connected operands, and
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> is allowed for grouping logically connected operators, although there are no analogues of tanru among the operators.</para>
<para>Despite the large number of rules required to support this feature, it is of relatively minor importance in the mekso scheme of things.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example1" />exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example1" /> exhibits afterthought logical connection between operands:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-e9Xi">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>vei ci .a vo ve'o prenu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<en>( Three or four ) people go-to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example2" />is equivalent in meaning, but uses forethought connection:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example2" /> is equivalent in meaning, but uses forethought connection:</para>
<!-- ^^ forethought connection: contrasted with afterthought for grammatical utterances, 352; definition, 199; in abstractions, 365; in tenses, 363; observatives, 347; of operands, 453; of operators, 453 -->
<!-- ^^ observatives: and abstractions, 255; quick-tour version, 15 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observatives</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought connection</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-eiTM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2603,38 +2603,38 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re su'i je pi'i re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two plus and times two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<en>2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The forethought-connection form of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example4" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example4" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ccNn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re ge su'i gi pi'i re</jbo>
<gloss>du li vo</gloss>
<gloss>the-number two both plus and times two</gloss>
<gloss>equals the-number four.</gloss>
<en>Both 2 + 2 = 4 and 2 × 2 = 4.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here is a classic example of operand logical connection:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d6" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17-example6" />17.6) go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy.
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17-example6" /> 17.6) go li .abu bi'epi'i vei xy. te'a re ve'o su'i by. bi'epi'i xy.
<!-- ^^ te'a, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm>
su'i cy. du li no
gi li xy. du li vei va'a by. ku'e su'i ja vu'u
fe'a vei by. bi'ete'a re vu'u vo bi'epi'i .abu bi'epi'i cy. ve'o [ku'e] ve'o
fe'i re bi'epi'i .abu
If-and-only-if the-number
<quote>a</quote>-times-(
<quote>x</quote> power two ) plus
<quote>b</quote>-times-
@@ -2660,21 +2660,21 @@
</programlisting>
<para>Note the mixture of styles in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example6" />: the negation of b and the square root are represented by forethought and most of the operator precedence by prefixed
<!-- ^^ operator precedence: and mathematical notation, 436; effect of pragmatic convention, 436; generalized explicit specification, 437; in Lojban default, 436; plans for future, 458; rationale for default left-grouping, 436; scope modification with bi'e, 437; specifying by parenthesis, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>operator precedence</primary></indexterm>
<quote>bi'e</quote>, but explicit parentheses had to be added to group the numerator properly. In addition, the square root parentheses cannot be removed here in favor of simple
<!-- ^^ bi'e, 437; effect on following operator, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bi'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>fe'a</quote> and
<quote>ku'e</quote> bracketing, because infix operators are present in the operand. Getting
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example6" />to parse perfectly using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would dispense with most of the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example6" /> to parse perfectly using the current parser took several tries: a more relaxed style would dispense with most of the
<quote>bi'e</quote> cmavo and just let the standard precedence rules be understood.</para>
<!-- ^^ bi'e, 437; effect on following operator, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bi'e</primary></indexterm>
<para>Non-logical connection with JOI and BIhI is also permitted between operands and between operators. One use for this construct is to connect operands with
<quote>bi'o</quote> to create intervals:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Bzf6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17-example7" />
</title>
@@ -2711,21 +2711,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e17d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section17-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li pimu su'i ni'upimu bi'o ma'upimu</jbo>
<en>the-number 0.5 plus [-0.5 from-to +0.5]</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here we have the sum of a number and an interval, which produces another interval centered on the number. As
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example9" />shows, non-logical (or logical) connection of operands has higher precedence than any mekso operator.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17-example9" /> shows, non-logical (or logical) connection of operands has higher precedence than any mekso operator.</para>
<!-- ^^ connection of operands: grouping, 454; precedence over operator, 455 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>connection of operands</primary></indexterm>
<para>You can also combine two operands with
<quote>ce'o</quote>, the sequence connective of selma'o JOI, to make a compound subscript:</para>
<!-- ^^ compound subscript, 362, 455 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>compound subscript</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ ce'o, 354, 362 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ce'o</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-eMsd">
<title>
@@ -2773,21 +2773,21 @@
<description>terminator for all three</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>One of the mekso design goals requires the ability to make use of Lojban's vocabulary resources within mekso to extend the built-in cmavo for operands and operators. There are three relevant constructs: all three share the elidable terminator
<quote>te'u</quote>(which is also used to terminate vectors marked with
<quote>jo'i</quote>)</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>na'u</quote> makes a selbri into an operator. In general, the first place of the selbri specifies the result of the operator, and the other unfilled places specify the operands:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c18e18d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section18-example1" />18.1) li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section18-example1" /> 18.1) li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i
<!-- ^^ ci'i, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm>
The-number the-operator tangent (
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase> / 2 ) = the-number infinity.
<!-- ^^ infinity: example, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>infinity</primary></indexterm>
tan(
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>/2) =
<phrase role="IPA">∞</phrase>
</programlisting>
@@ -2961,46 +2961,46 @@
<en>The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>uses
<quote>nu'a</quote> to make the operator
<quote>va'a</quote> into a two-place bridi</para>
<para>Used together,
<quote>nu'a</quote> and
<quote>na'u</quote> make it possible to ask questions about mekso operators, even though there is no specific cmavo for an operator question, nor is it grammatical to utter an operator in isolation. Consider
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example4" />, to which
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example5" />is one correct answer:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example5" /> is one correct answer:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-4zCy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section19-example4" />
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section19-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re na'u mo re du li vo</jbo>
<gloss>The-number two what-operator? two equals the-number four.</gloss>
<en>2 ? 2 = 4</en>
<jbo>nu'a su'i</jbo>
<en>plus</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example4" />,
<quote>na'u mo</quote> is an operator question, because
<quote>mo</quote> is the selbri question cmavo and
<quote>na'u</quote> makes the selbri into an operator.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example5" />makes the true answer
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example5" /> makes the true answer
<quote>su'i</quote> into a selbri (which is a legal utterance) with the inverse cmavo
<quote>nu'a</quote>. Mechanically speaking, inserting
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example5" />into
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example4" />produces:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example5" /> into
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19-example4" /> produces:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-M5YX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e19d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section19-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li re na'u nu'a su'i re du li vo</jbo>
<en>The-number two (the-operator the-selbri plus) two equals the-number four.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -3044,21 +3044,21 @@
<en>nineteenthly (higher order)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference between
<quote>mai</quote> and
<quote>mo'o</quote> is that
<quote>mo'o</quote> enumerates larger subdivisions of a text. Each
<quote>mo'o</quote> subdivision can then be divided into pieces and internally numbered with
<quote>mai</quote>. If this chapter were translated into Lojban, each section would be numbered with
<quote>mo'o</quote>. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />for more on these words.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> for more on these words.)</para>
<para>A numerical tense can be created by suffixing a digit string with
<!-- ^^ digit string: definition of, 458 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>digit string</primary></indexterm>
<quote>roi</quote>. This usage generates tenses corresponding to English
<!-- ^^ roi, 226, 458 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>roi</primary></indexterm>
<quote>once</quote>,
<quote>twice</quote>, and so on. This topic belongs to a detailed discussion of Lojban tenses, and is explained further in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />.</para>
<para>Note: the elidable terminator
@@ -3255,34 +3255,34 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section22-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li bize</jbo>
<gloss>eight seven</gloss>
<en>87</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example1" />is mathematically correct, but sacrifices the spirit of the English words, which are intended to be complex and formal.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example1" /> is mathematically correct, but sacrifices the spirit of the English words, which are intended to be complex and formal.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-HNyL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section22-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo pi'i reno su'i ze</jbo>
<gloss>four times twenty plus seven</gloss>
<en>4 × 20 + 7</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example2" />is also mathematically correct, but still misses something.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example2" /> is also mathematically correct, but still misses something.
<quote>Score</quote> is not a word for 20 in the same way that
<quote>ten</quote> is a word for 10: it contains the implication of 20 objects. The original may be taken as short for
<quote>Four score years and seven years ago</quote>. Thinking of a score as a twentysome rather than as 20 leads to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-iwba">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section22-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li mo'e voboi renomei te'u su'i ze</jbo>
@@ -3313,24 +3313,24 @@
<anchor xml:id="c18e22d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter18-section22-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>li vo pi'e ze ju'u reno</jbo>
<gloss>four ; seven base 20</gloss>
<en>47</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Overall,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example3" />probably captures the flavor of the English best.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example2" />are too simple, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example4" />is too tricky. Nevertheless, all four examples are good Lojban. Pedagogically, these examples illustrate the richness of lojbau mekso: anything that can be said at all, can probably be said in more than one way.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example3" /> probably captures the flavor of the English best.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example2" /> are too simple, and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section22-example4" /> is too tricky. Nevertheless, all four examples are good Lojban. Pedagogically, these examples illustrate the richness of lojbau mekso: anything that can be said at all, can probably be said in more than one way.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter18-section23">
<title>mekso selma'o summary</title>
<para>Except as noted, each selma'o has only one cmavo.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
BOI elidable terminator for numerals and lerfu strings
BY lerfu for variables and functions (see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17" />)
FUhA reverse-Polish flag
GOhA includes
diff --git a/todocbook/19.xml b/todocbook/19.xml
index 35d9320..3391b2d 100644
--- a/todocbook/19.xml
+++ b/todocbook/19.xml
@@ -111,21 +111,21 @@
<quote>ni'o</quote> is a mere discursive indicator of a new subject, whereas
<!-- ^^ discursive indicator, 466 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>discursive indicator</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ni'oni'o</quote> marks a change in the context. In this situation,
<quote>ni'oni'o</quote> implicitly cancels the definitions of all pro-sumti of selma'o KOhA as well as pro-bridi of selma'o GOhA. (Explicit cancelling is expressed by the cmavo
<quote>da'o</quote> of selma'o DAhO, which has the free grammar of an indicator – it can appear almost anywhere.) The use of
<!-- ^^ da'o, 162, 466; for cancellation of pro-sumti/pro-bridi assignment, 162; syntax of, 162 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>da'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ni'oni'o</quote> does not affect indicators (of selma'o UI) or tense references, but
<quote>ni'oni'oni'o</quote>, indicating a drastic change of topic, would serve to reset both indicators and tenses. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section8" />for a discussion of indicator scope.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section8" /> for a discussion of indicator scope.)</para>
<!-- ^^ indicator scope, 466 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indicator scope</primary></indexterm>
<para>In spoken text, which is inherently less structured, these levels are reduced by one, with
<quote>ni'o</quote> indicating a change in context sufficient to cancel pro-sumti and pro-bridi assignment. On the other hand, in a book, or in stories within stories such as
<!-- ^^ stories: flow of time in, 236 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>stories</primary></indexterm>
<quote>The Arabian Nights</quote>, further levels may be expressed by extending the
<!-- ^^ Arabian Nights: as multi-level narrative, 467 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Arabian Nights</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ni'o</quote> string as needed. Normally, a written text will begin with the number of
@@ -177,71 +177,71 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ovFJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section4-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zhe</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The wide space in the first two versions of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example2" />separate the topic (
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example2" /> separate the topic (
<quote>this news</quote>) from the comment (
<!-- ^^ news: example, 467 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>news</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I know already</quote>).</para>
<para>Lojban uses the cmavo
<quote>zo'u</quote>(of selma'o ZOhU) to separate topic (a sumti) from comment (a bridi):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-p4ww">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section4-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nuzba zo'u mi ba'o djuno</jbo>
<en>The news : I [perfective] know.</en>
<!-- ^^ news: example, 467 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>news</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example3" />is the literal Lojban translation of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example3" /> is the literal Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example2" />. Of course, the topic-comment structure can be changed to a straightforward bridi structure:</para>
<!-- ^^ topic-comment: description, 467 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>topic-comment</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-V2B4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section4-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba'o djuno le nuzba</jbo>
<en>I [perfective] know the news.</en>
<!-- ^^ news: example, 467 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>news</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example4" />means the same as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example4" /> means the same as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example3" />, and it is simpler. However, often the position of the topic in the place structure of the selbri within the comment is vague:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-tpcK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section4-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le finpe zo'u citka</jbo>
<en>the fish : eat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Is the fish eating or being eaten? The sentence doesn't say. The Chinese equivalent of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example5" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example5" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-N6H3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section4-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>yu</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is vague in exactly the same way.</para>
@@ -292,21 +292,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jdini zo'u tu'e do ponse .inaja do djica [tu'u]</jbo>
<gloss>The-mass-of money : ( [if] you possess, then you want )</gloss>
<en>Money: if you have it, you want it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note: In Lojban, you do not
<quote>want money</quote>; you
<quote>want to have money</quote> or something of the sort, as the x2 place of
<quote>djica</quote> demands an event. As a result, the straightforward rendering of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example8" />without a topic is not:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example8" /> without a topic is not:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Mdjd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e4d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section4-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do ponse loi jdini .inaja do djica ri</jbo>
<en>You possess money only-if you desire its-mere-existence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -322,24 +322,24 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do ponse loi jdini .inaja do djica tu'a ri</jbo>
<en>You possess money only-if you desire something-about it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>namely, the possession of money. But topic-comment sentences like
<!-- ^^ topic-comment sentences, 467 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>topic-comment sentences</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ topic-comment: description, 467 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>topic-comment</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example9" />are inherently vague, and this difference between
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4-example9" /> are inherently vague, and this difference between
<quote>ponse</quote>(which expects a physical object in x2) and
<quote>djica</quote> is ignored. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9-example3" />for another topic/comment sentence.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9-example3" /> for another topic/comment sentence.</para>
<para>The subject of an English sentence is often the topic as well, but in Lojban the sumti in the x1 place is not necessarily the topic, especially if it is the normal (unconverted) x1 for the selbri. Thus Lojban sentences don't necessarily have a
<quote>subject</quote> in the English sense.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter19-section5">
<title>Questions and answers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>xu</cmavo>
<selmaho>UI</selmaho>
@@ -528,22 +528,22 @@
<jbo>la djan. la marcas. le zarci le briju</jbo>
<gloss>John, Marsha, the store, the office.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ Marsha: example, 470 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Marsha</primary></indexterm>
<en>John and Marsha go to the store and the office, respectively.</en>
<!-- ^^ Marsha: example, 470 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Marsha</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note: A mechanical substitution of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section5-example8" />into
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section5-example7" />produces an ungrammatical result, because
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section5-example8" /> into
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section5-example7" /> produces an ungrammatical result, because
<quote>* ... le zarci fa'u le briju</quote> is ungrammatical Lojban: the first
<quote>le zarci</quote> has to be closed with its proper terminator
<quote>ku</quote>, for reasons explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. This effect is not important: Lojban behaves as if all elided terminators have been supplied in both question and answer before inserting the latter into the former. The exchange is grammatical if question and answer are each separately grammatical.)</para>
<para>Questions to be answered with a selbri are expressed with
<quote>mo</quote> of selma'o GOhA, which is a kind of pro-bridi:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-uVCW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e5d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section5-example9" />
@@ -603,27 +603,27 @@
<!-- ^^ ijoik: as name for compound cmavo, 336; definition, 358 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ijoik</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />; attitudes (using
<quote>pei</quote> of UI, and receiving an attitudinal as an answer) - see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />; place structures (using
<quote>fi'a</quote> of FA, and receiving a cmavo of FA as an answer) - see
<!-- ^^ fi'a, 191; effect on subsequent untagged sumti, 192 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fi'a</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />; tenses and modals (using
<quote>cu'e</quote> of CUhE, and receiving any tense or BAI cmavo as an answer) - see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />.</para>
<para>Questions can be marked by placing
<quote>pau</quote>(of selma'o UI) before the question bridi. See
<!-- ^^ pau, 322; placement in sentence, 322 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pau</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" />for details.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter13" /> for details.</para>
<para>The full list of non-bridi utterances suitable as answers to questions is:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>any number of sumti (with elidable terminator
<quote>vau</quote>, see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>an ek or gihek (logical connectives, see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />)</para>
@@ -721,44 +721,44 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section6-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fo le dargu fi le zdani fa mi fe le zarci fu le karce cu klama</jbo>
<en>Via the road, from the house, I, to the market, using-the car, go.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example1" />to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example3" />all mean the same thing. But consider the lujvo
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example1" /> to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example3" /> all mean the same thing. But consider the lujvo
<quote>nunkla</quote>, formed by applying the abstraction operator
<quote>nu</quote> to
<quote>klama</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-sMPn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section6-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'edi'u cu nunkla</jbo>
<!-- ^^ la'edi'u, 149; contrasted with di'u, 149; quick-tour version, 21 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>mi le zarci le zdani le dargu le karce</gloss>
<gloss>The-referent-of-the-previous-sentence is-an-event-of-going</gloss>
<en>by-me to-the market from-the house via-the road using-the car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example4" />shows that
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example4" /> shows that
<quote>nunkla</quote> has six places: the five places of
<quote>klama</quote> plus a new one (placed first) for the event itself. Performing transformations similar to that of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example2" />requires an additional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (see Chapter 19):</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example2" /> requires an additional conversion cmavo that exchanges the x1 and x6 places. The solution is to use any cmavo of SE with a subscript "6" (see Chapter 19):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-zGhw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e6d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section6-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce cu sexixa nunkla mi</jbo>
<gloss>le zarci le zdani le dargu la'edi'u</gloss>
<!-- ^^ la'edi'u, 149; contrasted with di'u, 149; quick-tour version, 21 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm>
@@ -775,22 +775,22 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fu le dargu fo le zdani fe mi fa la'edi'u</jbo>
<!-- ^^ la'edi'u, 149; contrasted with di'u, 149; quick-tour version, 21 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>fi le zarci faxixa le karce cu nunkla</gloss>
<gloss>Via the road, from the house, by me, the-referent-of-the-last-sentence,</gloss>
<en>to the market, using the car, is-an-event-of-going.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example4" />to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example6" />also all mean the same thing, and each is derived straightforwardly from any of the others, despite the tortured nature of the English glosses. In addition, any other member of SE or FA could be substituted into
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example4" /> to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section6-example6" /> also all mean the same thing, and each is derived straightforwardly from any of the others, despite the tortured nature of the English glosses. In addition, any other member of SE or FA could be substituted into
<quote>sexixa</quote> and
<quote>faxixa</quote> without change of meaning:
<quote>vexixa</quote> means the same thing as
<quote>sexixa</quote>.</para>
<para>Lojban provides two groups of pro-sumti, both belonging to selma'o KOhA. The ko'a-series cmavo are used to refer to explicitly specified sumti to which they have been bound using
<quote>goi</quote>. The da-series, on the other hand, are existentially or universally quantified variables. (These concepts are explained more fully in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />.) There are ten ko'a-series cmavo and 3 da-series cmavo available.</para>
<para>If more are required, any cmavo of the ko'a-series or the da-series can be subscripted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Bday">
<title>
@@ -1125,21 +1125,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section9-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo'u mi du do du la djan. le'u na tergerna la lojban.</jbo>
<en>[quote] mi du do du la djan. [unquote] is-not a-grammatical-structure in Lojban.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9-example2" />is grammatical even though the embedded quotation is not. Similarly,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9-example2" /> is grammatical even though the embedded quotation is not. Similarly,
<!-- ^^ embedded quotation, 476 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>embedded quotation</primary></indexterm>
<quote>lo'u</quote> quotation can quote fragments of a text which themselves do not constitute grammatical utterances:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-EXeq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e9d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section9-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lu le mlatu cu viska le finpe li'u zo'u lo'u viska le le'u</jbo>
@@ -1290,22 +1290,22 @@
<quote>zoi</quote> itself. Another possibility is a Lojban word suggesting the topic of the quotation.</para>
<para>Within written text, the Lojban written word used as a delimiting word may not appear, whereas within spoken text, the sound of the delimiting word may not be uttered. This leads to occasional breakdowns of audio-visual isomorphism:
<!-- ^^ isomorphism: audio-visual, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>isomorphism</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ audio-visual isomorphism, 29 -->
<!-- ^^ isomorphism: audio-visual, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>isomorphism</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>audio-visual isomorphism</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ isomorphism: audio-visual, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>isomorphism</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example3" />is fine in speech but ungrammatical as written, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example4" />is correct when written but ungrammatical in speech.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example3" /> is fine in speech but ungrammatical as written, whereas
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example4" /> is correct when written but ungrammatical in speech.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-xfAM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section10-example3" />
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section10-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>?mi djuno fi le valsi po'u zoi gy. gyrations .gy.</jbo>
<en>I know about the word which-is
@@ -1374,36 +1374,36 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>zo .bab. cmene la'e zo .bab.</jbo>
<en>The-word
<quote>Bob</quote> is-the-name-of the-referent-of the-word
<quote>Bob</quote>.</en>
<jbo>lu'e la bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<en>A-symbol-for Bob is-the-name-of Bob.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example6" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example8" />all mean approximately the same thing, except for differences in emphasis.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example9" />is different:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example6" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example8" /> all mean approximately the same thing, except for differences in emphasis.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example9" /> is different:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-3yXJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e10d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section10-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la bab. cmene la bab.</jbo>
<en>Bob is the name of Bob.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and says that Bob is both the name and the thing named, an unlikely situation. People are not names.</para>
<para>(In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example6" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example6" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10-example7" />, the name
<quote>bab.</quote> was separated from a preceding
<quote>zo</quote> by a pause, thus:
<quote>zo .bab.</quote>. The reason for this extra pause is that all Lojban names must be separated by pause from any preceding word other than
<quote>la</quote>,
<quote>lai</quote>,
<quote>la'i</quote>(all of selma'o LA) and
<quote>doi</quote>(of selma'o DOI). There are numerous other cmavo that may precede a name: of these,
<quote>zo</quote> is one of the most common.)</para>
<para>The cmavo
@@ -1604,21 +1604,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c19e12d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section12-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu</jbo>
<gloss>O Lisa, I desire the event-of (O Frank, [imperative] stop!) you see the cat.</gloss>
<en>Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12-example1" />implicitly redefines
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12-example1" /> implicitly redefines
<quote>do</quote> within the parentheses: the listener is changed by
<quote>doi frank.</quote> When the context sentence resumes, however, the old listener, Lisa, is automatically restored.</para>
<para>There is another cmavo of selma'o TO:
<quote>to'i</quote>. The difference between
<quote>to</quote> and
<quote>to'i</quote> is the difference between parentheses and square brackets in English prose. Remarks within
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>square brackets</primary></indexterm>
<quote>to ... toi</quote> cmavo are implicitly by the same speaker, whereas remarks within
<quote>to'i ... toi</quote> are implicitly by someone else, perhaps an editor:</para>
@@ -1938,21 +1938,21 @@
<jbo>mi viska le sa .i mi cusku zo .djan.</jbo>
<en>I see the ... I say the-word
<quote>John</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since the word following
<quote>sa</quote> is
<quote>.i</quote>, the sentence separator, its effect is to erase the preceding sentence. So
<!-- ^^ sentence separator, 495 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sentence separator</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13-example7" />is equivalent to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13-example7" /> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JJmn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c19e13d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter19-section13-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zo .djan.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Another example, erasing a partial description rather than a partial sentence:</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/2.xml b/todocbook/2.xml
index 486a270..c0c312d 100644
--- a/todocbook/2.xml
+++ b/todocbook/2.xml
@@ -212,21 +212,21 @@
<quote>ti</quote>,
<quote>ta</quote>, and
<quote>tu</quote> refer to whatever the speaker is pointing at, and should not be used to refer to things that cannot in principle be pointed at.</para>
<para>Names may also be used as sumti, provided they are preceded with the word
<quote>la</quote>:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la meris. the one/ones named Mary
la djan. the one/ones named John
</programlisting>
<para>Other Lojban spelling versions are possible for names from other languages, and there are restrictions on which letters may appear in Lojban names: see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />for more information.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6" /> for more information.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section4">
<title>Some words used to indicate selbri relations</title>
<para>Here is a short table of some words used as Lojban selbri in this chapter:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
vecnu x1 (seller) sells x2 (goods) to x3 (buyer) for x4 (price)
tavla x1 (talker) talks to x2 (audience) about x3 (topic) in language x4
sutra x1 (agent) is fast at doing x2 (action)
blari'o x1 (object/light source) is blue-green
melbi x1 (object/idea) is beautiful to x2 (observer) by standard x3
@@ -242,22 +242,22 @@
kanro x1 is healthy by standard x2
<!-- ^^ healthy: example, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>healthy</primary></indexterm>
stali x1 stays/remains with x2
zarci x1 is a market/store/shop selling x2 (products) operated by x3 (storekeeper)
</programlisting>
<para>Each selbri (relation) has a specific rule that defines the role of each sumti in the bridi, based on its position. In the table above, that order was expressed by labeling the sumti positions as x1, x2, x3, x4, and x5.</para>
<para>Like the table in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section3" />, this table is far from complete: in fact, no complete table can exist, because Lojban allows new words to be created (in specified ways) whenever a speaker or writer finds the existing supply of words inadequate. This notion is a basic difference between Lojban (and some other languages such as German and Chinese) and English; in English, most people are very leery of using words that
<quote>aren't in the dictionary</quote>. Lojbanists are encouraged to invent new words; doing so is a major way of participating in the development of the language.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />explains how to make new words, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />explains how to give them appropriate meanings.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" /> explains how to make new words, and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> explains how to give them appropriate meanings.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5">
<title>Some simple Lojban bridi</title>
<para>Let's look at a simple Lojban bridi. The place structure of the gismu
<quote>tavla</quote> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-5Lis">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example1" />
</title>
@@ -294,151 +294,151 @@
<jbo>Talking is going on,</jbo>
<gloss>with speaker John</gloss>
<gloss>and listener Sam</gloss>
<gloss>and subject matter engineering</gloss>
<!-- ^^ engineering: example, 14 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>engineering</primary></indexterm>
<en>and language Lojban.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The Lojban bridi corresponding to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example1" />will have the form</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example1" /> will have the form</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example4" />5.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example4" /> 5.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x1</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x2</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x3</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">x4</jbophrase>
</programlisting>
<para>The word
<quote>cu</quote> serves as a separator between any preceding sumti and the selbri. It can often be omitted, as in the following examples.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d5" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example5" />5.5)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example5" /> 5.5)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
I talk to you about something in some language.
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d6" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example6" />5.6)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example6" /> 5.6)
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
You talk to me about that thing in a language.
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d7" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example7" />5.7)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example7" /> 5.7)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">tu</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
I talk to someone about that thing yonder in this language.
</programlisting>
<para>(
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example7" />is a bit unusual, as there is no easy way to point to a language; one might point to a copy of this book, and hope the meaning gets across!)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example7" /> is a bit unusual, as there is no easy way to point to a language; one might point to a copy of this book, and hope the meaning gets across!)</para>
<para>When there are one or more occurrences of the cmavo
<quote>zo'e</quote> at the end of a bridi, they may be omitted, a process called
<quote>ellipsis</quote>.
<!-- ^^ ellipsis: quick-tour version, 14 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example6" />may be expressed thus:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example6" /> may be expressed thus:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d8" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example8" />5.8)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example8" /> 5.8)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
I talk to you (about something in some language).
<anchor xml:id="c2e5d9" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example9" />5.9)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section5-example9" /> 5.9)
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
You talk to me about that thing (in some language).
</programlisting>
<para>Note that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example7" />is not subject to ellipsis by this direct method, as the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section5-example7" /> is not subject to ellipsis by this direct method, as the
<!-- ^^ ellipsis: quick-tour version, 14 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>
<quote>zo'e</quote> in it is not at the end of the bridi.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6">
<title>Variant bridi structure</title>
<para>Consider the sentence</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example1" />6.1)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example1" /> 6.1)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
seller-x1 sells goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 price-x4
I sell this to that for some price.
I sell this-thing/these-things to that-buyer/those-buyers.
(The price is obvious or unimportant.)
</programlisting>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section6-example1" />has one sumti (the x1) before the selbri. It is also possible to put more than one sumti before the selbri, without changing the order of sumti:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section6-example1" /> has one sumti (the x1) before the selbri. It is also possible to put more than one sumti before the selbri, without changing the order of sumti:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d2" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example2" />6.2)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example2" /> 6.2)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 sells buyer-x3
I this sell to that.
(translates as stilted or poetic English)
I this thing do sell to that buyer.
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example3" />6.3)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example3" /> 6.3)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">vecnu</jbophrase>
seller-x1 goods-sold-x2 buyer-x3 sells
I this to that sell.
(translates as stilted or poetic English)
I this thing to that buyer do sell.
</programlisting>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section6-example1" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section6-example3" />mean the same thing. Usually, placing more than one sumti before the selbri is done for style or for emphasis on the sumti that are out-of-place from their normal position. (Native speakers of languages other than English may prefer such orders.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section6-example1" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section6-example3" /> mean the same thing. Usually, placing more than one sumti before the selbri is done for style or for emphasis on the sumti that are out-of-place from their normal position. (Native speakers of languages other than English may prefer such orders.)</para>
<para>If there are no sumti before the selbri, then it is understood that the x1 sumti value is equivalent to
<quote>zo'e</quote>; i.e. unimportant or obvious, and therefore not given. Any sumti after the selbri start counting from x2.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example4" />6.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example4" /> 6.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
object/idea-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard)
That/Those is/are beautiful.
That is beautiful.
Those are beautiful.
</programlisting>
<para>when the x1 is omitted, becomes:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e6d5" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example5" />6.5)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section6-example5" /> 6.5)
<jbophrase role="sumti" glossary="false">________</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
unspecified-x1 is-beautiful (to someone by some standard)
Beautiful!
It's beautiful!
</programlisting>
<para>Omitting the x1 adds emphasis to the selbri relation, which has become first in the sentence. This kind of sentence is termed an observative, because it is often used when someone first observes or takes note of the relationship, and wishes to quickly communicate it to someone else. Commonly understood English observatives include
<!-- ^^ observatives: and abstractions, 255; quick-tour version, 15 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observatives</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ observative: contrasted with observation evidential, 316; definition, 188 -->
@@ -456,69 +456,69 @@
<quote>cu</quote> is not permitted. Short words like
<quote>cu</quote> which serve grammatical functions are called
<quote>cmavo</quote> in Lojban.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7">
<title>Varying the order of sumti</title>
<para>For one reason or another you may want to change the order, placing one particular sumti at the front of the bridi. The cmavo
<quote>se</quote>, when placed before the last word of the selbri, will switch the meanings of the first and second sumti places. So</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7-example1" />7.1)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7-example1" /> 7.1)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
I talk to you about this.
</programlisting>
<para>has the same meaning as</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d2" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7-example2" />7.2)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7-example2" /> 7.2)
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
You are talked to by me about this.
</programlisting>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>te</quote>, when used in the same location, switches the meanings of the first and the third sumti places.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7-example3" />7.3)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7-example3" /> 7.3)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
I talk to you about this.
</programlisting>
<para>has the same meaning as</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e7d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7-example4" />7.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section7-example4" /> 7.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">te tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
This is talked about to you by me.
</programlisting>
<para>Note that only the first and third sumti have switched places; the second sumti has remained in the second place.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>ve</quote> and
<quote>xe</quote> switch the first and fourth sumti places, and the first and fifth sumti places, respectively. These changes in the order of places are known as
<quote>conversions</quote>, and the
<quote>se</quote>,
<quote>te</quote>,
<quote>ve</quote>, and
<quote>xe</quote> cmavo are said to convert the selbri.</para>
<para>More than one of these operators may be used on a given selbri at one time, and in such a case they are evaluated from left to right. However, in practice they are used one at a time, as there are better tools for complex manipulation of the sumti places. See
- <xref linkend="selbri" />for details.</para>
+ <xref linkend="selbri" /> for details.</para>
<para>The effect is similar to what in English is called the
<quote>passive voice</quote>. In Lojban, the converted selbri has a new place structure that is renumbered to reflect the place reversal, thus having effects when such a conversion is used in combination with other constructs such as
<!-- ^^ passive voice, 16 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>passive voice</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ converted selbri: as different selbri from unconverted, 192; as resetting standard order, 193; compared with selbri with FA in meaning, 193; contrasted with other similar selbri, 193; contrasted with selbri with FA in structure, 193; definition, 192; forming with SE, 192; in descriptions, 193; place structure of, 192; retention of basic meaning in, 193; to access non-first place in description, 193 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>converted selbri</primary></indexterm>
<quote>le selbri [ku]</quote>(see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section10" />).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section8">
@@ -634,94 +634,94 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>must always be an insect with large brightly-colored wings, of the family
<emphasis>Lepidoptera</emphasis>.</para>
<!-- ^^ Lepidoptera: example, 18 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Lepidoptera</primary></indexterm>
<para>The place structure of a tanru is always that of the final component of the tanru. Thus, the following has the place structure of
<quote>klama</quote>:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d8" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example8" />9.8)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example8" /> 9.8)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra klama</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
I quickly-go to Mary.
</programlisting>
<para>With the conversion
<quote>se klama</quote> as the final component of the tanru, the place structure of the entire selbri is that of
<quote>se klama</quote>: the x1 place is the destination, and the x2 place is the one who goes:</para>
<!-- ^^ the destination: example, 193 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>the destination</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d9" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example9" />9.9)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example9" /> 9.9)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra se klama</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
I quickly am-gone-to by Mary.
</programlisting>
<para>The following example shows that there is more to conversion than merely switching places, though:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d10" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example10" />9.10)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example10" /> 9.10)
<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
Tom beautifully-talks to Mary.
Tom is a beautiful-talker to Mary.
</programlisting>
<para>has the place structure of
<quote>tavla</quote>, but note the two distinct interpretations.</para>
<para>Now, using conversion, we can modify the place structure order:</para>
<!-- ^^ place structure order: effect of FA on, 190 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>place structure order</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d11" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example11" />9.11)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example11" /> 9.11)
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi se tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase>
Mary is beautifully-talked-to by Tom.
Mary is a beautiful-audience for Tom.
</programlisting>
<para>and we see that the modification has been changed so as to focus on Mary's role in the bridi relationship, leading to a different set of possible interpretations.</para>
<para>Note that there is no place structure change if the modifying term is converted, and so less drastic variation in possible meanings:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d12" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example12" />9.12)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example12" /> 9.12)
<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla melbi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
Tom is talkerly-beautiful to Mary.
<anchor xml:id="c2e9d13" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example13" />9.13)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section9-example13" /> 9.13)
<jbophrase role="sumti">la tam.</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla melbi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">la meris.</jbophrase>
Tom is audiencely-beautiful to Mary.
</programlisting>
<para>and we see that the manner in which Tom is seen as beautiful by Mary changes, but Tom is still the one perceived as beautiful, and Mary, the observer of beauty.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10">
<title>Description sumti</title>
<para>Often we wish to talk about things other than the speaker, the listener and things we can point to. Let's say I want to talk about a talker other than
<quote>mi</quote>. What I want to talk about would naturally fit into the first place of
<quote>tavla</quote>. Lojban, it turns out, has an operator that pulls this first place out of a selbri and converts it to a sumti called a
<quote>description sumti</quote>. The description sumti
<quote>le tavla ku</quote> means
<quote>the talker</quote>, and may be used wherever any sumti may be used.</para>
<para>For example,</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example1" />10.1)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example1" /> 10.1)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla ku</jbophrase>
</programlisting>
<para>means the same as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-oH9T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example2" />
@@ -737,21 +737,21 @@
<quote>the fast talker</quote>, and
<!-- ^^ fast talker: example, 17 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fast talker</primary></indexterm>
<quote>le sutra te tavla ku</quote> is
<quote>the fast subject of talk</quote> or
<quote>the subject of fast talk</quote>. Which of these related meanings is understood will depend on the context in which the expression is used. The most plausible interpretation within the context will generally be assumed by a listener to be the intended one.</para>
<para>In many cases the word
<quote>ku</quote> may be omitted. In particular, it is never necessary in a description at the end of a sentence, so:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example3" />10.3)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example3" /> 10.3)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase>
I talk-to you about-the talker
</programlisting>
<para>means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section10-example1" />.</para>
<para>There is a problem when we want to say
<quote>The fast one is talking.</quote> The
@@ -760,47 +760,47 @@
<quote>the fast talker</quote>, and has no selbri at all. To solve this problem we can use the word
<!-- ^^ fast talker: example, 17 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fast talker</primary></indexterm>
<quote>cu</quote>, which so far has always been optional, in front of the selbri.</para>
<para>The word
<quote>cu</quote> has no meaning, and exists only to mark the beginning of the selbri within the bridi, separating it from a previous sumti. It comes before any other part of the selbri, including other cmavo like
<quote>se</quote> or
<quote>te</quote>. Thus:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example4" />10.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example4" /> 10.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra tavla</jbophrase>
The fast talker
<!-- ^^ fast talker: example, 17 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fast talker</primary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d5" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example5" />10.5)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example5" /> 10.5)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
The fast one is talking.
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d6" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example6" />10.6)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example6" /> 10.6)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra se tavla</jbophrase>
The fast talked-to one
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d7" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example7" />10.7)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example7" /> 10.7)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le sutra</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">se tavla</jbophrase>
The fast one is talked to.
</programlisting>
<para>Consider the following more complex example, with two description sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e10d8" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example8" />10.8)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section10-example8" /> 10.8)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le vecnu [ku]</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le blari'o [ku]</jbophrase>
I talk-to the seller about the blue-green-thing.
</programlisting>
<para>The sumti
<quote>le vecnu</quote> contains the selbri
<quote>vecnu</quote>, which has the
<quote>seller</quote> in the x1 place, and uses it in this sentence to describe a particular
@@ -814,128 +814,128 @@
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11">
<title>Examples of brivla</title>
<para>The simplest form of selbri is an individual word. A word which may by itself express a selbri relation is called a
<quote>brivla</quote>. The three types of brivla are gismu (root words), lujvo (compounds), and fu'ivla (borrowings from other languages). All have identical grammatical uses. So far, most of our selbri have been gismu or tanru built from gismu.</para>
<!-- ^^ borrowings: fu'ivla form with categorizing rafsi, 61; fu'ivla form without categorizing rafsi, 62; most common form for, 61; Stage 1, 61; Stage 2, 61; Stage 3, 61; Stage 3 contrasted with Stage 4 in ease of construction, 62; Stage 4, 62; using foreign-language name, 61; using lojbanized name, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>borrowings</primary></indexterm>
<para>gismu:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11-example1" />11.1)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11-example1" /> 11.1)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase>
Go-er goes destination origin route means.
I go here (to this) using that means (from somewhere via some route).
</programlisting>
<para>lujvo:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d2" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11-example2" />11.2)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11-example2" /> 11.2)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">blari'o</jbophrase>
That is-blue-green.
</programlisting>
<para>fu'ivla:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11-example3" />11.3)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11-example3" /> 11.3)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">djarspageti</jbophrase>
This is-spaghetti.
<!-- ^^ spaghetti, 61; example, 63 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>spaghetti</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>Some cmavo may also serve as selbri, acting as variables that stand for another selbri. The most commonly used of these is
<quote>go'i</quote>, which represents the main bridi of the previous Lojban sentence, with any new sumti or other sentence features being expressed replacing the previously expressed ones. Thus, in this context:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e11d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11-example4" />11.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section11-example4" /> 11.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ta</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
That too/same-as-last selbri.
That (is spaghetti), too.
<!-- ^^ spaghetti, 61; example, 63 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>spaghetti</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12">
<title>The sumti
<quote>di'u</quote> and
<quote>la'e di'u</quote></title>
<para>In English, I might say
<quote>The dog is beautiful</quote>, and you might reply
<quote>This pleases me.</quote> How do you know what
<!-- ^^ pleases, 20 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pleases</primary></indexterm>
<quote>this</quote> refers to? Lojban uses different expressions to convey the possible meanings of the English:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12-example1" />12.1)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12-example1" /> 12.1)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le gerku [ku]</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
The dog is beautiful.
</programlisting>
<para>The following three sentences all might translate as
<quote>This pleases me.</quote></para>
<!-- ^^ pleases, 20 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pleases</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d2" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12-example2" />12.2)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12-example2" /> 12.2)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ti</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
This (the dog) pleases me.
<!-- ^^ pleases, 20 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pleases</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12-example3" />12.3)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12-example3" /> 12.3)
<jbophrase role="sumti">di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
This (the last sentence) pleases me (perhaps because it is grammatical or sounds nice).
<!-- ^^ pleases, 20 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pleases</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e12d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12-example4" />12.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section12-example4" /> 12.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti">la'e di'u</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">pluka</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
This (the meaning of the last sentence; i.e. that the dog is beautiful) pleases me.
<!-- ^^ pleases, 20 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pleases</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section12-example4" />uses one sumti to point to or refer to another by inference. It is common to write
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section12-example4" /> uses one sumti to point to or refer to another by inference. It is common to write
<quote>la'edi'u</quote> as a single word; it is used more often than
<!-- ^^ la'edi'u, 149; contrasted with di'u, 149; quick-tour version, 21 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm>
<quote>di'u</quote> by itself.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section13">
<title>Possession</title>
<para>
<quote>Possession</quote> refers to the concept of specifying an object by saying who it belongs to (or with). A full explanation of Lojban possession is given in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />. A simple means of expressing possession, however, is to place a sumti representing the possessor of an object within the description sumti that refers to the object: specifically, between the
<quote>le</quote> and the selbri of the description:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e13d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section13-example1" />13.1)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section13-example1" /> 13.1)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le mi gerku</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
The of-me dog is fast.
My dog is fast.
</programlisting>
<para>In Lojban, possession doesn't necessarily mean ownership: one may
<quote>possess</quote> a chair simply by sitting on it, even though it actually belongs to someone else. English uses possession casually in the same way, but also uses it to refer to actual ownership or even more intimate relationships:
<quote>my arm</quote> doesn't mean
<quote>some arm I own</quote> but rather
<quote>the arm that is part of my body</quote>. Lojban has methods of specifying all these different kinds of possession precisely and easily.</para>
@@ -953,21 +953,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi djan.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means
<quote>Oh, John, I'm talking to you</quote>. It also has the effect of setting the value of
<quote>do</quote>;
<quote>do</quote> now refers to
<quote>John</quote> until it is changed in some way in the conversation. Note that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section14-example1" />is not a bridi, but it is a legitimate Lojban sentence nevertheless; it is known as a
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section14-example1" /> is not a bridi, but it is a legitimate Lojban sentence nevertheless; it is known as a
<quote>vocative phrase</quote>.</para>
<!-- ^^ vocative phrase: as a free modifier, 135; effect of position on meaning, 137; elidable terminator for, 137; explicit quantifiers prohibited on, 136; forms of, 136; implicit descriptor on, 136; implicit quantifiers on, 136; purpose of, 136; relative clauses on, 184; with complete sumti, 136; with sumti without descriptor, 136 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vocative phrase</primary></indexterm>
<para>Other cmavo can be used instead of
<quote>doi</quote> in a vocative phrase, with a different significance. For example, the cmavo
<!-- ^^ vocative phrase: as a free modifier, 135; effect of position on meaning, 137; elidable terminator for, 137; explicit quantifiers prohibited on, 136; forms of, 136; implicit descriptor on, 136; implicit quantifiers on, 136; purpose of, 136; relative clauses on, 184; with complete sumti, 136; with sumti without descriptor, 136 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vocative phrase</primary></indexterm>
<quote>coi</quote> means
<quote>hello</quote> and
<quote>co'o</quote> means
@@ -983,262 +983,262 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi. djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
<jbo>co'o. djan.</jbo>
<en>Good-bye, John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Commands are expressed in Lojban by a simple variation of the main bridi structure. If you say</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example4" />14.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example4" /> 14.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
You are-talking.
</programlisting>
<para>you are simply making a statement of fact. In order to issue a command in Lojban, substitute the word
<quote>ko</quote> for
<quote>do</quote>. The bridi</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d5" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example5" />14.5)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example5" /> 14.5)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
</programlisting>
<para>instructs the listener to do whatever is necessary to make
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section14-example4" />true; it means
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section14-example4" /> true; it means
<quote>Talk!</quote> Other examples:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d6" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example6" />14.6)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example6" /> 14.6)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">sutra</jbophrase>
Be fast!
</programlisting>
<para>The
<quote>ko</quote> need not be in the x1 place, but rather can occur anywhere a sumti is allowed, leading to possible Lojban commands that are very unlike English commands:</para>
<!-- ^^ commands: quick-tour version, 22; with ko, 146 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>commands</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d7" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example7" />14.7)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example7" /> 14.7)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
Be talked to by me
Let me talk to you.
</programlisting>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>ko</quote> can fill any appropriate sumti place, and can be used as often as is appropriate for the selbri:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d8" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example8" />14.8)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example8" /> 14.8)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">kurji</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
</programlisting>
<para>and</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d9" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example9" />14.9)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section14-example9" /> 14.9)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ko</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">kurji</jbophrase>
</programlisting>
<para>both mean
<quote>You take care of you</quote> and
<quote>Be taken care of by you</quote>, or to put it colloquially,
<quote>Take care of yourself</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15">
<title>Questions</title>
<para>There are many kinds of questions in Lojban: full explanations appear in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> and in various other chapters throughout the book. In this chapter, we will introduce three kinds: sumti questions, selbri questions, and yes/no questions.</para>
<!-- ^^ sumti questions: quick-tour version, 22 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sumti questions</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ selbri questions: quick-tour version, 23 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>selbri questions</primary></indexterm>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>ma</quote> is used to create a sumti question: it indicates that the speaker wishes to know the sumti which should be placed at the location of the
<quote>ma</quote> to make the bridi true. It can be translated as
<quote>Who?</quote> or
<quote>What?</quote> in most cases, but also serves for
<quote>When?</quote>,
<quote>Where?</quote>, and
<quote>Why?</quote> when used in sumti places that express time, location, or cause. For example:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example1" />15.1)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example1" /> 15.1)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
Who? talks to-you about-me.
Who is talking to you about me?
</programlisting>
<para>The listener can reply by simply stating a sumti:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d2" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example2" />15.2)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example2" /> 15.2)
<jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
John (is talking to you about me).
</programlisting>
<para>Like
<quote>ko</quote>,
<quote>ma</quote> can occur in any position where a sumti is allowed, not just in the first position:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example3" />15.3)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example3" /> 15.3)
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
You talk to what/whom?
</programlisting>
<para>A
<quote>ma</quote> can also appear in multiple sumti positions in one sentence, in effect asking several questions at once.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example4" />15.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example4" /> 15.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">ma</jbophrase>
What/Who talks to what/whom?
</programlisting>
<para>The two separate
<quote>ma</quote> positions ask two separate questions, and can therefore be answered with different values in each sumti place.</para>
<!-- ^^ separate questions: quick-tour version, 23 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>separate questions</primary></indexterm>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>mo</quote> is the selbri analogue of
<quote>ma</quote>. It asks the respondent to provide a selbri that would be a true relation if inserted in place of the
<quote>mo</quote>:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d5" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example5" />15.5)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example5" /> 15.5)
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">mo</jbophrase>
You are-what/do-what?
</programlisting>
<para>A
<quote>mo</quote> may be used anywhere a brivla or other selbri might. Keep this in mind for later examples. Unfortunately, by itself,
<quote>mo</quote> is a very non-specific question. The response to the question in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section15-example5" />could be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section15-example5" /> could be:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d6" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example6" />15.6)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example6" /> 15.6)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
I am beautiful.
</programlisting>
<para>or:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d7" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example7" />15.7)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example7" /> 15.7)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
I talk.
</programlisting>
<para>Clearly,
<quote>mo</quote> requires some cooperation between the speaker and the respondent to ensure that the right question is being answered. If context doesn't make the question specific enough, the speaker must ask the question more specifically using a more complex construction such as a tanru (see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section9" />).</para>
<para>It is perfectly permissible for the respondent to fill in other unspecified places in responding to a
<quote>mo</quote> question. Thus, the respondent in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section15-example7" />could have also specified an audience, a topic, and/or a language in the response.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section15-example7" /> could have also specified an audience, a topic, and/or a language in the response.</para>
<para>Finally, we must consider questions that can be answered
<quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>No</quote>, such as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-fVMN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Are you talking to me?</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Like all yes-or-no questions in English,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section15-example8" />may be reformulated as</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section15-example8" /> may be reformulated as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-648w">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>Is it true that you are talking to me?</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In Lojban we have a word that asks precisely that question in precisely the same way. The cmavo
<quote>xu</quote>, when placed in front of a bridi, asks whether that bridi is true as stated. So</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d10" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example10" />15.10) xu
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example10" /> 15.10) xu
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
Is-it-true-that you are-talking to-me?
</programlisting>
<para>is the Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section15-example8" />.</para>
<para>The answer
<quote>Yes</quote> may be given by simply restating the bridi without the
<quote>xu</quote> question word. Lojban has a shorthand for doing this with the word
<quote>go'i</quote>, mentioned in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section11" />. Instead of a negative answer, the bridi may be restated in such a way as to make it true. If this can be done by substituting sumti, it may be done with
<!-- ^^ negative answer: quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>negative answer</primary></indexterm>
<quote>go'i</quote> as well. For example:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d11" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example11" />15.11) xu
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example11" /> 15.11) xu
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
Are you healthy?
<!-- ^^ healthy: example, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>healthy</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>can be answered with</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d12" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example12" />15.12)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example12" /> 15.12)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
I am healthy.
<!-- ^^ healthy: example, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>healthy</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>or</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d13" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example13" />15.13)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example13" /> 15.13)
<jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
I am healthy.
<!-- ^^ healthy: example, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>healthy</primary></indexterm>
(Note that
<quote>do</quote> to the questioner is
<quote>mi</quote> to the respondent.)
</programlisting>
<para>or</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d14" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example14" />15.14)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example14" /> 15.14)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">kanro</jbophrase>
The talker is healthy.
<!-- ^^ healthy: example, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>healthy</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>or</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e15d15" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example15" />15.15)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section15-example15" /> 15.15)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le tavla</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">go'i</jbophrase>
The talker is healthy.
<!-- ^^ healthy: example, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>healthy</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>A general negative answer may be given by
<!-- ^^ negative answer: quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>negative answer</primary></indexterm>
<quote>na go'i</quote>.
@@ -1251,73 +1251,73 @@
<title>Indicators</title>
<para>Different cultures express emotions and attitudes with a variety of intonations and gestures that are not usually included in written language. Some of these are available in some languages as interjections (i.e. Aha!, Oh no!, Ouch!, Aahh!, etc.), but they vary greatly from culture to culture.</para>
<!-- ^^ interjections: quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>interjections</primary></indexterm>
<para>Lojban has a group of cmavo known as
<quote>attitudinal indicators</quote> which specifically covers this type of commentary on spoken statements. They are both written and spoken, but require no specific intonation or gestures. Grammatically they are very simple: one or more attitudinals at the beginning of a bridi apply to the entire bridi; anywhere else in the bridi they apply to the word immediately to the left. For example:</para>
<!-- ^^ attitudinal indicators, 297; conventions of interpretation, 311; placement of "nai" in, 311; placement of scale in, 311; quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example1" />16.1) .ie
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example1" /> 16.1) .ie
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
Agreement! I go.
Yep! I'll go.
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d2" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example2" />16.2) .ei
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example2" /> 16.2) .ei
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
Obligation! I go.
I should go.
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example3" />16.3)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example3" /> 16.3)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le melbi .ui [ku]</jbophrase>
I go to the beautiful-thing (and I am happy because it is the beautiful
thing I'm going to).
</programlisting>
<para>Not all indicators indicate attitudes. Discursives, another group of cmavo with the same grammatical rules as attitudinal indicators, allow free expression of certain kinds of commentary about the main utterances. Using discursives allows a clear separation of these so-called
<!-- ^^ attitudinal indicators, 297; conventions of interpretation, 311; placement of "nai" in, 311; placement of scale in, 311; quick-tour version, 24 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>attitudinal indicators</primary></indexterm>
<quote>metalinguistic</quote> features from the underlying statements and logical structure. By comparison, the English words
<!-- ^^ comparison: claims related to based on form, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>comparison</primary></indexterm>
<quote>but</quote> and
<quote>also</quote>, which discursively indicate contrast or an added weight of example, are logically equivalent to
<quote>and</quote>, which does not have a discursive content. The average English-speaker does not think about, and may not even realize, the paradoxical idea that
<quote>but</quote> basically means
<quote>and</quote>.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example4" />16.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example4" /> 16.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
I go. You stay.
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d5" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example5" />16.5)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example5" /> 16.5)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i ji'a
<!-- ^^ ji'a, 317 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ji'a</primary></indexterm>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
I go. In addition, you stay. (added weight)
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d6" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example6" />16.6)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example6" /> 16.6)
<jbophrase role="sumti">mi</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase> .i ku'i
<!-- ^^ ku'i, 317, 353 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ku'i</primary></indexterm>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">stali</jbophrase>
I go. However, you stay. (contrast)
</programlisting>
<para>Another group of indicators are called
<quote>evidentials</quote>. Evidentials show the speaker's relationship to the statement, specifically how the speaker came to make the statement. These include
@@ -1329,29 +1329,29 @@
<!-- ^^ za'a, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>za'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>pe'i</quote>(I believe that the relationship holds),
<!-- ^^ pe'i, 317 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'i</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ru'a</quote>(I postulate the relationship), and others. Many American Indian languages use this kind of words.</para>
<!-- ^^ ru'a, 317; compared with e'u, 317 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ru'a</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d7" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example7" />16.7) pe'i
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example7" /> 16.7) pe'i
<!-- ^^ pe'i, 317 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'i</primary></indexterm>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
I opine! You are beautiful.
<anchor xml:id="c2e16d8" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example8" />16.8) za'a
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section16-example8" /> 16.8) za'a
<!-- ^^ za'a, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>za'a</primary></indexterm>
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">melbi</jbophrase>
I directly observe! You are beautiful.
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17">
<title>Tenses</title>
<para>In English, every verb is tagged for the grammatical category called tense: past, present, or future. The sentence</para>
@@ -1371,116 +1371,116 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John is going to the store</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is necessarily happening right now.</para>
<para>The Lojban sentence</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example3" />17.3)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example3" /> 17.3)
<jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase> [cu]
<jbophrase role="selbri">klama</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
John goes/went/will-go to-the store
</programlisting>
<para>serves as a translation of either
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section17-example1" />or
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section17-example1" /> or
<xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section17-example2" />, and of many other possible English sentences as well. It is not marked for tense, and can refer to an event in the past, the present or the future. This rule does not mean that Lojban has no way of representing the time of an event. A close translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section17-example1" />would be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section17-example1" /> would be:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example4" />17.4)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example4" /> 17.4)
<jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">pu klama</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
John [past] goes to-the store
</programlisting>
<para>where the tag
<quote>pu</quote> forces the sentence to refer to a time in the past. Similarly,</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d5" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example5" />17.5)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example5" /> 17.5)
<jbophrase role="sumti">la djan.</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">ca klama</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">le zarci</jbophrase>
John [present] goes to-the store
</programlisting>
<para>necessarily refers to the present, because of the tag
<quote>ca</quote>. Tags used in this way always appear at the very beginning of the selbri, just after the
<quote>cu</quote>, and they may make a
<quote>cu</quote> unnecessary, since tags cannot be absorbed into tanru. Such tags serve as an equivalent to English tenses and adverbs. In Lojban, tense information is completely optional. If unspecified, the appropriate tense is picked up from context.</para>
<!-- ^^ adverbs: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>adverbs</primary></indexterm>
<para>Lojban also extends the notion of
<quote>tense</quote> to refer not only to time but to space. The following example uses the tag
<quote>vu</quote> to specify that the event it describes happens far away from the speaker:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d6" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example6" />17.6)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example6" /> 17.6)
<jbophrase role="sumti">do</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="selbri">vu vecnu</jbophrase>
<jbophrase role="sumti">zo'e</jbophrase>
You yonder sell something-unspecified.
</programlisting>
<para>In addition, tense tags (either for time or space) can be prefixed to the selbri of a description, producing a tensed sumti:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d7" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example7" />17.7)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example7" /> 17.7)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le pu bajra [ku]</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
The earlier/former/past runner talked/talks.
</programlisting>
<para>(Since Lojban tense is optional, we don't know when he or she talks.)</para>
<para>Tensed sumti with space tags correspond roughly to the English use of
<quote>this</quote> or
<quote>that</quote> as adjectives, as in the following example, which uses the tag
<!-- ^^ adjectives: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>adjectives</primary></indexterm>
<quote>vi</quote> meaning
<quote>nearby</quote>:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d8" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example8" />17.8)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example8" /> 17.8)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le vi bajra [ku]</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">tavla</jbophrase>
The nearby runner talks.
This runner talks.
</programlisting>
<para>Do not confuse the use of
<quote>vi</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section17-example8" />with the cmavo
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter2-section17-example8" /> with the cmavo
<quote>ti</quote>, which also means
<quote>this</quote>, but in the sense of
<quote>this thing</quote>.</para>
<para>Furthermore, a tense tag can appear both on the selbri and within a description, as in the following example (where
<quote>ba</quote> is the tag for future time):</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c2e17d9" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example9" />17.9)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter2-section17-example9" /> 17.9)
<jbophrase role="sumti">le vi tavla [ku]</jbophrase> cu
<jbophrase role="selbri">ba klama</jbophrase>
The here talker [future] goes.
The talker who is here will go.
This talker will go.
</programlisting>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter2-section18">
<title>Lojban grammatical terms</title>
<!-- ^^ grammatical terms: quick-tour version, 26 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>grammatical terms</primary></indexterm>
<para>Here is a review of the Lojban grammatical terms used in this chapter, plus some others used throughout this book. Only terms that are themselves Lojban words are included: there are of course many expressions like
<!-- ^^ grammatical terms: quick-tour version, 26 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>grammatical terms</primary></indexterm>
<quote>indicator</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />that are not explained here. See the Index for further help with these.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter16" /> that are not explained here. See the Index for further help with these.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>bridi:</term>
<listitem>
<para>predication; the basic unit of Lojban expression; the main kind of Lojban sentence; a claim that some objects stand in some relationship, or that some single object has some property.</para>
<!-- ^^ some relationship: example, 409 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>some relationship</primary></indexterm>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
@@ -1518,21 +1518,21 @@
<term>gismu:</term>
<listitem>
<para>a root word; a kind of brivla; has associated rafsi. See
<xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>lujvo:</term>
<listitem>
<para>a compound word; a kind of brivla; may or may not appear in a dictionary; does not have associated rafsi. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>fu'ivla:</term>
<listitem>
<para>a borrowed word; a kind of brivla; may or may not appear in a dictionary; copied in a modified form from some non-Lojban language; usually refers to some aspect of culture or the natural world; does not have associated rafsi. See
<!-- ^^ aspect: expressing, 228; natural languages compared with respect to, 228 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>aspect</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />.</para>
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index c1b1922..7b4b018 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -3,992 +3,992 @@
<section xml:id="cll_chapter20-sectionindex.html">
<title />
<!--
<h6>$Revision: 4.3 $<br />
mkhtml: 1.1</h6>
-->
<para>The following paragraphs list all the selma'o of Lojban, with a brief explanation of what each one is about, and reference to the chapter number where each is explained more fully. As usual, all selma'o names are given in capital letters (with “h” serving as the capital of “'”) and are the names of a representative cmavo, often the most important or the first in alphabetical order. One example is given of each selma'o: for selma'o which have several uses, the most common use is shown.</para>
<!-- ^^ capital letters: use in Lojban, 415; use of, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>capital letters</primary></indexterm>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="A" />selma'o A (
+ <anchor xml:id="A" /> selma'o A (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”), usually between sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. .a la djein. klama le zarci
John and/or Jane goes to the store.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used to create vowel lerfu words when followed with “bu”.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BAI" />selma'o BAI (
+ <anchor xml:id="BAI" /> selma'o BAI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>May be prefixed to a sumti to specify an additional place, not otherwise present in the place structure of the selbri, and derived from a single place of some other selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi tavla bau la lojban.
I speak in-language Lojban.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BAhE" />selma'o BAhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="BAhE" /> selma'o BAhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section11" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Emphasizes the next single word, or marks it as a nonce word (one invented for the occasion).</para>
<!-- ^^ nonce word: marking, 489 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>nonce word</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la ba'e .djordj. klama le zarci
<emphasis>George</emphasis> goes to the store.
It is George who goes to the store.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BE" />selma'o BE (
+ <anchor xml:id="BE" /> selma'o BE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Attaches sumti which fill the place structure of a single unit making up a tanru. Unless otherwise indicated, the sumti fill the x2, x3, and successive places in that order.
- <xref linkend="BE" />is most useful in descriptions formed with
+ <xref linkend="BE" /> is most useful in descriptions formed with
<xref linkend="LE" />. See
<xref linkend="BEI" />,
<xref linkend="BEhO" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama be ta troci
I am-a-(goer to-that) type-of-trier.
I try to go to that place.
<!-- ^^ try to go: example, 95 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BEI" />selma'o BEI (
+ <anchor xml:id="BEI" /> selma'o BEI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Separates multiple sumti attached by
- <xref linkend="BE" />to a tanru unit.</para>
+ <xref linkend="BE" /> to a tanru unit.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani be'o troci
I am-a-(goer to-the store from-the home) type-of-trier.
I try to go from the home to the market.
<!-- ^^ try to go: example, 95 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BEhO" />selma'o BEhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="BEhO" /> selma'o BEhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="BE" />. Terminates sumti that are attached to a tanru unit.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama be le zarci be'o troci
I am-a-(goer to-the market) type-of-trier.
I try to go to the market.
<!-- ^^ try to go: example, 95 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BIhE" />selma'o BIhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="BIhE" /> selma'o BIhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Prefixed to a mathematical operator to mark it as higher priority than other mathematical operators, binding its operands more closely.</para>
<!-- ^^ mathematical operators, 436 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li ci bi'e pi'u vo su'i mu du li paze
<!-- ^^ pi'u, 246, 354, 356; contrasted with .e, 357; use in connecting tenses, 246 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pi'u</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ bi'e, 437; effect on following operator, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bi'e</primary></indexterm>
The-number 3 [priority] times 4 plus 5 equals the-number 17.
3 × 4 + 5 = 17
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BIhI" />selma'o BIhI (
+ <anchor xml:id="BIhI" /> selma'o BIhI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section16" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Joins sumti or tanru units (as well as some other things) to form intervals. See
<xref linkend="GAhO" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ca sanli la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.
I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt.
I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt.
<!-- ^^ between Dresden and Frankfurt: example, 359, 360, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BO" />selma'o BO (
+ <anchor xml:id="BO" /> selma'o BO (
<xref linkend="three-part-tanru" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section6" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Joins tanru units, binding them together closely. Also used to bind logically or non-logically connected phrases, sentences, etc.
- <xref linkend="BO" />is always high precedence and right-grouping.</para>
+ <xref linkend="BO" /> is always high precedence and right-grouping.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta cmalu nixli bo ckule
That is-a-small type-of (girl type-of school).
That is a small school for girls.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BOI" />selma'o BOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="BOI" /> selma'o BOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
- <xref linkend="PA" />or
+ <xref linkend="PA" /> or
<xref linkend="BY" />. Used to terminate a number (string of numeric cmavo) or lerfu string (string of letter words) when another string immediately follows.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li re du li vu'u voboi re
The-number two equals the-number the-difference-of four-and two.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BU" />selma'o BU (
+ <anchor xml:id="BU" /> selma'o BU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section4" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A suffix which can be attached to any word, typically a word representing a letter of the alphabet or else a name, to make a word for a symbol or a different letter of the alphabet. In particular, attached to single-vowel cmavo to make words for vowel letters.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.abu .ebu .ibu .obu .ubu .ybu
a, e, i, o, u, y.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="BY" />selma'o BY (
+ <anchor xml:id="BY" /> selma'o BY (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Words representing the letters of the Lojban alphabet, plus various shift words which alter the interpretation of other letter words. Terminated by BOI.</para>
<!-- ^^ Lojban alphabet, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Lojban alphabet</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.abu tavla .by le la .ibymym. skami
A talks-to B about-the of-IBM computers.
<!-- ^^ IBM: example, 424 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
A talks to B about IBM computers.
<!-- ^^ IBM: example, 424 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CAI" />selma'o CAI (
+ <anchor xml:id="CAI" /> selma'o CAI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section4" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the intensity of an emotion: maximum, strong, weak, or not at all. Typically follows another particle which specifies the emotion.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ei cai mi klama le zarci
<!-- ^^ cai, 305 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>cai</primary></indexterm>
[Obligation!] [Intense!] I go-to the market.
I must go to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CAhA" />selma'o CAhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="CAhA" /> selma'o CAhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section19" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies whether a bridi refers to an actual fact, a potential (achieved or not), or merely an innate capability.</para>
<!-- ^^ innate capability: expressing explicitly, 243; expressing implicitly, 243 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>innate capability</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ro datka ka'e flulimna
<!-- ^^ ka'e, 243 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ka'e</primary></indexterm>
All ducks [capability] are-float-swimmers.
All ducks have the capability of swimming by floating.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CEI" />selma'o CEI (
+ <anchor xml:id="CEI" /> selma'o CEI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Assigns a selbri definition to one of the five pro-bridi gismu: “broda”, “brode”, “brodi”, “brodo”, or “brodu”, for later use.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ti slasi je mlatu bo cidja lante gacri cei broda
<!-- ^^ cei, 151, 154, 162; for broda-series pro-bridi assignment, 151 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm>
.i le crino broda cu barda .i le xunre broda cu cmalu
This is a plastic cat-food can cover, or thingy.
<!-- ^^ thingy: example, 151 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>thingy</primary></indexterm>
The green thingy is large. The red thingy is small.
<!-- ^^ thingy: example, 151 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>thingy</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CEhE" />selma'o CEhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="CEhE" /> selma'o CEhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section7" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Joins multiple terms into a termset. Termsets are used to associate several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or for special constructs in tenses.</para>
<!-- ^^ quantifier scope: in multiple connected sentences, 404 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>quantifier scope</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ce'e do pe'e je la djan. ce'e la djeimyz. cu pendo
<!-- ^^ pe'e, 347 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm>
I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James are-friends-of.
I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CO" />selma'o CO (
+ <anchor xml:id="CO" /> selma'o CO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8" />)</bridgehead>
<para>When inserted between the components of a tanru, inverts it, so that the following tanru unit modifies the previous one.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani
I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house).
I try to go to the market from the house.
<!-- ^^ try to go: example, 95 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="COI" />selma'o COI (
+ <anchor xml:id="COI" /> selma'o COI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section14" />)</bridgehead>
<para>When prefixed to a name, description, or sumti, produces a vocative: a phrase which indicates who is being spoken to (or who is speaking). Vocatives are used in conversational protocols, including greeting, farewell, and radio communication. Terminated by
<!-- ^^ radio communication: proposed lerfu words for, 429 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>radio communication</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="DOhU" />. See
<xref linkend="DOI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi .djan.
Greetings, John.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CU" />selma'o CU (
+ <anchor xml:id="CU" /> selma'o CU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Separates the selbri of a bridi from any sumti which precede it. Never strictly necessary, but often useful to eliminate various elidable terminators.</para>
<!-- ^^ elidable terminators: list, 486 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>elidable terminators</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le gerku cu klama le zarci
The dog goes to-the store.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="CUhE" />selma'o CUhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="CUhE" /> selma'o CUhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section24" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Forms a question which asks when, where, or in what mode the rest of the bridi is true. See
<xref linkend="PU" />,
<xref linkend="CAhA" />,
<xref linkend="TAhE" />, and
<xref linkend="BAI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
do cu'e klama le zarci
You [When/Where?] go to-the store?
When are you going to the store?
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="DAhO" />selma'o DAhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="DAhO" /> selma'o DAhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section13" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Cancels the assigned significance of all sumti cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="KOhA" />) and bridi cmavo (of selma'o
<xref linkend="GOhA" />).</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="DOI" />selma'o DOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="DOI" /> selma'o DOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section14" />)</bridgehead>
<para>The non-specific vocative indicator. May be used with or without
<!-- ^^ vocative indicator, 492 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vocative indicator</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="COI" />. No pause is required between “doi” and a following name. See
<xref linkend="DOhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi frank. mi tavla do
O Frank, I speak-to you.
Frank, I’m talking to you.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="DOhU" />selma'o DOhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="DOhU" /> selma'o DOhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section14" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
- <xref linkend="COI" />or
+ <xref linkend="COI" /> or
<xref linkend="DOI" />. Signals the end of a vocative.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
coi do'u
<!-- ^^ do'u, 137, 323 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>do'u</primary></indexterm>
Greetings [terminator]
Greetings, O unspecified one!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FA" />selma'o FA (
+ <anchor xml:id="FA" /> selma'o FA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Prefix for a sumti, indicating which numbered place in the place structure the sumti belongs in; overrides word order.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
fa mi cu klama fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. fo le dargu fu le karce
x1= I go x3= Atlanta x2= Boston x4= the road x5= the car.
I go from Atlanta to Boston via the road using the car.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FAhA" />selma'o FAhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="FAhA" /> selma'o FAhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies the direction in which, or toward which (when marked with
<xref linkend="MOhI" />) or along which (when prefixed by
- <xref linkend="VEhA" />or
+ <xref linkend="VEhA" /> or
<xref linkend="VIhA" />) the action of the bridi takes place.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le nanmu zu'a batci le gerku
The man [left] bites the dog.
To my left, the man bites the dog.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FAhO" />selma'o FAhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="FAhO" /> selma'o FAhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section15" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A mechanical signal, outside the grammar, indicating that there is no more text. Useful in talking to computers.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FEhE" />selma'o FEhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="FEhE" /> selma'o FEhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section11" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following interval modifier (using
<xref linkend="TAhE" />,
<xref linkend="ROI" />, or
<xref linkend="ZAhO" />) refers to space rather than time.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ko vi'i fe'e di'i sombo le gurni
<!-- ^^ di'i, 226 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>di'i</primary></indexterm>
You-imperative [1-dimensional] [space] [regularly] sow the grain.
Sow the grain in a line and evenly!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FEhU" />selma'o FEhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="FEhU" /> selma'o FEhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="FIhO" />. Indicates the end of an ad hoc modal tag: the tagged sumti immediately follows.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska do fi'o kanla [fe'u] le zunle
I see you [modal] eye: the left-thing
I see you with the left eye.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FIhO" />selma'o FIhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="FIhO" /> selma'o FIhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>When placed before a selbri, transforms the selbri into a modal tag, grammatically and semantically equivalent to a member of selma'o
<xref linkend="BAI" />. Terminated by
<xref linkend="FEhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska do fi'o kanla le zunle
I see you with eye the left-thing
I see you with my left eye.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FOI" />selma'o FOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="FOI" /> selma'o FOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Signals the end of a compound alphabet letter word that begins with
<xref linkend="TEI" />. Not an elidable terminator.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tei .ebu .akut. bu foi
( “e” “acute” )
the letter “e” with an acute accent
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FUhA" />selma'o FUhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="FUhA" /> selma'o FUhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section16" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following mathematical expression is to be interpreted as reverse Polish (RP), a mode in which mathematical operators follow their operands.</para>
<!-- ^^ mathematical operators, 436 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li fu'a reboi re[boi] su'i du li vo
<!-- ^^ fu'a, 452 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'a</primary></indexterm>
the-number [RP!] two, two, plus equals the-number four
2 + 2 = 4
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FUhE" />selma'o FUhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="FUhE" /> selma'o FUhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section8" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following indicator(s) of selma'o
- <xref linkend="UI" />affect not the preceding word, as usual, but rather all following words until a
+ <xref linkend="UI" /> affect not the preceding word, as usual, but rather all following words until a
<xref linkend="FUhO" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse
<!-- ^^ fu'o, 475 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'o</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ fu'e, 475 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'e</primary></indexterm>
I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor
I see the owner of a blue house, or what I believe to be one.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="FUhO" />selma'o FUhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="FUhO" /> selma'o FUhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section8" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Cancels all indicators of selma'o
- <xref linkend="UI" />which are in effect.</para>
+ <xref linkend="UI" /> which are in effect.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska le fu'e .ia blanu zdani fu'o ponse
<!-- ^^ fu'o, 475 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'o</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ fu'e, 475 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'e</primary></indexterm>
I see the [start] [belief] blue house [end] possessor.
I see the owner of what I believe to be a blue house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GA" />selma'o GA (
+ <anchor xml:id="GA" /> selma'o GA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected sumti, bridi-tails, or various other things. Logical connections include “both ... and”, “either ... or”, “if ... then”, and so on. See
<!-- ^^ if ... then: compared with only if, 338; logical connectives contrasted with other translations, 339 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>if ... then</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="GI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ga la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu
Either John is a man or James is a woman (or both).
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GAhO" />selma'o GAhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="GAhO" /> selma'o GAhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section16" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies whether an interval specified by
- <xref linkend="BIhI" />includes or excludes its endpoints. Used in pairs before and after the
- <xref linkend="BIhI" />cmavo, to specify the nature of both the left- and the right-hand endpoints.</para>
+ <xref linkend="BIhI" /> includes or excludes its endpoints. Used in pairs before and after the
+ <xref linkend="BIhI" /> cmavo, to specify the nature of both the left- and the right-hand endpoints.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ca sanli la drezdn. ga'o bi'i ga'o la frankfurt.
I [present] stand Dresden [inclusive] [interval] [inclusive] Frankfurt.
I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt, inclusive of both.
<!-- ^^ between Dresden and Frankfurt: example, 359, 360, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GEhU" />selma'o GEhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="GEhU" /> selma'o GEhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="GOI" />. Marks the end of a relative phrase. See
<xref linkend="KUhO" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. goi ko'a ge'u blanu
John (referred to as it-1) is-blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GI" />selma'o GI (
+ <anchor xml:id="GI" /> selma'o GI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Separates two logically or non-logically connected sumti, tanru units, bridi-tails, or other things, when the prefix is a forethought connective involving
<!-- ^^ forethought connective(s): as ungrammatical utterance, 352; contrasted with afterthought connective, 338 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought connective</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="GA" />,
<xref linkend="GUhA" />, or
<xref linkend="JOI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ge la djan. nanmu gi la djeimyz. ninmu
(It is true that) both John is a man and James is a woman.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GIhA" />selma'o GIhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="GIhA" /> selma'o GIhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section3" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connective (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”) between two bridi-tails: a bridi-tail is a selbri with any associated following sumti, but not including any preceding sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama le zarci gi'e nelci la djan.
I go-to the market and like John.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GOI" />selma'o GOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="GOI" /> selma'o GOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies the beginning of a relative phrase, which associates a subordinate sumti (following) to another sumti (preceding). Terminated by
- <xref linkend="GEhU" />See
+ <xref linkend="GEhU" /> See
<xref linkend="NOI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. goi ko'a cu blanu
John (referred to as it-1) is blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GOhA" />selma'o GOhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="GOhA" /> selma'o GOhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A general selma'o for all cmavo which can take the place of brivla. There are several groups of these.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
A: mi klama le zarci
B: mi go'i
A: I’m going to the market.
B: Me, too.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="GUhA" />selma'o GUhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="GUhA" /> selma'o GUhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section3" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of two logically connected tanru units. Takes the place of
- <xref linkend="GA" />when forming logically-connected tanru. See
+ <xref linkend="GA" /> when forming logically-connected tanru. See
<xref linkend="GI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la .alis. gu'e ricfu gi blanu
Alice is both rich and blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="I" />selma'o I (
+ <anchor xml:id="I" /> selma'o I (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Separates two sentences from each other.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama le zarci .i mi klama le zdani
I go-to the market. I go-to the office.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="JA" />selma'o JA (
+ <anchor xml:id="JA" /> selma'o JA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section3" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a logical connection (e.g. “and”, “or”, “if”) between two tanru units, mathematical operands, tenses, or abstractions.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ti blanu je zdani
This is-blue and a-house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="JAI" />selma'o JAI (
+ <anchor xml:id="JAI" /> selma'o JAI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section12" />)</bridgehead>
<para>When followed by a tense or modal, creates a conversion operator attachable to a selbri which exchanges the modal place with the x1 place of the selbri. When alone, is a conversion operator exchanging the x1 place of the selbri (which should be an abstract sumti) with one of the places of the abstracted-over bridi.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi jai gau galfi le bitmu skari
I am-the-actor-in modifying the wall color.
I act so as to modify the wall color.
I change the color of the wall.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="JOI" />selma'o JOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="JOI" /> selma'o JOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section14" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies a non-logical connection (e.g. together-with-as-mass, -set, or -sequence) between two sumti, tanru units, or various other things. When immediately followed by
<!-- ^^ non-logical connection: and elidability of terminators, 354; in mathematical expressions, 361; in tanru, distinguishing from connection of sumti, 354; of individuals into mass, 355; of individuals into set, 355; of modals, 208; of operands, 455; of operators, 455; of sumti, distinguishing from connection in tanru, 354; of termsets, 357 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>non-logical connection</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="GI" />, provides forethought non-logical connection analogous to
<!-- ^^ non-logical connection: and elidability of terminators, 354; in mathematical expressions, 361; in tanru, distinguishing from connection of sumti, 354; of individuals into mass, 355; of individuals into set, 355; of modals, 208; of operands, 455; of operators, 455; of sumti, distinguishing from connection in tanru, 354; of termsets, 357 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>non-logical connection</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="GA" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. joi la .alis. cu bevri le pipno
John massed-with Alice carry the piano.
<!-- ^^ carry the piano: example, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>carry the piano</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="JOhI" />selma'o JOhI (
+ <anchor xml:id="JOhI" /> selma'o JOhI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section15" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates that the following mathematical operands (a list terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU" />) form a mathematical vector (one-dimensional array).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du
li jo'i voboi xaboi
The-number array( one, two ) plus array( three, four) equals
the-number array (four, six).
(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KE" />selma'o KE (
+ <anchor xml:id="KE" /> selma'o KE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Groups everything between itself and a following
- <xref linkend="KEhE" />for purposes of logical connection, tanru construction, or other purposes.
- <xref linkend="KE" />and
- <xref linkend="KEhE" />are not used for mathematical (see
- <xref linkend="VEI" />and
+ <xref linkend="KEhE" /> for purposes of logical connection, tanru construction, or other purposes.
+ <xref linkend="KE" /> and
+ <xref linkend="KEhE" /> are not used for mathematical (see
+ <xref linkend="VEI" /> and
<xref linkend="VEhO" />) or discursive (see
- <xref linkend="TO" />and
+ <xref linkend="TO" /> and
<xref linkend="TOI" />) purposes.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule
That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school.
That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KEI" />selma'o KEI (
+ <anchor xml:id="KEI" /> selma'o KEI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="NU" />. Marks the end of an abstraction bridi.</para>
<!-- ^^ abstraction bridi: contrasted with component non-abstraction bridi in meaning, 98; effect on claim of bridi, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>abstraction bridi</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. cu nu sonci kei djica
John is-an-(event-of being-a-soldier) type-of desirer.
John wants to be a soldier.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KEhE" />selma'o KEhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="KEhE" /> selma'o KEhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="KE" />. Marks the end of a grouping.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ckule
That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school.
That is a school for girls who are pretty in their littleness.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KI" />selma'o KI (
+ <anchor xml:id="KI" /> selma'o KI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section13" />)</bridgehead>
<para>When preceded by a tense or modal, makes it “sticky”, so that it applies to all further bridi until reset by another appearance of
<xref linkend="KI" />. When alone, eliminates all sticky tenses.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KOhA" />selma'o KOhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="KOhA" /> selma'o KOhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A general selma'o which contains all cmavo which can substitute for sumti. These cmavo are divided into several groups.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le blanu zdani goi ko'a cu barda .i ko'a na cmamau ti
The blue house (referred to as it-1) is big. It-1 is-not smaller-than this-thing.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KU" />selma'o KU (
+ <anchor xml:id="KU" /> selma'o KU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section1" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
- <xref linkend="LE" />and some uses of
+ <xref linkend="LE" /> and some uses of
<xref linkend="LA" />. Indicates the end of a description sumti. Also used after a tense or modal to indicate that no sumti follows, and in the compound
<xref linkend="NA" />+
- <xref linkend="KU" />to indicate natural language-style negation.</para>
+ <xref linkend="KU" /> to indicate natural language-style negation.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le prenu ku le zdani ku klama
The person, to-the house, goes.
The person goes to the house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KUhE" />selma'o KUhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="KUhE" /> selma'o KUhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="PEhO" />: indicates the end of a forethought mathematical expression (one in which the operator precedes the operands).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li pe'o su'i reboi reboi re[boi] ku'e du li xa
<!-- ^^ pe'o, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'o</primary></indexterm>
The number [forethought] the-sum-of two two two [end] equals the-number six.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="KUhO" />selma'o KUhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="KUhO" /> selma'o KUhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="NOI" />. Indicates the end of a relative clause.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zdani poi blanu ku'o barda
The house which is-blue is-big.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LA" />selma'o LA (
+ <anchor xml:id="LA" /> selma'o LA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which change name words (or selbri) into sumti which identify people or things by name. Similar to
<!-- ^^ name words: recognition of, 137 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>name words</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="LE" />. May be terminated with
- <xref linkend="KU" />if followed by a description selbri.</para>
+ <xref linkend="KU" /> if followed by a description selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la kikeros. du la tulis.
Cicero is Tully.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LAU" />selma'o LAU (
+ <anchor xml:id="LAU" /> selma'o LAU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section14" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Combines with the following alphabetic letter to represent a single marker: change from lower to upper case, change of font, punctuation, etc.)</para>
<!-- ^^ font: example, 418; specifying for letters, 418 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>font</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tau sy. .ibu
[single-shift] “s” “i”
Si (chemical symbol for silicon)
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LAhE" />selma'o LAhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="LAhE" /> selma'o LAhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Qualifiers which, when prefixed to a sumti, change it into another sumti with related meaning. Qualifiers can also consist of a cmavo from selma'o
- <xref linkend="NAhE" />plus
+ <xref linkend="NAhE" /> plus
<xref linkend="BO" />. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LUhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska la'e zoi kuot. A Tale of Two Cities .kuot
I see that-represented-by the-text “A Tale of Two Cities”.
I see the book “A Tale of Two Cities”.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LE" />selma'o LE (
+ <anchor xml:id="LE" /> selma'o LE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which make selbri into sumti which describe or specify things that fit into the x1 place of the selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KU" />. See
<xref linkend="LA" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le gerku cu klama le zdani
The dog goes-to the house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LEhU" />selma'o LEhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="LEhU" /> selma'o LEhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the end of a quotation begun with
<xref linkend="LOhU" />. Not an elidable terminator.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
lo'u mi du do du mi le'u cu na lojbo drani
[quote] mi du do du mi [unquote] is-not Lojbanically correct.
“mi du do du mi” is not correct Lojban.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LI" />selma'o LI (
+ <anchor xml:id="LI" /> selma'o LI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Descriptors which change numbers or other mathematical expressions into sumti which specify numbers or numerical expressions. Terminated by
<!-- ^^ mathematical expressions: connectives in, 361; implicit quantifier for, 142; tensed connection in, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="LOhO" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li re su'u re na du li vo su'i vo
The-number 2 minus 2 not equals the-number 4 plus 4.
2 - 2 ≠ 4 + 4
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LIhU" />selma'o LIhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="LIhU" /> selma'o LIhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LU" />. Indicates the end of a text quotation.</para>
<!-- ^^ text quotation: as internally grammatical, 141; syntax of, 141 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>text quotation</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u
I express [quote] I go-to the market [end quote].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LOhO" />selma'o LOhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="LOhO" /> selma'o LOhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="LI" />. Indicates the end of a mathematical expression used in a
- <xref linkend="LI" />description.</para>
+ <xref linkend="LI" /> description.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vo lo'o li ci lo'o cu zmadu
<!-- ^^ lo'o, 454; effect of logical connective on elidability of, 454 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>lo'o</primary></indexterm>
The-number 4 [end number], the number 3 [end number], is greater.
4 > 3
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LOhU" />selma'o LOhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="LOhU" /> selma'o LOhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is grammatical as long as the quoted material consists of Lojban words, whether they form a text or not. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LEhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
do cusku lo'u mi du do du ko'a le'u
You express [quote] mi du do du ko'a [end quote].
You said, “mi du do du ko'a”.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LU" />selma'o LU (
+ <anchor xml:id="LU" /> selma'o LU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section9" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Indicates the beginning of a quotation (a sumti) which is grammatical only if the quoted material also forms a grammatical Lojban text. Terminated by
<xref linkend="LIhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi cusku lu mi klama le zarci li'u
I express [quote] I go-to the market [end quote].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="LUhU" />selma'o LUhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="LUhU" /> selma'o LUhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
- <xref linkend="LAhE" />and
+ <xref linkend="LAhE" /> and
<xref linkend="NAhE" />+
<xref linkend="BO" />. Indicates the end of a qualified sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi viska la'e lu barda gerku li'u lu'u
<!-- ^^ lu'u, 133, 267; as elidable terminator for qualified sumti, 133 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ la'e lu: compared with me'o, 422 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>la'e lu</primary></indexterm>
I see the-referent-of [quote] big dog [end quote] [end ref]
I saw “Big Dog” [not the words, but a book or movie].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="MAI" />selma'o MAI (
+ <anchor xml:id="MAI" /> selma'o MAI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section1" />)</bridgehead>
<para>When suffixed to a number or string of letter words, produces a free modifier which serves as an index number within a text.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
pamai mi pu klama le zarci
1-thly, I [past] go to-the market.
First, I went to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="MAhO" />selma'o MAhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="MAhO" /> selma'o MAhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Produces a mathematical operator from a letter or other operand. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU" />. See
<xref linkend="VUhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ma'o fy. boi xy.
[operator] f x
<emphasis>f(x)</emphasis>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ME" />selma'o ME (
+ <anchor xml:id="ME" /> selma'o ME (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section10" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section1" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Produces a tanru unit from a sumti, which is applicable to the things referenced by the sumti. Terminated by
<xref linkend="MEhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta me la ford. karce
That is-a-Ford-type car
That’s a Ford car.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="MEhU" />selma'o MEhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="MEhU" /> selma'o MEhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section11" />)</bridgehead>
<para>The elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="ME" />. Indicates the end of a sumti converted to a tanru unit.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta me mi me'u zdani
That’s a me type of house.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="MOI" />selma'o MOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="MOI" /> selma'o MOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section11" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section18" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Suffixes added to numbers or other quantifiers to make various numerically-based selbri.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. joi la frank. cu bruna remei
John in-a-mass-with Frank are-a-brother-type-of twosome.
John and Frank are two brothers.
<!-- ^^ two brothers: example, 98 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>two brothers</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ brothers: example, 355 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>brothers</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="MOhE" />selma'o MOhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="MOhE" /> selma'o MOhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section18" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Produces a mathematical operand from a sumti; used to make dimensioned units. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li mo'e re ratcu su'i mo'e re ractu du li mo'e vo danlu
<!-- ^^ mo'e, 456; terminator for, 456 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mo'e</primary></indexterm>
The-number two rats plus two rabbits equals the-number four animals.
2 rats + 2 rabbits = 4 animals.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="MOhI" />selma'o MOhI (
+ <anchor xml:id="MOhI" /> selma'o MOhI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section8" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense flag indicating movement in space, in a direction specified by a following
- <xref linkend="FAhA" />cmavo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="FAhA" /> cmavo.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le verba mo'i ri'u cadzu le bisli
The child [movement] [right] walks-on the ice.
The child walks toward my right on the ice.
<!-- ^^ toward my right: example, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>toward my right</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NA" />selma'o NA (
+ <anchor xml:id="NA" /> selma'o NA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section3" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section7" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Contradictory negators, asserting that a whole bridi is false (or true).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi na klama le zarci
It is not true that I go to the market.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used to construct logical connective compound cmavo.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NAI" />selma'o NAI (
+ <anchor xml:id="NAI" /> selma'o NAI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section3" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section7" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Negates the previous word, but can only be used with certain selma'o as specified by the grammar.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NAhE" />selma'o NAhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="NAhE" /> selma'o NAhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section4" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Scalar negators, modifying a selbri or a sumti to a value other than the one stated, the opposite of the one stated, etc. Also used with following
- <xref linkend="BO" />to construct a sumti qualifier; see
+ <xref linkend="BO" /> to construct a sumti qualifier; see
<xref linkend="LAhE" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta na'e blanu zdani
That is-a-non- blue house.
That is a house which is other than blue.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NAhU" />selma'o NAhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="NAhU" /> selma'o NAhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section18" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Creates a mathematical operator from a selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU" />. See
<xref linkend="VUhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li na'u tanjo te'u vei pai fe'i re [ve'o] du li ci'i
<!-- ^^ ci'i, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ci'i</primary></indexterm>
The-number the-operator tangent (
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase> / 2 ) = the-number infinity.
<!-- ^^ infinity: example, 434 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>infinity</primary></indexterm>
tan(
<phrase role="IPA">π</phrase>/2) = ∞
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NIhE" />selma'o NIhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="NIhE" /> selma'o NIhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section18" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Creates a mathematical operand from a selbri, usually a “ni” abstraction. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TEhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li ni'e ni clani [te'u] pi'i ni'e ni ganra [te'u] pi'i
<!-- ^^ ni'e, 456; terminator for, 456 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm>
ni'e ni condi te'u du li ni'e ni canlu
<!-- ^^ ni'e, 456; terminator for, 456 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ni'e</primary></indexterm>
The-number quantity-of length times quantity-of width times
quantity-of depth equals the-number quantity-of volume.
Length × Width × Depth = Volume
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NIhO" />selma'o NIhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="NIhO" /> selma'o NIhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section3" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of a new paragraph, and indicates whether it contains old or new subject matter.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NOI" />selma'o NOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="NOI" /> selma'o NOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Introduces relative clauses. The following bridi modifies the preceding sumti. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KUhO" />. See
<xref linkend="GOI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zdani poi blanu cu cmalu
The house which is blue is small.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NU" />selma'o NU (
+ <anchor xml:id="NU" /> selma'o NU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11-section1" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Abstractors which, when prefixed to a bridi, create abstraction selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="KEI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la djan. cu djica le nu sonci [kei]
John desires the event-of being-a-soldier.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NUhA" />selma'o NUhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="NUhA" /> selma'o NUhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section19" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Creates a selbri from a mathematical operator. See
<xref linkend="VUhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li ni'umu cu nu'a va'a li ma'umu
The-number -5 is-the-negation-of the-number +5
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NUhI" />selma'o NUhI (
+ <anchor xml:id="NUhI" /> selma'o NUhI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section7" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of a termset, which is used to make simultaneous claims involving two or more different places of a selbri. Terminated by
<xref linkend="NUhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]
I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="NUhU" />selma'o NUhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="NUhU" /> selma'o NUhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="NUhI" />. Marks the end of a termset.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama nu'i ge le zarci le briju nu'u gi le zdani le ckule [nu'u]
I go [start] to-the market from-the office [joint] and to-the house from-the school.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="PA" />selma'o PA (
+ <anchor xml:id="PA" /> selma'o PA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Digits and related quantifiers (some, all, many, etc.). Terminated by
<xref linkend="BOI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi speni re ninmu
I am-married-to two women.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="PEhE" />selma'o PEhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="PEhE" /> selma'o PEhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section11" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Precedes a logical or non-logical connective that joins two termsets. Termsets (see
<xref linkend="CEhE" />) are used to associate several terms for logical connectives, for equal quantifier scope, or for special constructs in tenses.</para>
<!-- ^^ quantifier scope: in multiple connected sentences, 404 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>quantifier scope</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ce'e do pe'e je la djan. ce'e la djeimyz. cu pendo
<!-- ^^ pe'e, 347 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'e</primary></indexterm>
I [,] you [joint] and John [,] James are-friends-of.
I am a friend of you, and John is a friend of James.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="PEhO" />selma'o PEhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="PEhO" /> selma'o PEhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>An optional signal of forethought mathematical operators, which precede their operands. Terminated by
<!-- ^^ mathematical operators, 436 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mathematical operators</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="KUhE" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vo du li pe'o su'i reboi re
<!-- ^^ pe'o, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pe'o</primary></indexterm>
The-number four equals the-number [forethought] sum-of two two.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="PU" />selma'o PU (
+ <anchor xml:id="PU" /> selma'o PU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section4" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Specifies simple time directions (future, past, or neither).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi pu klama le zarci
I [past] go-to the market.
I went to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="RAhO" />selma'o RAhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="RAhO" /> selma'o RAhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>The pro-bridi update flag: changes the meaning of sumti implicitly attached to a pro-bridi (see
<!-- ^^ pro-bridi update: flag for, 503 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pro-bridi update</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="GOhA" />) to fit the current context rather than the original context.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
A: mi ba lumci le mi karce
B: mi go'i
A: I [future] wash my car.
@@ -996,357 +996,357 @@
A: mi ba lumci le mi karce
B: mi go'i ra'o
<!-- ^^ go'i ra'o: contrasted with go'i, 156 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>go'i ra'o</primary></indexterm>
A: I [future] wash my car.
B: I do-the-corresponding-thing (i.e. wash B’s car).
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ROI" />selma'o ROI (
+ <anchor xml:id="ROI" /> selma'o ROI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9" />)</bridgehead>
<para>When suffixed to a number, makes an extensional tense (e.g. once, twice, many times).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi reroi klama le zarci
I twice go-to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SA" />selma'o SA (
+ <anchor xml:id="SA" /> selma'o SA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Erases the previous phrase or sentence.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi klama sa do klama le zarci
I go, er, you go-to the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SE" />selma'o SE (
+ <anchor xml:id="SE" /> selma'o SE (
<xref linkend="brivla" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Converts a selbri, rearranging the order of places by exchanging the x1 place with a specified numbered place.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le zarci cu se klama mi
The market is-gone-to by me.
</programlisting>
<para>Also used in constructing connective and modal compound cmavo.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SEI" />selma'o SEI (
+ <anchor xml:id="SEI" /> selma'o SEI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Marks the beginning of metalinguistic insertions which comment on the main bridi. Terminated by
<!-- ^^ metalinguistic insertions: marker for, 504 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>metalinguistic insertions</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="SEhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la frank. prami sei gleki [se'u] la djein.
Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SEhU" />selma'o SEhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="SEhU" /> selma'o SEhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
- <xref linkend="SEI" />and
+ <xref linkend="SEI" /> and
<xref linkend="SOI" />. Ends metalinguistic insertions.</para>
<!-- ^^ metalinguistic insertions: marker for, 504 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>metalinguistic insertions</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la frank. prami sei gleki se'u la djein.
Frank loves (he is happy) Jane.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SI" />selma'o SI (
+ <anchor xml:id="SI" /> selma'o SI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Erases the previous single word.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi si do klama le zarci
I, er, you go to-the market.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SOI" />selma'o SOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="SOI" /> selma'o SOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section8" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Marks reciprocity between two sumti (like “vice versa” in English).</para>
<!-- ^^ reciprocity: expressing with soi, 159; expressing with vo'a-series pro-sumti and soi, 159; marking, 504 -->
<!-- ^^ vo'a-series pro-sumti: use in expressing reciprocity with soi, 159 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vo'a-series pro-sumti</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>reciprocity</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi prami do soi mi
I love you [reciprocally] me.
I love you and vice versa.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="SU" />selma'o SU (
+ <anchor xml:id="SU" /> selma'o SU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section13" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Closes and erases the entire previous discourse.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TAhE" />selma'o TAhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="TAhE" /> selma'o TAhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section9" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense modifier specifying frequencies within an interval of time or space (regularly, habitually, etc.).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le verba ta'e klama le ckule
<!-- ^^ ta'e, 226, 324 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ta'e</primary></indexterm>
The child habitually goes to-the school.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TEI" />selma'o TEI (
+ <anchor xml:id="TEI" /> selma'o TEI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter17-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Signals the beginning of a compound letter word, which acts grammatically like a single letter. Compound letter words end with the non-elidable selma'o
<xref linkend="FOI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
tei .ebu .akut. bu foi
( “e” “acute” )
the letter “e” with an acute accent
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TEhU" />selma'o TEhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="TEhU" /> selma'o TEhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section15" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="JOhI" />,
<xref linkend="MAhO" />,
<xref linkend="MOhE" />,
<xref linkend="NAhU" />, or
<xref linkend="NIhE" />. Marks the end of a mathematical conversion construct.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li jo'i paboi reboi te'u su'i jo'i ciboi voboi du
li jo'i voboi xaboi
The-number array (one, two) plus array (three, four) equals
the-number array( four, six).
(1,2) + (3,4) = (4,6)
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TO" />selma'o TO (
+ <anchor xml:id="TO" /> selma'o TO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Left discursive parenthesis: allows inserting a digression. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TOI" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu
O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see the cat.
Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TOI" />selma'o TOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="TOI" /> selma'o TOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section12" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="TO" />. The right discursive parenthesis.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi lisas. mi djica le nu to doi frank. ko sisti toi do viska le mlatu
O Lisa, I desire the event-of ( O Frank, [imperative] stop! ) you see the cat.
Lisa, I want you to (Frank! Stop!) see the cat.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TUhE" />selma'o TUhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="TUhE" /> selma'o TUhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Groups multiple sentences or paragraphs into a logical unit. Terminated by
<xref linkend="TUhU" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
lo xagmau zo'u tu'e ganai cidja gi citno .i ganai vanju gi tolci'o [tu'u]
Is-best : [start] If food, then new. If wine, then old.
As for what is best: if food, then new [is best]; if wine, then old [is best].
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="TUhU" />selma'o TUhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="TUhU" /> selma'o TUhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="TUhE" />. Marks the end of a multiple sentence group.</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="UI" />selma'o UI (
+ <anchor xml:id="UI" /> selma'o UI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter13-section1" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Particles which indicate the speaker’s emotional state or source of knowledge, or the present stage of discourse.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
.ui la djan. klama
[Happiness!] John is-coming.
Hurrah! John is coming!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VA" />selma'o VA (
+ <anchor xml:id="VA" /> selma'o VA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section2" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating distance in space (near, far, or neither).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le nanmu va batci le gerku
The man [medium distance] bites the dog.
Over there the man is biting the dog.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VAU" />selma'o VAU (
+ <anchor xml:id="VAU" /> selma'o VAU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14-section9" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for a simple bridi, or for each bridi-tail of a
<!-- ^^ simple bridi: terminator for, 506 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>simple bridi</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="GIhA" />logical connection.</para>
+ <xref linkend="GIhA" /> logical connection.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi dunda le cukta [vau] gi'e lebna lo rupnu vau do [vau]
I (give the book) and (take some currency-units) to/from you.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VEI" />selma'o VEI (
+ <anchor xml:id="VEI" /> selma'o VEI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Left mathematical parenthesis: groups mathematical operations. Terminated by
<!-- ^^ mathematical parenthesis: left, 506 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mathematical parenthesis</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="VEhO" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du
li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa
<!-- ^^ te'a, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm>
The-number (“n” plus one) times (“n” plus one) equals
the-number n-power-two plus two-times-“n” plus 1.
(n + 1)(n + 1) = n
<superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VEhA" />selma'o VEhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="VEhA" /> selma'o VEhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in space (long, medium, or short).</para>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VEhO" />selma'o VEhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="VEhO" /> selma'o VEhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Elidable terminator for
<xref linkend="VEI" />: right mathematical parenthesis.</para>
<!-- ^^ mathematical parenthesis: left, 506 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mathematical parenthesis</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li vei ny. su'i pa ve'o pi'i vei ny. su'i pa [ve'o] du
li ny. [bo] te'a re su'i re bo pi'i ny. su'i pa
<!-- ^^ te'a, 437 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>te'a</primary></indexterm>
The-number (“n” plus one) times (“n” plus one) equals
the-number n-power-two plus two-times-“n” plus 1.
(n + 1)(n + 1) = n
<superscript>2</superscript> + 2n + 1
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VIhA" />selma'o VIhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="VIhA" /> selma'o VIhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section7" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating dimensionality in space (line, plane, volume, or space-time interval).</para>
<!-- ^^ dimensionality: of walking, 224; order with size in spatial tense intervals, 224; spatial, 506 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dimensionality</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
le verba ve'a vi'a cadzu le bisli
<!-- ^^ vi'a, 224 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vi'a</primary></indexterm>
The child [medium space interval] [2-dimensional] walks-on the ice.
In a medium-sized area, the child walks on the ice.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VUhO" />selma'o VUhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="VUhO" /> selma'o VUhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Attaches relative clauses or phrases to a whole (possibly connected) sumti, rather than simply to the leftmost portion of the sumti.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
la frank. ce la djordj. vu'o noi gidva cu zvati le kumfa
Frank [in-set-with] George, which are-guides, are-in the room.
Frank and George, who are guides, are in the room.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="VUhU" />selma'o VUhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="VUhU" /> selma'o VUhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Mathematical operators (e.g. +, −). See
<xref linkend="MAhO" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
li mu vu'u re du li ci
The-number 5 minus 2 equals the-number 3.
5 − 2 = 3
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="XI" />selma'o XI (
+ <anchor xml:id="XI" /> selma'o XI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section13" />)</bridgehead>
<para>The subscript marker: the following number or lerfu string is a subscript for whatever precedes it.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
xy. xi re
x sub 2
x
<subscript>2</subscript>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="Y" />selma'o Y (
+ <anchor xml:id="Y" /> selma'o Y (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section14" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Hesitation noise: content-free, but holds the floor or continues the conversation. It is different from silence in that silence may be interpreted as having nothing more to say.</para>
<!-- ^^ continues: example, 228 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>continues</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
doi .y. .y. .djan
O, uh, uh, John!
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZAhO" />selma'o ZAhO (
+ <anchor xml:id="ZAhO" /> selma'o ZAhO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section10" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense modifier specifying the contour of an event (e.g. beginning, ending, continuing).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi pu'o damba
I [inchoative] fight.
I’m on the verge of fighting.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZEI" />selma'o ZEI (
+ <anchor xml:id="ZEI" /> selma'o ZEI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A morphological glue word, which joins the two words it stands between into the equivalent of a lujvo.</para>
<!-- ^^ morphological glue, 507 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>morphological glue</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta xy. zei kantu kacma
That is-an-(X - ray) camera.
That is an X-ray camera.
<!-- ^^ X-ray: example, 60 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>X-ray</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZEhA" />selma'o ZEhA (
+ <anchor xml:id="ZEhA" /> selma'o ZEhA (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section5" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating the size of an interval in time (long, medium, or short).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi puze'a citka
I [past] [short interval] eat.
I ate for a little while.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZI" />selma'o ZI (
+ <anchor xml:id="ZI" /> selma'o ZI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10-section4" />)</bridgehead>
<para>A tense indicating distance in time (a long, medium or short time ago or in the future).</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi puzi citka
I [past] [short distance] eat.
I ate a little while ago.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZIhE" />selma'o ZIhE (
+ <anchor xml:id="ZIhE" /> selma'o ZIhE (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section4" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Joins multiple relative phrases or clauses which apply to the same sumti. Although generally translated with “and”, it is not considered a logical connective.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ponse pa gerku ku poi blabi zi'e noi mi prami ke'a
I own one dog such-that it-is-white and such-that-incidentally I love it.
I own a dog that is white and which, incidentally, I love.
I own a white dog, which I love.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZO" />selma'o ZO (
+ <anchor xml:id="ZO" /> selma'o ZO (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Single-word quotation: quotes the following single Lojban word.</para>
<!-- ^^ word quotation: as morphologically valid, 141; internal grammar of, 141 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>word quotation</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zo si cu lojbo valsi
The-word “si” is-a-Lojbanic word.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZOI" />selma'o ZOI (
+ <anchor xml:id="ZOI" /> selma'o ZOI (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section10" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Non-Lojban quotation: quotes any text using a delimiting word (which can be any single Lojban word) placed before and after the text. The delimiting word must not appear in the text, and must be separated from the text by pauses.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zoi kuot. Socrates is mortal .kuot. cu glico jufra
<!-- ^^ Socrates: example, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Socrates</primary></indexterm>
The-text “Socrates is mortal” is-an-English sentence.
<!-- ^^ Socrates: example, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Socrates</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
- <anchor xml:id="ZOhU" />selma'o ZOhU (
+ <anchor xml:id="ZOhU" /> selma'o ZOhU (
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16-section2" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19-section4" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Separates a logical prenex from a bridi or group of sentences to which it applies. Also separates a topic from a comment in topic/comment sentences.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
su'o da poi remna ro da poi finpe zo'u da prami de
For-at-least-one X which is-a-man, for-all Ys which are-fish : X loves Y
There is a man who loves all fish.
</programlisting>
</section>
</chapter>
diff --git a/todocbook/21.xml b/todocbook/21.xml
index b3d90c2..56a4793 100644
--- a/todocbook/21.xml
+++ b/todocbook/21.xml
@@ -51,529 +51,529 @@
<emphasis>without</emphasis> the strings of defining tokens. Two sets of lexer tokens are defined in the token set so as to be compatible with either option.</para>
<para>In this step, the strings must be labelled with the appropriate lexer tokens. Order of inserting lexer tokens
<emphasis>IS</emphasis> significant, since some shorter strings that would be marked with a lexer token may be found inside longer strings. If the tokens are inserted before or in place of the shorter strings, the longer strings cannot be identified.</para>
<para>If option a. is chosen, the following order of insertion works correctly (it is not the only possible order): A, C, D, B, U, E, H, I, J, K, M, N, G, O, V, W, F, P, R, T, S, Y, L, Q. This ensures that the longest rules will be processed first; a PA+MAI will not be seen as a PA with a dangling MAI at the end, for example.</para>
<bridgehead>Step 6 - YACC Parsing</bridgehead>
<para>YACC should now be able to parse the Lojban text in accordance with the rule terminals labelled from 1 to 899 under option 5a, or 1 to 1099 under option 5b. Comment out the rules beyond 900 if option 5a is used, and comment out the 700-series of lexer-tokens, while restoring the series of lexer tokens numbered from 900 up.</para>
<para>*/</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
%token
<anchor xml:id="y501" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #501" xml:id="cll_yacc-501" />A_501 /* eks; basic afterthought logical connectives */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #501" xml:id="cll_yacc-501" /> A_501 /* eks; basic afterthought logical connectives */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y502" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #502" xml:id="cll_yacc-502" />BAI_502 /* modal operators */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #502" xml:id="cll_yacc-502" /> BAI_502 /* modal operators */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y503" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #503" xml:id="cll_yacc-503" />BAhE_503 /* next word intensifier */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #503" xml:id="cll_yacc-503" /> BAhE_503 /* next word intensifier */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y504" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #504" xml:id="cll_yacc-504" />BE_504 /* sumti link to attach sumti to a selbri */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #504" xml:id="cll_yacc-504" /> BE_504 /* sumti link to attach sumti to a selbri */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y505" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #505" xml:id="cll_yacc-505" />BEI_505 /* multiple sumti separator between BE, BEI */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #505" xml:id="cll_yacc-505" /> BEI_505 /* multiple sumti separator between BE, BEI */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y506" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #506" xml:id="cll_yacc-506" />BEhO_506 /* terminates BE/BEI specified descriptors */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #506" xml:id="cll_yacc-506" /> BEhO_506 /* terminates BE/BEI specified descriptors */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y507" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #507" xml:id="cll_yacc-507" />BIhI_507 /* interval component of JOI */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #507" xml:id="cll_yacc-507" /> BIhI_507 /* interval component of JOI */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y508" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #508" xml:id="cll_yacc-508" />BO_508 /* joins two units with shortest scope */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #508" xml:id="cll_yacc-508" /> BO_508 /* joins two units with shortest scope */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y509" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #509" xml:id="cll_yacc-509" />BRIVLA_509 /* any brivla */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #509" xml:id="cll_yacc-509" /> BRIVLA_509 /* any brivla */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y511" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #511" xml:id="cll_yacc-511" />BU_511 /* turns any word into a BY lerfu word */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #511" xml:id="cll_yacc-511" /> BU_511 /* turns any word into a BY lerfu word */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y513" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #513" xml:id="cll_yacc-513" />BY_513 /* individual lerfu words */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #513" xml:id="cll_yacc-513" /> BY_513 /* individual lerfu words */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y514" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #514" xml:id="cll_yacc-514" />CAhA_514 /* specifies actuality/potentiality of tense */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #514" xml:id="cll_yacc-514" /> CAhA_514 /* specifies actuality/potentiality of tense */
<!-- ^^ actuality: expressing in past/future, 244; Lojban contrasted with English in implying, 243; marking, 491 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>actuality</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y515" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #515" xml:id="cll_yacc-515" />CAI_515 /* afterthought intensity marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #515" xml:id="cll_yacc-515" /> CAI_515 /* afterthought intensity marker */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y516" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #516" xml:id="cll_yacc-516" />CEI_516 /* pro-bridi assignment operator */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #516" xml:id="cll_yacc-516" /> CEI_516 /* pro-bridi assignment operator */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y517" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #517" xml:id="cll_yacc-517" />CEhE_517 /* afterthought term list connective */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #517" xml:id="cll_yacc-517" /> CEhE_517 /* afterthought term list connective */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y518" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #518" xml:id="cll_yacc-518" />CMENE_518 /* names; require consonant end, then pause no
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #518" xml:id="cll_yacc-518" /> CMENE_518 /* names; require consonant end, then pause no
LA or DOI selma'o embedded, pause before if
<!-- ^^ DOI selma'o, 136, 183, 323, 492; quick-tour version, 21; terminator for, 492 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>DOI selma'o</primary></indexterm>
vowel initial and preceded by a vowel */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y519" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #519" xml:id="cll_yacc-519" />CO_519 /* tanru inversion */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #519" xml:id="cll_yacc-519" /> CO_519 /* tanru inversion */
<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y520" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #520" xml:id="cll_yacc-520" />COI_520 /* vocative marker permitted inside names; must
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #520" xml:id="cll_yacc-520" /> COI_520 /* vocative marker permitted inside names; must
always be followed by pause or DOI */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y521" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #521" xml:id="cll_yacc-521" />CU_521 /* separator between head sumti and selbri */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #521" xml:id="cll_yacc-521" /> CU_521 /* separator between head sumti and selbri */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y522" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #522" xml:id="cll_yacc-522" />CUhE_522 /* tense/modal question */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #522" xml:id="cll_yacc-522" /> CUhE_522 /* tense/modal question */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y524" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #524" xml:id="cll_yacc-524" />DAhO_524 /* cancel anaphora/cataphora assignments */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #524" xml:id="cll_yacc-524" /> DAhO_524 /* cancel anaphora/cataphora assignments */
<!-- ^^ anaphora: definition, 152; pro-bridi go'i-series as, 152; pro-sumti ri-series as, 152; pro-sumti vo'a-series as, 158 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>anaphora</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y525" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #525" xml:id="cll_yacc-525" />DOI_525 /* vocative marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #525" xml:id="cll_yacc-525" /> DOI_525 /* vocative marker */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y526" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #526" xml:id="cll_yacc-526" />DOhU_526 /* terminator for DOI-marked vocatives */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #526" xml:id="cll_yacc-526" /> DOhU_526 /* terminator for DOI-marked vocatives */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y527" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #527" xml:id="cll_yacc-527" />FA_527 /* modifier head generic case tag */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #527" xml:id="cll_yacc-527" /> FA_527 /* modifier head generic case tag */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y528" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #528" xml:id="cll_yacc-528" />FAhA_528 /* superdirections in space */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #528" xml:id="cll_yacc-528" /> FAhA_528 /* superdirections in space */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y529" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #529" xml:id="cll_yacc-529" />FAhO_529 /* normally elided ’done pause’ to indicate end
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #529" xml:id="cll_yacc-529" /> FAhO_529 /* normally elided ’done pause’ to indicate end
of utterance string */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y530" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #530" xml:id="cll_yacc-530" />FEhE_530 /* space interval mod flag */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #530" xml:id="cll_yacc-530" /> FEhE_530 /* space interval mod flag */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y531" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #531" xml:id="cll_yacc-531" />FEhU_531 /* ends bridi to modal conversion */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #531" xml:id="cll_yacc-531" /> FEhU_531 /* ends bridi to modal conversion */
<!-- ^^ modal conversion: access to original first place with fai, 206; grammar of, 206; place structure of, 206; with no modal specified, 206 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal conversion</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y532" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #532" xml:id="cll_yacc-532" />FIhO_532 /* marks bridi to modal conversion */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #532" xml:id="cll_yacc-532" /> FIhO_532 /* marks bridi to modal conversion */
<!-- ^^ modal conversion: access to original first place with fai, 206; grammar of, 206; place structure of, 206; with no modal specified, 206 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal conversion</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y533" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #533" xml:id="cll_yacc-533" />FOI_533 /* end compound lerfu */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #533" xml:id="cll_yacc-533" /> FOI_533 /* end compound lerfu */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y535" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #535" xml:id="cll_yacc-535" />FUhE_535 /* open long scope for indicator */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #535" xml:id="cll_yacc-535" /> FUhE_535 /* open long scope for indicator */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y536" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #536" xml:id="cll_yacc-536" />FUhO_536 /* close long scope for indicator */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #536" xml:id="cll_yacc-536" /> FUhO_536 /* close long scope for indicator */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y537" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #537" xml:id="cll_yacc-537" />GA_537 /* geks; forethought logical connectives */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #537" xml:id="cll_yacc-537" /> GA_537 /* geks; forethought logical connectives */
<!-- ^^ forethought logical connectives: within tanru, 92 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought logical connectives</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y538" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #538" xml:id="cll_yacc-538" />GEhU_538 /* marker ending GOI relative clauses */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #538" xml:id="cll_yacc-538" /> GEhU_538 /* marker ending GOI relative clauses */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y539" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #539" xml:id="cll_yacc-539" />GI_539 /* forethought medial marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #539" xml:id="cll_yacc-539" /> GI_539 /* forethought medial marker */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y541" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #541" xml:id="cll_yacc-541" />GIhA_541 /* logical connectives for bridi-tails */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #541" xml:id="cll_yacc-541" /> GIhA_541 /* logical connectives for bridi-tails */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y542" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #542" xml:id="cll_yacc-542" />GOI_542 /* attaches a sumti modifier to a sumti */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #542" xml:id="cll_yacc-542" /> GOI_542 /* attaches a sumti modifier to a sumti */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y543" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #543" xml:id="cll_yacc-543" />GOhA_543 /* pro-bridi */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #543" xml:id="cll_yacc-543" /> GOhA_543 /* pro-bridi */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y544" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #544" xml:id="cll_yacc-544" />GUhA_544 /* GEK for tanru units, corresponds to JEKs */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #544" xml:id="cll_yacc-544" /> GUhA_544 /* GEK for tanru units, corresponds to JEKs */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y545" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #545" xml:id="cll_yacc-545" />I_545 /* sentence link */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #545" xml:id="cll_yacc-545" /> I_545 /* sentence link */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y546" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #546" xml:id="cll_yacc-546" />JA_546 /* jeks; logical connectives within tanru */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #546" xml:id="cll_yacc-546" /> JA_546 /* jeks; logical connectives within tanru */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y547" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #547" xml:id="cll_yacc-547" />JAI_547 /* modal conversion flag */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #547" xml:id="cll_yacc-547" /> JAI_547 /* modal conversion flag */
<!-- ^^ modal conversion: access to original first place with fai, 206; grammar of, 206; place structure of, 206; with no modal specified, 206 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal conversion</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y548" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #548" xml:id="cll_yacc-548" />JOI_548 /* non-logical connectives */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #548" xml:id="cll_yacc-548" /> JOI_548 /* non-logical connectives */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y550" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #550" xml:id="cll_yacc-550" />KEhE_550 /* right terminator for KE groups */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #550" xml:id="cll_yacc-550" /> KEhE_550 /* right terminator for KE groups */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y551" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #551" xml:id="cll_yacc-551" />KE_551 /* left long scope marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #551" xml:id="cll_yacc-551" /> KE_551 /* left long scope marker */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y552" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #552" xml:id="cll_yacc-552" />KEI_552 /* right terminator, NU abstractions */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #552" xml:id="cll_yacc-552" /> KEI_552 /* right terminator, NU abstractions */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y554" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #554" xml:id="cll_yacc-554" />KI_554 /* multiple utterance scope for tenses */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #554" xml:id="cll_yacc-554" /> KI_554 /* multiple utterance scope for tenses */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y555" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #555" xml:id="cll_yacc-555" />KOhA_555 /* sumti anaphora */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #555" xml:id="cll_yacc-555" /> KOhA_555 /* sumti anaphora */
<!-- ^^ anaphora: definition, 152; pro-bridi go'i-series as, 152; pro-sumti ri-series as, 152; pro-sumti vo'a-series as, 158 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>anaphora</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y556" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #556" xml:id="cll_yacc-556" />KU_556 /* right terminator for descriptions, etc. */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #556" xml:id="cll_yacc-556" /> KU_556 /* right terminator for descriptions, etc. */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y557" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #557" xml:id="cll_yacc-557" />KUhO_557 /* right terminator, NOI relative clauses */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #557" xml:id="cll_yacc-557" /> KUhO_557 /* right terminator, NOI relative clauses */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y558" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #558" xml:id="cll_yacc-558" />LA_558 /* name descriptors */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #558" xml:id="cll_yacc-558" /> LA_558 /* name descriptors */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y559" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #559" xml:id="cll_yacc-559" />LAU_559 /* lerfu prefixes */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #559" xml:id="cll_yacc-559" /> LAU_559 /* lerfu prefixes */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y561" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #561" xml:id="cll_yacc-561" />LAhE_561 /* sumti qualifiers */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #561" xml:id="cll_yacc-561" /> LAhE_561 /* sumti qualifiers */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y562" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #562" xml:id="cll_yacc-562" />LE_562 /* sumti descriptors */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #562" xml:id="cll_yacc-562" /> LE_562 /* sumti descriptors */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y565" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #565" xml:id="cll_yacc-565" />LEhU_565 /* possibly ungrammatical text right quote */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #565" xml:id="cll_yacc-565" /> LEhU_565 /* possibly ungrammatical text right quote */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y566" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #566" xml:id="cll_yacc-566" />LI_566 /* convert number to sumti */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #566" xml:id="cll_yacc-566" /> LI_566 /* convert number to sumti */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y567" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #567" xml:id="cll_yacc-567" />LIhU_567 /* grammatical text right quote */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #567" xml:id="cll_yacc-567" /> LIhU_567 /* grammatical text right quote */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y568" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #568" xml:id="cll_yacc-568" />LOhO_568 /* elidable terminator for LI */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #568" xml:id="cll_yacc-568" /> LOhO_568 /* elidable terminator for LI */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y569" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #569" xml:id="cll_yacc-569" />LOhU_569 /* possibly ungrammatical text left quote */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #569" xml:id="cll_yacc-569" /> LOhU_569 /* possibly ungrammatical text left quote */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y571" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #571" xml:id="cll_yacc-571" />LU_571 /* grammatical text left quote */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #571" xml:id="cll_yacc-571" /> LU_571 /* grammatical text left quote */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y573" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #573" xml:id="cll_yacc-573" />LUhU_573 /* LAhE close delimiter */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #573" xml:id="cll_yacc-573" /> LUhU_573 /* LAhE close delimiter */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y574" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #574" xml:id="cll_yacc-574" />ME_574 /* converts a sumti into a tanru_unit */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #574" xml:id="cll_yacc-574" /> ME_574 /* converts a sumti into a tanru_unit */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y575" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #575" xml:id="cll_yacc-575" />MEhU_575 /* terminator for ME */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #575" xml:id="cll_yacc-575" /> MEhU_575 /* terminator for ME */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y577" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #577" xml:id="cll_yacc-577" />MOhI_577 /* motion tense marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #577" xml:id="cll_yacc-577" /> MOhI_577 /* motion tense marker */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y578" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #578" xml:id="cll_yacc-578" />NA_578 /* bridi negation */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #578" xml:id="cll_yacc-578" /> NA_578 /* bridi negation */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y581" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #581" xml:id="cll_yacc-581" />NAI_581 /* attached to words to negate them */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #581" xml:id="cll_yacc-581" /> NAI_581 /* attached to words to negate them */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y583" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #583" xml:id="cll_yacc-583" />NAhE_583 /* scalar negation */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #583" xml:id="cll_yacc-583" /> NAhE_583 /* scalar negation */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y584" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #584" xml:id="cll_yacc-584" />NIhO_584 /* new paragraph; change of subject */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #584" xml:id="cll_yacc-584" /> NIhO_584 /* new paragraph; change of subject */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y585" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #585" xml:id="cll_yacc-585" />NOI_585 /* attaches a subordinate clause to a sumti */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #585" xml:id="cll_yacc-585" /> NOI_585 /* attaches a subordinate clause to a sumti */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y586" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #586" xml:id="cll_yacc-586" />NU_586 /* abstraction */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #586" xml:id="cll_yacc-586" /> NU_586 /* abstraction */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y587" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #587" xml:id="cll_yacc-587" />NUhI_587 /* marks the start of a termset */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #587" xml:id="cll_yacc-587" /> NUhI_587 /* marks the start of a termset */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y588" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #588" xml:id="cll_yacc-588" />NUhU_588 /* marks the middle and end of a termset */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #588" xml:id="cll_yacc-588" /> NUhU_588 /* marks the middle and end of a termset */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y591" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #591" xml:id="cll_yacc-591" />PEhE_591 /* afterthought termset connective prefix */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #591" xml:id="cll_yacc-591" /> PEhE_591 /* afterthought termset connective prefix */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y592" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #592" xml:id="cll_yacc-592" />PU_592 /* directions in time */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #592" xml:id="cll_yacc-592" /> PU_592 /* directions in time */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y593" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #593" xml:id="cll_yacc-593" />RAhO_593 /* flag for modified interpretation of GOhI */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #593" xml:id="cll_yacc-593" /> RAhO_593 /* flag for modified interpretation of GOhI */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y594" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #594" xml:id="cll_yacc-594" />ROI_594 /* converts number to extensional tense */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #594" xml:id="cll_yacc-594" /> ROI_594 /* converts number to extensional tense */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y595" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #595" xml:id="cll_yacc-595" />SA_595 /* metalinguistic eraser to the beginning of
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #595" xml:id="cll_yacc-595" /> SA_595 /* metalinguistic eraser to the beginning of
the current utterance */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y596" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #596" xml:id="cll_yacc-596" />SE_596 /* conversions */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #596" xml:id="cll_yacc-596" /> SE_596 /* conversions */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y597" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #597" xml:id="cll_yacc-597" />SEI_597 /* metalinguistic bridi insert marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #597" xml:id="cll_yacc-597" /> SEI_597 /* metalinguistic bridi insert marker */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y598" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #598" xml:id="cll_yacc-598" />SEhU_598 /* metalinguistic bridi end marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #598" xml:id="cll_yacc-598" /> SEhU_598 /* metalinguistic bridi end marker */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y601" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #601" xml:id="cll_yacc-601" />SI_601 /* metalinguistic single word eraser */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #601" xml:id="cll_yacc-601" /> SI_601 /* metalinguistic single word eraser */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y602" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #602" xml:id="cll_yacc-602" />SOI_602 /* reciprocal sumti marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #602" xml:id="cll_yacc-602" /> SOI_602 /* reciprocal sumti marker */
<!-- ^^ reciprocal: expression of mathematical, 433 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>reciprocal</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y603" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #603" xml:id="cll_yacc-603" />SU_603 /* metalinguistic eraser of the entire text */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #603" xml:id="cll_yacc-603" /> SU_603 /* metalinguistic eraser of the entire text */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y604" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #604" xml:id="cll_yacc-604" />TAhE_604 /* tense interval properties */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #604" xml:id="cll_yacc-604" /> TAhE_604 /* tense interval properties */
<!-- ^^ interval properties: meaning as sumti tcita, 233; strings of, 246 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>interval properties</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y605" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #605" xml:id="cll_yacc-605" />TEI_605 /* start compound lerfu */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #605" xml:id="cll_yacc-605" /> TEI_605 /* start compound lerfu */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y606" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #606" xml:id="cll_yacc-606" />TO_606 /* left discursive parenthesis */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #606" xml:id="cll_yacc-606" /> TO_606 /* left discursive parenthesis */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y607" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #607" xml:id="cll_yacc-607" />TOI_607 /* right discursive parenthesis */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #607" xml:id="cll_yacc-607" /> TOI_607 /* right discursive parenthesis */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y610" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #610" xml:id="cll_yacc-610" />TUhE_610 /* multiple utterance scope mark */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #610" xml:id="cll_yacc-610" /> TUhE_610 /* multiple utterance scope mark */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y611" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #611" xml:id="cll_yacc-611" />TUhU_611 /* multiple utterance end scope mark */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #611" xml:id="cll_yacc-611" /> TUhU_611 /* multiple utterance end scope mark */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y612" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #612" xml:id="cll_yacc-612" />UI_612 /* attitudinals, observationals, discursives */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #612" xml:id="cll_yacc-612" /> UI_612 /* attitudinals, observationals, discursives */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y613" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #613" xml:id="cll_yacc-613" />VA_613 /* distance in space-time */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #613" xml:id="cll_yacc-613" /> VA_613 /* distance in space-time */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y614" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #614" xml:id="cll_yacc-614" />VAU_614 /* end simple bridi or bridi-tail */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #614" xml:id="cll_yacc-614" /> VAU_614 /* end simple bridi or bridi-tail */
<!-- ^^ simple bridi: terminator for, 506 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>simple bridi</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y615" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #615" xml:id="cll_yacc-615" />VEhA_615 /* space-time interval size */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #615" xml:id="cll_yacc-615" /> VEhA_615 /* space-time interval size */
<!-- ^^ interval size: as context-dependent, 222; meaning as sumti tcita, 233; spatial, 506; time, 507; unspecified, 223; vague, 223 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>interval size</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y616" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #616" xml:id="cll_yacc-616" />VIhA_616 /* space-time dimensionality marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #616" xml:id="cll_yacc-616" /> VIhA_616 /* space-time dimensionality marker */
<!-- ^^ dimensionality: of walking, 224; order with size in spatial tense intervals, 224; spatial, 506 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dimensionality</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y617" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #617" xml:id="cll_yacc-617" />VUhO_617 /* glue between logically connected sumti
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #617" xml:id="cll_yacc-617" /> VUhO_617 /* glue between logically connected sumti
and relative clauses */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y618" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #618" xml:id="cll_yacc-618" />XI_618 /* subscripting operator */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #618" xml:id="cll_yacc-618" /> XI_618 /* subscripting operator */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y619" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #619" xml:id="cll_yacc-619" />Y_619 /* hesitation */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #619" xml:id="cll_yacc-619" /> Y_619 /* hesitation */
<!-- ^^ hesitation, 484, 507 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>hesitation</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y621" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #621" xml:id="cll_yacc-621" />ZAhO_621 /* event properties - inchoative, etc. */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #621" xml:id="cll_yacc-621" /> ZAhO_621 /* event properties - inchoative, etc. */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y622" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #622" xml:id="cll_yacc-622" />ZEhA_622 /* time interval size tense */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #622" xml:id="cll_yacc-622" /> ZEhA_622 /* time interval size tense */
<!-- ^^ interval size: as context-dependent, 222; meaning as sumti tcita, 233; spatial, 506; time, 507; unspecified, 223; vague, 223 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>interval size</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y623" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #623" xml:id="cll_yacc-623" />ZEI_623 /* lujvo glue */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #623" xml:id="cll_yacc-623" /> ZEI_623 /* lujvo glue */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y624" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #624" xml:id="cll_yacc-624" />ZI_624 /* time distance tense */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #624" xml:id="cll_yacc-624" /> ZI_624 /* time distance tense */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y625" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #625" xml:id="cll_yacc-625" />ZIhE_625 /* conjoins relative clauses */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #625" xml:id="cll_yacc-625" /> ZIhE_625 /* conjoins relative clauses */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y626" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #626" xml:id="cll_yacc-626" />ZO_626 /* single word metalinguistic quote marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #626" xml:id="cll_yacc-626" /> ZO_626 /* single word metalinguistic quote marker */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y627" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #627" xml:id="cll_yacc-627" />ZOI_627 /* delimited quote marker */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #627" xml:id="cll_yacc-627" /> ZOI_627 /* delimited quote marker */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y628" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #628" xml:id="cll_yacc-628" />ZOhU_628 /* prenex terminator (not elidable) */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #628" xml:id="cll_yacc-628" /> ZOhU_628 /* prenex terminator (not elidable) */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y650" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #650" xml:id="cll_yacc-650" />BIhE_650 /* prefix for high-priority MEX operator */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #650" xml:id="cll_yacc-650" /> BIhE_650 /* prefix for high-priority MEX operator */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y651" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #651" xml:id="cll_yacc-651" />BOI_651 /* number or lerfu-string terminator */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #651" xml:id="cll_yacc-651" /> BOI_651 /* number or lerfu-string terminator */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y655" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #655" xml:id="cll_yacc-655" />FUhA_655 /* reverse Polish flag */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #655" xml:id="cll_yacc-655" /> FUhA_655 /* reverse Polish flag */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y656" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #656" xml:id="cll_yacc-656" />GAhO_656 /* open/closed interval markers for BIhI */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #656" xml:id="cll_yacc-656" /> GAhO_656 /* open/closed interval markers for BIhI */
<!-- ^^ closed interval, 360; expressed with mi'i, 455 -->
<!-- ^^ mi'i, 359, 455 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mi'i</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>closed interval</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y657" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #657" xml:id="cll_yacc-657" />JOhI_657 /* flags an array operand */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #657" xml:id="cll_yacc-657" /> JOhI_657 /* flags an array operand */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y658" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #658" xml:id="cll_yacc-658" />KUhE_658 /* MEX forethought delimiter */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #658" xml:id="cll_yacc-658" /> KUhE_658 /* MEX forethought delimiter */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y661" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #661" xml:id="cll_yacc-661" />MAI_661 /* change numbers to utterance ordinals */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #661" xml:id="cll_yacc-661" /> MAI_661 /* change numbers to utterance ordinals */
<!-- ^^ ordinals: utterance, 474 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ordinals</primary></indexterm>
%token
<anchor xml:id="y662" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #662" xml:id="cll_yacc-662" />MAhO_662 /* change MEX expressions to MEX operators */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #662" xml:id="cll_yacc-662" /> MAhO_662 /* change MEX expressions to MEX operators */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y663" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #663" xml:id="cll_yacc-663" />MOI_663 /* change number to selbri */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #663" xml:id="cll_yacc-663" /> MOI_663 /* change number to selbri */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y664" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #664" xml:id="cll_yacc-664" />MOhE_664 /* change sumti to operand, inverse of LI */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #664" xml:id="cll_yacc-664" /> MOhE_664 /* change sumti to operand, inverse of LI */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y665" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #665" xml:id="cll_yacc-665" />NAhU_665 /* change a selbri into an operator */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #665" xml:id="cll_yacc-665" /> NAhU_665 /* change a selbri into an operator */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y666" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #666" xml:id="cll_yacc-666" />NIhE_666 /* change selbri to operand; inverse of MOI */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #666" xml:id="cll_yacc-666" /> NIhE_666 /* change selbri to operand; inverse of MOI */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y667" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #667" xml:id="cll_yacc-667" />NUhA_667 /* change operator to selbri; inverse of MOhE */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #667" xml:id="cll_yacc-667" /> NUhA_667 /* change operator to selbri; inverse of MOhE */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y672" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #672" xml:id="cll_yacc-672" />PA_672 /* numbers and numeric punctuation */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #672" xml:id="cll_yacc-672" /> PA_672 /* numbers and numeric punctuation */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y673" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #673" xml:id="cll_yacc-673" />PEhO_673 /* forethought (Polish) flag */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #673" xml:id="cll_yacc-673" /> PEhO_673 /* forethought (Polish) flag */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y675" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #675" xml:id="cll_yacc-675" />TEhU_675 /* closing gap for MEX constructs */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #675" xml:id="cll_yacc-675" /> TEhU_675 /* closing gap for MEX constructs */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y677" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #677" xml:id="cll_yacc-677" />VEI_677 /* left MEX bracket */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #677" xml:id="cll_yacc-677" /> VEI_677 /* left MEX bracket */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y678" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #678" xml:id="cll_yacc-678" />VEhO_678 /* right MEX bracket */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #678" xml:id="cll_yacc-678" /> VEhO_678 /* right MEX bracket */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y679" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #679" xml:id="cll_yacc-679" />VUhU_679 /* MEX operator */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #679" xml:id="cll_yacc-679" /> VUhU_679 /* MEX operator */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y697" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #697" xml:id="cll_yacc-697" />any_words_697 /* a string of lexable Lojban words */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #697" xml:id="cll_yacc-697" /> any_words_697 /* a string of lexable Lojban words */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y698" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #698" xml:id="cll_yacc-698" />any_word_698 /* any single lexable Lojban words */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #698" xml:id="cll_yacc-698" /> any_word_698 /* any single lexable Lojban words */
%token
<anchor xml:id="y699" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #699" xml:id="cll_yacc-699" />anything_699 /* a possibly unlexable phoneme string */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #699" xml:id="cll_yacc-699" /> anything_699 /* a possibly unlexable phoneme string */
/* The following tokens are the actual lexer tokens. The _900 series
tokens are duplicates that allow limited testing of lexer rules in the
context of the total grammar. They are used in the actual parser, where
the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y701" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #701" xml:id="cll_yacc-701" />A_701 /* flags a MAI utterance ordinal */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #701" xml:id="cll_yacc-701" /> A_701 /* flags a MAI utterance ordinal */
<!-- ^^ utterance ordinal: lerfu string as, 423 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>utterance ordinal</primary></indexterm>
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y702" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #702" xml:id="cll_yacc-702" />B_702 /* flags an EK unless EK_BO, EK_KE */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #702" xml:id="cll_yacc-702" /> B_702 /* flags an EK unless EK_BO, EK_KE */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y703" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #703" xml:id="cll_yacc-703" />C_703 /* flags an EK_BO */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #703" xml:id="cll_yacc-703" /> C_703 /* flags an EK_BO */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y704" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #704" xml:id="cll_yacc-704" />D_704 /* flags an EK_KE */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #704" xml:id="cll_yacc-704" /> D_704 /* flags an EK_KE */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y705" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #705" xml:id="cll_yacc-705" />E_705 /* flags a JEK */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #705" xml:id="cll_yacc-705" /> E_705 /* flags a JEK */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y706" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #706" xml:id="cll_yacc-706" />F_706 /* flags a JOIK */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #706" xml:id="cll_yacc-706" /> F_706 /* flags a JOIK */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y707" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #707" xml:id="cll_yacc-707" />G_707 /* flags a GEK */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #707" xml:id="cll_yacc-707" /> G_707 /* flags a GEK */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y708" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #708" xml:id="cll_yacc-708" />H_708 /* flags a GUhEK */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #708" xml:id="cll_yacc-708" /> H_708 /* flags a GUhEK */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y709" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #709" xml:id="cll_yacc-709" />I_709 /* flags a NAhE_BO */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #709" xml:id="cll_yacc-709" /> I_709 /* flags a NAhE_BO */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y710" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #710" xml:id="cll_yacc-710" />J_710 /* flags a NA_KU */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #710" xml:id="cll_yacc-710" /> J_710 /* flags a NA_KU */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y711" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #711" xml:id="cll_yacc-711" />K_711 /* flags an I_BO (option. JOIK/JEK lexer tags)*/
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #711" xml:id="cll_yacc-711" /> K_711 /* flags an I_BO (option. JOIK/JEK lexer tags)*/
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y712" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #712" xml:id="cll_yacc-712" />L_712 /* flags a PA, unless MAI (then lexer A) */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #712" xml:id="cll_yacc-712" /> L_712 /* flags a PA, unless MAI (then lexer A) */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y713" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #713" xml:id="cll_yacc-713" />M_713 /* flags a GIhEK_BO */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #713" xml:id="cll_yacc-713" /> M_713 /* flags a GIhEK_BO */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y714" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #714" xml:id="cll_yacc-714" />N_714 /* flags a GIhEK_KE */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #714" xml:id="cll_yacc-714" /> N_714 /* flags a GIhEK_KE */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y715" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #715" xml:id="cll_yacc-715" />O_715 /* flags a modal operator BAI or compound */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #715" xml:id="cll_yacc-715" /> O_715 /* flags a modal operator BAI or compound */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y716" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #716" xml:id="cll_yacc-716" />P_716 /* flags a GIK */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #716" xml:id="cll_yacc-716" /> P_716 /* flags a GIK */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y717" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #717" xml:id="cll_yacc-717" />Q_717 /* flags a lerfu_string unless MAI (then lexer_A)*/
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #717" xml:id="cll_yacc-717" /> Q_717 /* flags a lerfu_string unless MAI (then lexer_A)*/
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y718" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #718" xml:id="cll_yacc-718" />R_718 /* flags a GIhEK, not BO or KE */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #718" xml:id="cll_yacc-718" /> R_718 /* flags a GIhEK, not BO or KE */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y719" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #719" xml:id="cll_yacc-719" />S_719 /* flags simple I */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #719" xml:id="cll_yacc-719" /> S_719 /* flags simple I */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y720" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #720" xml:id="cll_yacc-720" />T_720 /* flags I_JEK */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #720" xml:id="cll_yacc-720" /> T_720 /* flags I_JEK */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y721" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #721" xml:id="cll_yacc-721" />U_721 /* flags a JEK_BO */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #721" xml:id="cll_yacc-721" /> U_721 /* flags a JEK_BO */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y722" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #722" xml:id="cll_yacc-722" />V_722 /* flags a JOIK_BO */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #722" xml:id="cll_yacc-722" /> V_722 /* flags a JOIK_BO */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y723" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #723" xml:id="cll_yacc-723" />W_723 /* flags a JOIK_KE */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #723" xml:id="cll_yacc-723" /> W_723 /* flags a JOIK_KE */
/* %token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y724" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #724" xml:id="cll_yacc-724" />X_724 /* null */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #724" xml:id="cll_yacc-724" /> X_724 /* null */
%token lexer_
<anchor xml:id="y725" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #725" xml:id="cll_yacc-725" />Y_725 /* flags a PA_MOI */
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #725" xml:id="cll_yacc-725" /> Y_725 /* flags a PA_MOI */
/* %token lexer_A_905 /* : lexer_A_701 utt_ordinal_root_906 */
/* %token lexer_B_910 /* : lexer_B_702 EK_root_911 */
/* %token lexer_C_915 /* : lexer_C_703 EK_root_911 BO_508 */
/* %token lexer_D_916 /* : lexer_D_704 EK_root_911 KE_551 */
/* %token lexer_E_925 /* : lexer_E_705 JEK_root_926 */
/* %token lexer_F_930 /* : lexer_F_706 JOIK_root_931 */
/* %token lexer_G_935 /* : lexer_G_707 GA_537 */
/* %token lexer_H_940 /* : lexer_H_708 GUhA_544 */
@@ -595,166 +595,166 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
/* %token lexer_X_1020 /* null */
/* %token lexer_Y_1025 /* : lexer_Y_725 number_root_961 MOI_663 */
%start
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-0" />
%%
<anchor xml:id="y0" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #0" xml:id="cll_yacc-0" />text_0 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #0" xml:id="cll_yacc-0" /> text_0 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-411" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-404" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-411" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-0" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1" xml:id="cll_yacc-1" />text_A_1 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1" xml:id="cll_yacc-1" /> text_A_1 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-422" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-2" />
/* incomplete JOIK_JEK without preceding I */
/* compare note on
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-10" /> */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-2" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y2" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #2" xml:id="cll_yacc-2" />text_B_2 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #2" xml:id="cll_yacc-2" /> text_B_2 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-819" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-2" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-820" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-2" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-811" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-2" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-410" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-3" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-3" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y3" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #3" xml:id="cll_yacc-3" />text_C_3 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #3" xml:id="cll_yacc-3" /> text_C_3 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-4" />
/* Only indicators which follow certain selma'o:
cmene,
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-607" />,
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-571" />, and the lexer_K and lexer_S I_roots and compounds,
and at the start of text(_0), will survive the lexer; all other valid ones
will be absorbed. The only strings for which indicators generate a
potential ambiguity are those which contain NAI. An indicator cannot be
inserted in between a token and its negating NAI, else you can’t tell
whether it is the indicator or the original token being negated. */
| /* empty */
/* An empty text is legal; formerly this was handled by the explicit
appearance of
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-529" />, but this is now absorbed by the preparser. */
;
<anchor xml:id="y4" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #4" xml:id="cll_yacc-4" />paragraphs_4 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #4" xml:id="cll_yacc-4" /> paragraphs_4 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-10" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-10" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-410" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-4" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y10" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #10" xml:id="cll_yacc-10" />paragraph_10 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #10" xml:id="cll_yacc-10" /> paragraph_10 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-11" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-20" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-10" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-819" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-11" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-10" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-819" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-20" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-10" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-819" />
/* this last fixes an erroneous start to a sentence,
and permits incomplete JOIK_JEK after I, as well
in answer to questions on those connectives */
;
<anchor xml:id="y11" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #11" xml:id="cll_yacc-11" />statement_11 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #11" xml:id="cll_yacc-11" /> statement_11 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-12" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-30" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-11" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y12" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #12" xml:id="cll_yacc-12" />statement_A_12 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #12" xml:id="cll_yacc-12" /> statement_A_12 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-13" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-12" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-820" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-13" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-12" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-820" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y13" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #13" xml:id="cll_yacc-13" />statement_B_13 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #13" xml:id="cll_yacc-13" /> statement_B_13 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-14" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-14" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-811" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-13" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-14" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-811" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y14" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #14" xml:id="cll_yacc-14" />statement_C_14 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #14" xml:id="cll_yacc-14" /> statement_C_14 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-40" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-447" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-2" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-454" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-491" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-447" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-2" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-454" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y20" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #20" xml:id="cll_yacc-20" />fragment_20 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #20" xml:id="cll_yacc-20" /> fragment_20 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-802" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-445" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-818" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-300" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-456" /> /* answer to ma */
@@ -768,48 +768,48 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-161" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-160" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-30" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y30" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #30" xml:id="cll_yacc-30" />prenex_30 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #30" xml:id="cll_yacc-30" /> prenex_30 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-492" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y32" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #32" xml:id="cll_yacc-32" />free_modifier_32 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #32" xml:id="cll_yacc-32" /> free_modifier_32 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-33" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-33" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y33" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #33" xml:id="cll_yacc-33" />free_modifier_A_33 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #33" xml:id="cll_yacc-33" /> free_modifier_A_33 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-35" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-36" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-34" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-486" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-801" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y34" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #34" xml:id="cll_yacc-34" />discursive_bridi_34 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #34" xml:id="cll_yacc-34" /> discursive_bridi_34 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-440" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-459" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-498" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-459" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-498" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
@@ -822,21 +822,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-459" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-440" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-459" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y35" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #35" xml:id="cll_yacc-35" />vocative_35 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #35" xml:id="cll_yacc-35" /> vocative_35 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-415" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-457" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-415" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-457" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-415" />
@@ -872,236 +872,236 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-415" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-457" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-415" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-457" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y36" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #36" xml:id="cll_yacc-36" />parenthetical_36 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #36" xml:id="cll_yacc-36" /> parenthetical_36 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-606" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-0" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-468" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y40" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #40" xml:id="cll_yacc-40" />sentence_40 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #40" xml:id="cll_yacc-40" /> sentence_40 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-50" /> /* bare observative or mo answer */
<!-- ^^ observative: contrasted with observation evidential, 316; definition, 188 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observative</primary></indexterm>
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-451" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-50" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-50" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y41" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #41" xml:id="cll_yacc-41" />subsentence_41 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #41" xml:id="cll_yacc-41" /> subsentence_41 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-40" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-30" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-41" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y50" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #50" xml:id="cll_yacc-50" />bridi_tail_50 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #50" xml:id="cll_yacc-50" /> bridi_tail_50 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-51" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-51" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-814" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-50" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-71" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y51" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #51" xml:id="cll_yacc-51" />bridi_tail_A_51 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #51" xml:id="cll_yacc-51" /> bridi_tail_A_51 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-52" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-51" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-818" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-52" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-71" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y52" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #52" xml:id="cll_yacc-52" />bridi_tail_B_52 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #52" xml:id="cll_yacc-52" /> bridi_tail_B_52 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-53" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-53" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-813" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-52" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-71" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y53" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #53" xml:id="cll_yacc-53" />bridi_tail_C_53 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #53" xml:id="cll_yacc-53" /> bridi_tail_C_53 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-54" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-71" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y54" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #54" xml:id="cll_yacc-54" />gek_sentence_54 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #54" xml:id="cll_yacc-54" /> gek_sentence_54 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-807" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-41" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-816" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-41" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-71" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-491" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-493" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-54" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-445" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-54" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y71" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #71" xml:id="cll_yacc-71" />tail_terms_71 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #71" xml:id="cll_yacc-71" /> tail_terms_71 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-456" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-456" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y80" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #80" xml:id="cll_yacc-80" />terms_80 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #80" xml:id="cll_yacc-80" /> terms_80 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-81" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-81" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y81" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #81" xml:id="cll_yacc-81" />terms_A_81 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #81" xml:id="cll_yacc-81" /> terms_A_81 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-82" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-81" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-494" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-422" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-82" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y82" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #82" xml:id="cll_yacc-82" />terms_B_82 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #82" xml:id="cll_yacc-82" /> terms_B_82 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-83" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-82" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-495" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-83" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y83" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #83" xml:id="cll_yacc-83" />term_83 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #83" xml:id="cll_yacc-83" /> term_83 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-84" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-85" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-810" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y84" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #84" xml:id="cll_yacc-84" />modifier_84 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #84" xml:id="cll_yacc-84" /> modifier_84 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-490" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-450" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-490" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y85" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #85" xml:id="cll_yacc-85" />term_set_85 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #85" xml:id="cll_yacc-85" /> term_set_85 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-496" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-460" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-496" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-807" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-460" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-816" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-80" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-460" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y90" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #90" xml:id="cll_yacc-90" />sumti_90 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #90" xml:id="cll_yacc-90" /> sumti_90 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-91" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-91" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-497" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y91" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #91" xml:id="cll_yacc-91" />sumti_A_91 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #91" xml:id="cll_yacc-91" /> sumti_A_91 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-92" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-92" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-804" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-92" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-823" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y92" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #92" xml:id="cll_yacc-92" />sumti_B_92 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #92" xml:id="cll_yacc-92" /> sumti_B_92 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-93" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-92" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-421" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-93" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y93" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #93" xml:id="cll_yacc-93" />sumti_C_93 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #93" xml:id="cll_yacc-93" /> sumti_C_93 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-94" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-94" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-803" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-93" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-94" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-822" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-93" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y94" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #94" xml:id="cll_yacc-94" />sumti_D_94 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #94" xml:id="cll_yacc-94" /> sumti_D_94 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-95" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-807" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-816" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-94" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y95" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #95" xml:id="cll_yacc-95" />sumti_E_95 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #95" xml:id="cll_yacc-95" /> sumti_E_95 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-96" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-96" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
/* indefinite sumti */
<!-- ^^ indefinite sumti: as implicit quantification, 406; compared to sumti with lo, 399; meaning when multiple in sentence, 398; multiple in sentence, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ sumti with lo: compared to indefinite sumti, 399 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sumti with lo</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary></indexterm>
|
@@ -1109,36 +1109,36 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-450" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-300" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-450" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y96" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #96" xml:id="cll_yacc-96" />sumti_F_96 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #96" xml:id="cll_yacc-96" /> sumti_F_96 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-97" />
/* outer-quantified sumti */
<!-- ^^ quantified sumti: different types contrasted for scope for distribution, 399; relative clause scope with, 178 -->
<!-- ^^ relative clause scope: extending to preceding sumti with vu'o, 182; with quantified relativized sumti, 178 -->
<!-- ^^ relativized sumti: definition, 169; in relative clauses within relative clauses, 184 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>relativized sumti</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>relative clause scope</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>quantified sumti</primary></indexterm>
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-300" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-97" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y97" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #97" xml:id="cll_yacc-97" />sumti_G_97 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #97" xml:id="cll_yacc-97" /> sumti_G_97 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-483" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-463" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-483" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-463" />
/*sumti grouping, set/mass/individual conversion; also sumti scalar negation */
|
@@ -1156,32 +1156,32 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-472" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-110" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-432" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y110" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #110" xml:id="cll_yacc-110" />description_110 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #110" xml:id="cll_yacc-110" /> description_110 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-499" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-111" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-450" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-488" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-111" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-450" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y111" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #111" xml:id="cll_yacc-111" />sumti_tail_111 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #111" xml:id="cll_yacc-111" /> sumti_tail_111 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-112" />
/* inner-quantified sumti relative clause */
<!-- ^^ quantified sumti: different types contrasted for scope for distribution, 399; relative clause scope with, 178 -->
<!-- ^^ relative clause scope: extending to preceding sumti with vu'o, 182; with quantified relativized sumti, 178 -->
<!-- ^^ relativized sumti: definition, 169; in relative clauses within relative clauses, 184 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>relativized sumti</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>relative clause scope</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>quantified sumti</primary></indexterm>
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
@@ -1193,164 +1193,164 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-97" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-112" />
/* pseudo-possessive with outer restriction */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-97" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-112" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y112" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #112" xml:id="cll_yacc-112" />sumti_tail_A_112 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #112" xml:id="cll_yacc-112" /> sumti_tail_A_112 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
/* explicit inner quantifier */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-300" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
/* quantifier both internal to a description,
and external to a sumti thereby made specific */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-300" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-300" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-90" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y121" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #121" xml:id="cll_yacc-121" />relative_clauses_121 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #121" xml:id="cll_yacc-121" /> relative_clauses_121 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-122" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-121" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-487" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-122" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y122" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #122" xml:id="cll_yacc-122" />relative_clause_122 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #122" xml:id="cll_yacc-122" /> relative_clause_122 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-485" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-83" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-464" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-484" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-41" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-469" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y130" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #130" xml:id="cll_yacc-130" />selbri_130 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #130" xml:id="cll_yacc-130" /> selbri_130 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-491" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-131" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-131" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y131" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #131" xml:id="cll_yacc-131" />selbri_A_131 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #131" xml:id="cll_yacc-131" /> selbri_A_131 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-132" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-445" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y132" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #132" xml:id="cll_yacc-132" />selbri_B_132 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #132" xml:id="cll_yacc-132" /> selbri_B_132 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-133" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-133" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-443" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-132" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y133" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #133" xml:id="cll_yacc-133" />selbri_C_133 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #133" xml:id="cll_yacc-133" /> selbri_C_133 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-134" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-133" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-134" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y134" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #134" xml:id="cll_yacc-134" />selbri_D_134 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #134" xml:id="cll_yacc-134" /> selbri_D_134 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-135" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-134" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-422" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-135" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-134" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-823" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-133" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y135" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #135" xml:id="cll_yacc-135" />selbri_E_135 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #135" xml:id="cll_yacc-135" /> selbri_E_135 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-136" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-136" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-821" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-135" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-136" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-822" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-135" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y136" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #136" xml:id="cll_yacc-136" />selbri_F_136 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #136" xml:id="cll_yacc-136" /> selbri_F_136 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-150" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-150" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-479" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-136" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-137" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-482" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-137" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y137" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #137" xml:id="cll_yacc-137" />GUhEK_selbri_137 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #137" xml:id="cll_yacc-137" /> GUhEK_selbri_137 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-808" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-816" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-136" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y150" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #150" xml:id="cll_yacc-150" />tanru_unit_150 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #150" xml:id="cll_yacc-150" /> tanru_unit_150 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-151" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-150" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-444" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-151" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y151" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #151" xml:id="cll_yacc-151" />tanru_unit_A_151 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #151" xml:id="cll_yacc-151" /> tanru_unit_A_151 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-152" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-152" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-160" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y152" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #152" xml:id="cll_yacc-152" />tanru_unit_B_152 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #152" xml:id="cll_yacc-152" /> tanru_unit_B_152 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-407" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-493" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-133" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-480" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-152" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-478" />
@@ -1375,46 +1375,46 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-482" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-152" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-425" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-41" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-453" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y160" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #160" xml:id="cll_yacc-160" />linkargs_160 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #160" xml:id="cll_yacc-160" /> linkargs_160 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-446" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-83" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-467" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-446" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-83" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-161" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-467" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y161" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #161" xml:id="cll_yacc-161" />links_161 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #161" xml:id="cll_yacc-161" /> links_161 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-442" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-83" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-442" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-83" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-161" />
;
/* Main entry point for MEX; everything but a number must be in parens. */
<anchor xml:id="y300" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #300" xml:id="cll_yacc-300" />quantifier_300 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #300" xml:id="cll_yacc-300" /> quantifier_300 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-812" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-461" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-470" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-310" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-471" />
;
@@ -1425,140 +1425,140 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
/* This rule supports left-grouping infix expressions and reverse Polish
<!-- ^^ infix expressions: in operands being used in Polish notation, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>infix expressions</primary></indexterm>
expressions. To handle infix monadic, use a null operand; to handle
<!-- ^^ null operand: for infix operations with too few operands, 450 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>null operand</primary></indexterm>
infix with more than two operands (whatever that means) use an extra
operator or an array operand. */
<anchor xml:id="y310" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #310" xml:id="cll_yacc-310" />MEX_310 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #310" xml:id="cll_yacc-310" /> MEX_310 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-311" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-310" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-370" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-311" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-441" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-330" />
;
/* Support for right-grouping (short scope) infix expressions with BIhE. */
<!-- ^^ infix expressions: in operands being used in Polish notation, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>infix expressions</primary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="y311" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #311" xml:id="cll_yacc-311" />MEX_A_311 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #311" xml:id="cll_yacc-311" /> MEX_A_311 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-312" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-312" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-439" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-370" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-311" />
;
/* Support for forethought (Polish) expressions. These begin with a
forethought flag, then the operator and then the argument(s). */
<anchor xml:id="y312" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #312" xml:id="cll_yacc-312" />MEX_B_312 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #312" xml:id="cll_yacc-312" /> MEX_B_312 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-381" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-370" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-313" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-452" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-438" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-370" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-313" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-452" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y313" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #313" xml:id="cll_yacc-313" />MEX_C_313 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #313" xml:id="cll_yacc-313" /> MEX_C_313 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-312" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-313" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-312" />
;
/* Reverse Polish expressions always have exactly two operands.
To handle one operand, use a null operand;
<!-- ^^ null operand: for infix operations with too few operands, 450 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>null operand</primary></indexterm>
to handle more than two operands, use a null operator. */
<!-- ^^ null operator: for infix operations with too many operands, 451 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>null operator</primary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="y330" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #330" xml:id="cll_yacc-330" />rp_expression_330 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #330" xml:id="cll_yacc-330" /> rp_expression_330 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-332" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-332" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-370" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y332" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #332" xml:id="cll_yacc-332" />rp_operand_332 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #332" xml:id="cll_yacc-332" /> rp_operand_332 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-381" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-330" />
;
/* Operators may be joined by logical connectives. */
<anchor xml:id="y370" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #370" xml:id="cll_yacc-370" />operator_370 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #370" xml:id="cll_yacc-370" /> operator_370 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-371" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-370" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-422" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-371" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-370" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-823" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-370" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y371" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #371" xml:id="cll_yacc-371" />operator_A_371 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #371" xml:id="cll_yacc-371" /> operator_A_371 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-372" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-808" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-371" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-816" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-372" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-372" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-822" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-371" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-372" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-821" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-371" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y372" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #372" xml:id="cll_yacc-372" />operator_B_372 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #372" xml:id="cll_yacc-372" /> operator_B_372 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-374" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-493" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-370" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y374" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #374" xml:id="cll_yacc-374" />MEX_operator_374 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #374" xml:id="cll_yacc-374" /> MEX_operator_374 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-679" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-679" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-480" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-374" />
/* changes argument order */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-482" />
@@ -1569,58 +1569,58 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-310" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-473" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-429" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-473" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y381" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #381" xml:id="cll_yacc-381" />operand_381 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #381" xml:id="cll_yacc-381" /> operand_381 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-382" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-382" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-804" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-381" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-382" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-823" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-381" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-466" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y382" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #382" xml:id="cll_yacc-382" />operand_A_382 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #382" xml:id="cll_yacc-382" /> operand_A_382 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-383" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-382" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-421" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-383" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y383" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #383" xml:id="cll_yacc-383" />operand_B_383 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #383" xml:id="cll_yacc-383" /> operand_B_383 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-385" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-385" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-803" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-383" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-385" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-822" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-383" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y385" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #385" xml:id="cll_yacc-385" />operand_C_385 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #385" xml:id="cll_yacc-385" /> operand_C_385 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-300" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-817" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-461" />
/* lerfu string as operand - classic math variable */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-428" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-473" />
/* quantifies a bridi - inverse of -MOI */
@@ -1648,288 +1648,288 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
/* _400 series constructs are mostly specific strings, some of which may
also be used by the lexer; the lexer should not use any reference to
terminals numbered less than _400, as they have grammars composed on
non-deterministic strings of selma'o. Some above _400 also are this
way, so care should be taken; this is especially true for those that
reference
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />. */
<anchor xml:id="y400" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #400" xml:id="cll_yacc-400" />anaphora_400 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #400" xml:id="cll_yacc-400" /> anaphora_400 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-555" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-555" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-817" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-461" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y404" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #404" xml:id="cll_yacc-404" />cmene_404 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #404" xml:id="cll_yacc-404" /> cmene_404 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-405" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-405" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y405" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #405" xml:id="cll_yacc-405" />cmene_A_405 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #405" xml:id="cll_yacc-405" /> cmene_A_405 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-518" /> /* pause */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-405" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-518" /> /* pause*/
/* multiple CMENE are identified morphologically (by the lexer) -- separated by
consonant & pause */
;
<anchor xml:id="y407" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #407" xml:id="cll_yacc-407" />bridi_valsi_407 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #407" xml:id="cll_yacc-407" /> bridi_valsi_407 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-408" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-408" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y408" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #408" xml:id="cll_yacc-408" />bridi_valsi_A_408 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #408" xml:id="cll_yacc-408" /> bridi_valsi_A_408 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-509" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-824" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-543" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-543" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-593" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y410" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #410" xml:id="cll_yacc-410" />para_mark_410 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #410" xml:id="cll_yacc-410" /> para_mark_410 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-584" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-584" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-584" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-410" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y411" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #411" xml:id="cll_yacc-411" />indicators_411 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #411" xml:id="cll_yacc-411" /> indicators_411 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-412" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-535" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-412" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y412" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #412" xml:id="cll_yacc-412" />indicators_A_412 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #412" xml:id="cll_yacc-412" /> indicators_A_412 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-413" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-412" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-413" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y413" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #413" xml:id="cll_yacc-413" />indicator_413 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #413" xml:id="cll_yacc-413" /> indicator_413 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-612" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-515" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-612" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-515" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-619" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-524" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-536" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y415" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #415" xml:id="cll_yacc-415" />DOI_415 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #415" xml:id="cll_yacc-415" /> DOI_415 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-525" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-416" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-416" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-525" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y416" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #416" xml:id="cll_yacc-416" />COI_416 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #416" xml:id="cll_yacc-416" /> COI_416 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-417" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-416" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-417" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y417" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #417" xml:id="cll_yacc-417" />COI_A_417 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #417" xml:id="cll_yacc-417" /> COI_A_417 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-520" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-520" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y421" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #421" xml:id="cll_yacc-421" />JOIK_EK_421 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #421" xml:id="cll_yacc-421" /> JOIK_EK_421 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-802" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-806" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-806" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y422" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #422" xml:id="cll_yacc-422" />JOIK_JEK_422 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #422" xml:id="cll_yacc-422" /> JOIK_JEK_422 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-806" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-806" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-805" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-805" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y424" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #424" xml:id="cll_yacc-424" />XI_424 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #424" xml:id="cll_yacc-424" /> XI_424 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-618" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-618" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y425" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #425" xml:id="cll_yacc-425" />NU_425 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #425" xml:id="cll_yacc-425" /> NU_425 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-426" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-425" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-422" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-426" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y426" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #426" xml:id="cll_yacc-426" />NU_A_426 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #426" xml:id="cll_yacc-426" /> NU_A_426 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-586" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-586" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-586" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-586" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y427" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #427" xml:id="cll_yacc-427" />MOhE_427 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #427" xml:id="cll_yacc-427" /> MOhE_427 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-664" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-664" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y428" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #428" xml:id="cll_yacc-428" />NIhE_428 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #428" xml:id="cll_yacc-428" /> NIhE_428 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-666" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-666" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y429" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #429" xml:id="cll_yacc-429" />NAhU_429 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #429" xml:id="cll_yacc-429" /> NAhU_429 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-665" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-665" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y430" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #430" xml:id="cll_yacc-430" />MAhO_430 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #430" xml:id="cll_yacc-430" /> MAhO_430 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-662" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-662" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y431" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #431" xml:id="cll_yacc-431" />JOhI_431 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #431" xml:id="cll_yacc-431" /> JOhI_431 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-657" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-657" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y432" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #432" xml:id="cll_yacc-432" />quote_arg_432 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #432" xml:id="cll_yacc-432" /> quote_arg_432 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-433" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-433" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y433" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #433" xml:id="cll_yacc-433" />quote_arg_A_433 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #433" xml:id="cll_yacc-433" /> quote_arg_A_433 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-434" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-435" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-436" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-571" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-0" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-448" />
;
/* The quoted material in the following three terminals must be identified by
the lexer, but no additional lexer processing is needed. */
<anchor xml:id="y434" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #434" xml:id="cll_yacc-434" />ZOI_quote_434 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #434" xml:id="cll_yacc-434" /> ZOI_quote_434 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-627" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698" />
/*pause*/
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-699" /> /*pause*/
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698" />
;
/* ’pause’ is morphemic, represented by ’.’ The lexer assembles
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-699" /> */
<anchor xml:id="y435" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #435" xml:id="cll_yacc-435" />ZO_quote_435 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #435" xml:id="cll_yacc-435" /> ZO_quote_435 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-626" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698" />
;
/* ’word’ may not be a compound; but it can be any valid Lojban selma'o value,
including ZO, ZOI, SI, SA, SU. The preparser will not lex the word per its
normal selma'o. */
<anchor xml:id="y436" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #436" xml:id="cll_yacc-436" />LOhU_quote_436 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #436" xml:id="cll_yacc-436" /> LOhU_quote_436 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-569" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-697" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-565" />
;
/* ’words’ may be any Lojban words, with no claim of grammaticality; the
preparser will not lex the individual words per their normal selma'o;
used to quote ungrammatical Lojban, equivalent to the * or ? writing
convention for such text. */
@@ -1956,755 +1956,755 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
quote body, two for the single word delimiters, and one for the ZOI. In
LOhU, the entire body is treated as a single word, so three SI’s can
erase it. */
/* All rule terminator names with ’gap’ in them are potentially
elidable, where such elision does not cause an ambiguity. This is
implemented through use of the YACC ’error’ token, which effectively
recovers from an elision. */
<anchor xml:id="y437" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #437" xml:id="cll_yacc-437" />FIhO_437 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #437" xml:id="cll_yacc-437" /> FIhO_437 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-532" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-532" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y438" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #438" xml:id="cll_yacc-438" />PEhO_438 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #438" xml:id="cll_yacc-438" /> PEhO_438 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-673" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-673" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y439" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #439" xml:id="cll_yacc-439" />BIhE_439 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #439" xml:id="cll_yacc-439" /> BIhE_439 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-650" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-650" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y440" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #440" xml:id="cll_yacc-440" />SEI_440 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #440" xml:id="cll_yacc-440" /> SEI_440 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-597" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-597" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y441" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #441" xml:id="cll_yacc-441" />FUhA_441 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #441" xml:id="cll_yacc-441" /> FUhA_441 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-655" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-655" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y442" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #442" xml:id="cll_yacc-442" />BEI_442 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #442" xml:id="cll_yacc-442" /> BEI_442 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-505" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-505" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y443" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #443" xml:id="cll_yacc-443" />CO_443 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #443" xml:id="cll_yacc-443" /> CO_443 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-519" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-519" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y444" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #444" xml:id="cll_yacc-444" />CEI_444 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #444" xml:id="cll_yacc-444" /> CEI_444 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-516" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-516" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y445" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #445" xml:id="cll_yacc-445" />NA_445 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #445" xml:id="cll_yacc-445" /> NA_445 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y446" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #446" xml:id="cll_yacc-446" />BE_446 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #446" xml:id="cll_yacc-446" /> BE_446 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-504" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-504" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y447" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #447" xml:id="cll_yacc-447" />TUhE_447 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #447" xml:id="cll_yacc-447" /> TUhE_447 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-610" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-610" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y448" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #448" xml:id="cll_yacc-448" />LIhU_gap_448 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #448" xml:id="cll_yacc-448" /> LIhU_gap_448 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-567" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y450" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #450" xml:id="cll_yacc-450" />gap_450 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #450" xml:id="cll_yacc-450" /> gap_450 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-556" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-556" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y451" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #451" xml:id="cll_yacc-451" />front_gap_451 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #451" xml:id="cll_yacc-451" /> front_gap_451 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-521" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-521" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y452" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #452" xml:id="cll_yacc-452" />MEX_gap_452 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #452" xml:id="cll_yacc-452" /> MEX_gap_452 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-658" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-658" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y453" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #453" xml:id="cll_yacc-453" />KEI_gap_453 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #453" xml:id="cll_yacc-453" /> KEI_gap_453 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-552" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-552" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y454" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #454" xml:id="cll_yacc-454" />TUhU_gap_454 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #454" xml:id="cll_yacc-454" /> TUhU_gap_454 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-611" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-611" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y456" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #456" xml:id="cll_yacc-456" />VAU_gap_456 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #456" xml:id="cll_yacc-456" /> VAU_gap_456 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-614" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-614" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
/* redundant to attach a free modifier on the following */
<anchor xml:id="y457" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #457" xml:id="cll_yacc-457" />DOhU_gap_457 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #457" xml:id="cll_yacc-457" /> DOhU_gap_457 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-526" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y458" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #458" xml:id="cll_yacc-458" />FEhU_gap_458 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #458" xml:id="cll_yacc-458" /> FEhU_gap_458 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-531" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-531" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y459" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #459" xml:id="cll_yacc-459" />SEhU_gap_459 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #459" xml:id="cll_yacc-459" /> SEhU_gap_459 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-598" />
| error
/* a free modifier on a discursive should be somewhere within the discursive.
See
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-440" /> */
;
<anchor xml:id="y460" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #460" xml:id="cll_yacc-460" />NUhU_gap_460 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #460" xml:id="cll_yacc-460" /> NUhU_gap_460 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-588" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-588" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y461" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #461" xml:id="cll_yacc-461" />BOI_gap_461 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #461" xml:id="cll_yacc-461" /> BOI_gap_461 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-651" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-651" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y462" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #462" xml:id="cll_yacc-462" />sub_gap_462 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #462" xml:id="cll_yacc-462" /> sub_gap_462 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-651" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y463" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #463" xml:id="cll_yacc-463" />LUhU_gap_463 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #463" xml:id="cll_yacc-463" /> LUhU_gap_463 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-573" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-573" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y464" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #464" xml:id="cll_yacc-464" />GEhU_gap_464 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #464" xml:id="cll_yacc-464" /> GEhU_gap_464 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-538" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-538" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y465" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #465" xml:id="cll_yacc-465" />MEhU_gap_465 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #465" xml:id="cll_yacc-465" /> MEhU_gap_465 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-575" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-575" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y466" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #466" xml:id="cll_yacc-466" />KEhE_gap_466 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #466" xml:id="cll_yacc-466" /> KEhE_gap_466 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-550" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-550" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y467" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #467" xml:id="cll_yacc-467" />BEhO_gap_467 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #467" xml:id="cll_yacc-467" /> BEhO_gap_467 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-506" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-506" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y468" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #468" xml:id="cll_yacc-468" />TOI_gap_468 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #468" xml:id="cll_yacc-468" /> TOI_gap_468 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-607" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y469" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #469" xml:id="cll_yacc-469" />KUhO_gap_469 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #469" xml:id="cll_yacc-469" /> KUhO_gap_469 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-557" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-557" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y470" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #470" xml:id="cll_yacc-470" />left_bracket_470 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #470" xml:id="cll_yacc-470" /> left_bracket_470 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-677" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-677" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y471" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #471" xml:id="cll_yacc-471" />right_bracket_gap_471 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #471" xml:id="cll_yacc-471" /> right_bracket_gap_471 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-678" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-678" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y472" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #472" xml:id="cll_yacc-472" />LOhO_gap_472 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #472" xml:id="cll_yacc-472" /> LOhO_gap_472 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-568" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-568" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y473" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #473" xml:id="cll_yacc-473" />TEhU_gap_473 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #473" xml:id="cll_yacc-473" /> TEhU_gap_473 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-675" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-675" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y474" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #474" xml:id="cll_yacc-474" />right_br_no_free_474 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #474" xml:id="cll_yacc-474" /> right_br_no_free_474 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-678" />
| error
;
<anchor xml:id="y475" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #475" xml:id="cll_yacc-475" />NUhA_475 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #475" xml:id="cll_yacc-475" /> NUhA_475 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-667" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-667" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y476" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #476" xml:id="cll_yacc-476" />MOI_476 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #476" xml:id="cll_yacc-476" /> MOI_476 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-663" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-663" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y477" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #477" xml:id="cll_yacc-477" />ME_477 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #477" xml:id="cll_yacc-477" /> ME_477 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-574" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-574" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y478" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #478" xml:id="cll_yacc-478" />JAI_478 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #478" xml:id="cll_yacc-478" /> JAI_478 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-547" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-547" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y479" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #479" xml:id="cll_yacc-479" />BO_479 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #479" xml:id="cll_yacc-479" /> BO_479 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y480" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #480" xml:id="cll_yacc-480" />SE_480 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #480" xml:id="cll_yacc-480" /> SE_480 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y481" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #481" xml:id="cll_yacc-481" />FA_481 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #481" xml:id="cll_yacc-481" /> FA_481 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-527" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-527" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y482" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #482" xml:id="cll_yacc-482" />NAhE_482 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #482" xml:id="cll_yacc-482" /> NAhE_482 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-583" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-583" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y483" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #483" xml:id="cll_yacc-483" />qualifier_483 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #483" xml:id="cll_yacc-483" /> qualifier_483 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-561" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-561" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-809" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y484" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #484" xml:id="cll_yacc-484" />NOI_484 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #484" xml:id="cll_yacc-484" /> NOI_484 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-585" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-585" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y485" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #485" xml:id="cll_yacc-485" />GOI_485 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #485" xml:id="cll_yacc-485" /> GOI_485 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-542" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-542" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y486" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #486" xml:id="cll_yacc-486" />subscript_486 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #486" xml:id="cll_yacc-486" /> subscript_486 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-424" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-812" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-462" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-424" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-470" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-310" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-474" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-424" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-817" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-462" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y487" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #487" xml:id="cll_yacc-487" />ZIhE_487 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #487" xml:id="cll_yacc-487" /> ZIhE_487 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-625" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-625" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y488" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #488" xml:id="cll_yacc-488" />LE_488 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #488" xml:id="cll_yacc-488" /> LE_488 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-562" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-562" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y489" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #489" xml:id="cll_yacc-489" />LI_489 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #489" xml:id="cll_yacc-489" /> LI_489 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-566" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-566" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y490" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #490" xml:id="cll_yacc-490" />mod_head_490 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #490" xml:id="cll_yacc-490" /> mod_head_490 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-491" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-481" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y491" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #491" xml:id="cll_yacc-491" />tag_491 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #491" xml:id="cll_yacc-491" /> tag_491 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-815" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-491" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-422" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-815" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y492" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #492" xml:id="cll_yacc-492" />ZOhU_492 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #492" xml:id="cll_yacc-492" /> ZOhU_492 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-628" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-628" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y493" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #493" xml:id="cll_yacc-493" />KE_493 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #493" xml:id="cll_yacc-493" /> KE_493 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-551" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-551" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y494" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #494" xml:id="cll_yacc-494" />PEhE_494 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #494" xml:id="cll_yacc-494" /> PEhE_494 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-591" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-591" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y495" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #495" xml:id="cll_yacc-495" />CEhE_495 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #495" xml:id="cll_yacc-495" /> CEhE_495 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-517" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-517" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y496" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #496" xml:id="cll_yacc-496" />NUhI_496 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #496" xml:id="cll_yacc-496" /> NUhI_496 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-587" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-587" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y497" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #497" xml:id="cll_yacc-497" />VUhO_497 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #497" xml:id="cll_yacc-497" /> VUhO_497 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-617" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-617" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y498" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #498" xml:id="cll_yacc-498" />SOI_498 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #498" xml:id="cll_yacc-498" /> SOI_498 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-602" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-602" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y499" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #499" xml:id="cll_yacc-499" />LA_499 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #499" xml:id="cll_yacc-499" /> LA_499 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-558" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-558" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y801" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #801" xml:id="cll_yacc-801" />utterance_ordinal_801 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #801" xml:id="cll_yacc-801" /> utterance_ordinal_801 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-905" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y802" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #802" xml:id="cll_yacc-802" />EK_802 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #802" xml:id="cll_yacc-802" /> EK_802 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-910" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-910" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y803" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #803" xml:id="cll_yacc-803" />EK_BO_803 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #803" xml:id="cll_yacc-803" /> EK_BO_803 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-915" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-915" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y804" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #804" xml:id="cll_yacc-804" />EK_KE_804 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #804" xml:id="cll_yacc-804" /> EK_KE_804 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-916" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-916" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y805" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #805" xml:id="cll_yacc-805" />JEK_805 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #805" xml:id="cll_yacc-805" /> JEK_805 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-925" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y806" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #806" xml:id="cll_yacc-806" />JOIK_806 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #806" xml:id="cll_yacc-806" /> JOIK_806 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-930" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y807" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #807" xml:id="cll_yacc-807" />GEK_807 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #807" xml:id="cll_yacc-807" /> GEK_807 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-935" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-935" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y808" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #808" xml:id="cll_yacc-808" />GUhEK_808 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #808" xml:id="cll_yacc-808" /> GUhEK_808 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-940" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-940" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y809" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #809" xml:id="cll_yacc-809" />NAhE_BO_809 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #809" xml:id="cll_yacc-809" /> NAhE_BO_809 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-945" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-945" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y810" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #810" xml:id="cll_yacc-810" />NA_KU_810 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #810" xml:id="cll_yacc-810" /> NA_KU_810 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-950" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-950" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y811" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #811" xml:id="cll_yacc-811" />I_BO_811 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #811" xml:id="cll_yacc-811" /> I_BO_811 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-955" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-955" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y812" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #812" xml:id="cll_yacc-812" />number_812 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #812" xml:id="cll_yacc-812" /> number_812 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-960" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y813" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #813" xml:id="cll_yacc-813" />GIhEK_BO_813 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #813" xml:id="cll_yacc-813" /> GIhEK_BO_813 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-965" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-965" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y814" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #814" xml:id="cll_yacc-814" />GIhEK_KE_814 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #814" xml:id="cll_yacc-814" /> GIhEK_KE_814 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-966" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-966" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y815" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #815" xml:id="cll_yacc-815" />tense_modal_815 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #815" xml:id="cll_yacc-815" /> tense_modal_815 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-970" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-970" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-437" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-130" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-458" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y816" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #816" xml:id="cll_yacc-816" />GIK_816 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #816" xml:id="cll_yacc-816" /> GIK_816 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-980" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-980" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y817" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #817" xml:id="cll_yacc-817" />lerfu_string_817 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #817" xml:id="cll_yacc-817" /> lerfu_string_817 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-985" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y818" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #818" xml:id="cll_yacc-818" />GIhEK_818 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #818" xml:id="cll_yacc-818" /> GIhEK_818 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-990" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-990" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y819" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #819" xml:id="cll_yacc-819" />I_819 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #819" xml:id="cll_yacc-819" /> I_819 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-995" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-995" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y820" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #820" xml:id="cll_yacc-820" />I_JEK_820 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #820" xml:id="cll_yacc-820" /> I_JEK_820 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1000" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1000" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y821" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #821" xml:id="cll_yacc-821" />JEK_BO_821 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #821" xml:id="cll_yacc-821" /> JEK_BO_821 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1005" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1005" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y822" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #822" xml:id="cll_yacc-822" />JOIK_BO_822 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #822" xml:id="cll_yacc-822" /> JOIK_BO_822 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1010" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1010" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y823" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #823" xml:id="cll_yacc-823" />JOIK_KE_823 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #823" xml:id="cll_yacc-823" /> JOIK_KE_823 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1015" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1015" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-32" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y824" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #824" xml:id="cll_yacc-824" />PA_MOI_824 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #824" xml:id="cll_yacc-824" /> PA_MOI_824 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1025" />
;
/* The following rules are used only in lexer processing. They have been
tested for ambiguity at various levels in the YACC grammar, but are in
<!-- ^^ YACC grammar, 511 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>YACC grammar</primary></indexterm>
the recursive descent lexer in the current parser. The lexer inserts
the lexer tokens before the processed strings, but leaves the original
tokens. */
<anchor xml:id="y905" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #905" xml:id="cll_yacc-905" />lexer_A_905 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #905" xml:id="cll_yacc-905" /> lexer_A_905 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-701" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-906" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y906" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #906" xml:id="cll_yacc-906" />utt_ordinal_root_906 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #906" xml:id="cll_yacc-906" /> utt_ordinal_root_906 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-986" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-661" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-961" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-661" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y910" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #910" xml:id="cll_yacc-910" />lexer_B_910 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #910" xml:id="cll_yacc-910" /> lexer_B_910 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-702" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-911" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y911" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #911" xml:id="cll_yacc-911" />EK_root_911 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #911" xml:id="cll_yacc-911" /> EK_root_911 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-501" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-501" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-501" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-501" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
@@ -2722,53 +2722,53 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-501" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-501" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y915" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #915" xml:id="cll_yacc-915" />lexer_C_915 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #915" xml:id="cll_yacc-915" /> lexer_C_915 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-703" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-911" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-703" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-911" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y916" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #916" xml:id="cll_yacc-916" />lexer_D_916 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #916" xml:id="cll_yacc-916" /> lexer_D_916 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-704" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-911" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-551" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-704" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-911" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-551" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y925" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #925" xml:id="cll_yacc-925" />lexer_E_925 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #925" xml:id="cll_yacc-925" /> lexer_E_925 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-705" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-926" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y926" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #926" xml:id="cll_yacc-926" />JEK_root_926 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #926" xml:id="cll_yacc-926" /> JEK_root_926 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-546" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-546" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-546" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-546" />
@@ -2786,66 +2786,66 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-546" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-546" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y930" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #930" xml:id="cll_yacc-930" />lexer_F_930 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #930" xml:id="cll_yacc-930" /> lexer_F_930 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-706" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-931" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y931" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #931" xml:id="cll_yacc-931" />JOIK_root_931 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #931" xml:id="cll_yacc-931" /> JOIK_root_931 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-548" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-548" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-548" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-548" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-932" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-656" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-932" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-656" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y932" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #932" xml:id="cll_yacc-932" />interval_932 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #932" xml:id="cll_yacc-932" /> interval_932 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-507" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-507" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-507" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-507" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y935" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #935" xml:id="cll_yacc-935" />lexer_G_935 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #935" xml:id="cll_yacc-935" /> lexer_G_935 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-707" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-537" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-707" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-537" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-707" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-537" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
@@ -2859,223 +2859,223 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-981" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-707" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-931" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-539" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y940" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #940" xml:id="cll_yacc-940" />lexer_H_940 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #940" xml:id="cll_yacc-940" /> lexer_H_940 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-708" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-544" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-708" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-544" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-708" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-544" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-708" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-544" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y945" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #945" xml:id="cll_yacc-945" />lexer_I_945 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #945" xml:id="cll_yacc-945" /> lexer_I_945 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-709" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-583" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y950" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #950" xml:id="cll_yacc-950" />lexer_J_950 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #950" xml:id="cll_yacc-950" /> lexer_J_950 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-710" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-556" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y955" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #955" xml:id="cll_yacc-955" />lexer_K_955 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #955" xml:id="cll_yacc-955" /> lexer_K_955 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-711" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-956" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-711" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-956" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y956" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #956" xml:id="cll_yacc-956" />I_root_956 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #956" xml:id="cll_yacc-956" /> I_root_956 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-545" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-545" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-957" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y957" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #957" xml:id="cll_yacc-957" />simple_JOIK_JEK_957 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #957" xml:id="cll_yacc-957" /> simple_JOIK_JEK_957 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-806" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-805" />
;
/* no freemod in this version; cf.
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-422" /> */
/* this reference to a version of JOIK and JEK
which already have the lexer tokens attached
prevents shift/reduce errors. The problem is
resolved in a hard-coded parser implementation
which builds lexer_K, before lexer_S, before
lexer_E and lexer_F. */
<anchor xml:id="y960" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #960" xml:id="cll_yacc-960" />lexer_L_960 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #960" xml:id="cll_yacc-960" /> lexer_L_960 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-712" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-961" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y961" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #961" xml:id="cll_yacc-961" />number_root_961 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #961" xml:id="cll_yacc-961" /> number_root_961 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-672" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-961" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-672" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-961" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-987" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y965" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #965" xml:id="cll_yacc-965" />lexer_M_965 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #965" xml:id="cll_yacc-965" /> lexer_M_965 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-713" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-991" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-713" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-991" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y966" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #966" xml:id="cll_yacc-966" />lexer_N_966 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #966" xml:id="cll_yacc-966" /> lexer_N_966 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-714" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-991" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-551" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-714" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-991" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-551" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y970" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #970" xml:id="cll_yacc-970" />lexer_O_970 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #970" xml:id="cll_yacc-970" /> lexer_O_970 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-715" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-972" />
;
/* the following rule is a lexer version of non-terminal_815 for compounding
PU/modals; it disallows the lexer picking out FIhO clauses, which would
require it to have knowledge of the main parser grammar */
<anchor xml:id="y971" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #971" xml:id="cll_yacc-971" />simple_tag_971 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #971" xml:id="cll_yacc-971" /> simple_tag_971 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-972" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-957" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-972" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y972" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #972" xml:id="cll_yacc-972" />simple_tense_modal_972 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #972" xml:id="cll_yacc-972" /> simple_tense_modal_972 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-973" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-583" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-973" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-554" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-522" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y973" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #973" xml:id="cll_yacc-973" />simple_tense_modal_A_973:
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #973" xml:id="cll_yacc-973" /> simple_tense_modal_A_973:
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-974" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-974" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-554" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-977" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y974" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #974" xml:id="cll_yacc-974" />modal_974 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #974" xml:id="cll_yacc-974" /> modal_974 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-975" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-975" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y975" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #975" xml:id="cll_yacc-975" />modal_A_975 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #975" xml:id="cll_yacc-975" /> modal_A_975 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-502" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-502" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y977" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #977" xml:id="cll_yacc-977" />tense_A_977 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #977" xml:id="cll_yacc-977" /> tense_A_977 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-978" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-978" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-554" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y978" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #978" xml:id="cll_yacc-978" />tense_B_978 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #978" xml:id="cll_yacc-978" /> tense_B_978 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-979" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-514" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-979" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-514" />
;
/* specifies actuality/potentiality of the bridi */
<!-- ^^ actuality: expressing in past/future, 244; Lojban contrasted with English in implying, 243; marking, 491 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>actuality</primary></indexterm>
/* puca'a = actually was */
/* baca'a = actually will be */
/* bapu'i = can and will have */
/* banu'o = can, but won’t have yet */
/* canu'ojebapu'i = can, hasn’t yet, but will */
<anchor xml:id="y979" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #979" xml:id="cll_yacc-979" />tense_C_979 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #979" xml:id="cll_yacc-979" /> tense_C_979 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1030" />
/* time-only */
/* space defaults to time-space reference space */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1040" />
/* can include time if specified with VIhA; otherwise time defaults to the
time-space reference time */
|
@@ -3084,72 +3084,72 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
/* time and space - If
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1040" /> is marked with
VIhA for space-time the tense may be self-contradictory */
/* interval prop before space_time is for time distribution */
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1040" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1030" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y980" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #980" xml:id="cll_yacc-980" />lexer_P_980 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #980" xml:id="cll_yacc-980" /> lexer_P_980 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-716" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-981" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y981" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #981" xml:id="cll_yacc-981" />GIK_root_981 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #981" xml:id="cll_yacc-981" /> GIK_root_981 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-539" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-539" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y985" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #985" xml:id="cll_yacc-985" />lexer_Q_985 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #985" xml:id="cll_yacc-985" /> lexer_Q_985 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-717" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-986" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y986" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #986" xml:id="cll_yacc-986" />lerfu_string_root_986 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #986" xml:id="cll_yacc-986" /> lerfu_string_root_986 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-987" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-986" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-987" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-986" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-672" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y987" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #987" xml:id="cll_yacc-987" />lerfu_word_987 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #987" xml:id="cll_yacc-987" /> lerfu_word_987 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-513" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-559" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-987" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-605" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-986" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-533" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y990" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #990" xml:id="cll_yacc-990" />lexer_R_990 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #990" xml:id="cll_yacc-990" /> lexer_R_990 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-718" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-991" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y991" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #991" xml:id="cll_yacc-991" />GIhEK_root_991 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #991" xml:id="cll_yacc-991" /> GIhEK_root_991 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-541" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-541" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-541" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-541" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
@@ -3167,255 +3167,255 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-541" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-578" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-596" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-541" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y995" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #995" xml:id="cll_yacc-995" />lexer_S_995 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #995" xml:id="cll_yacc-995" /> lexer_S_995 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-719" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-545" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1000" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1000" xml:id="cll_yacc-1000" />lexer_T_1000 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1000" xml:id="cll_yacc-1000" /> lexer_T_1000 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-720" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-545" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-957" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1005" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1005" xml:id="cll_yacc-1005" />lexer_U_1005 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1005" xml:id="cll_yacc-1005" /> lexer_U_1005 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-721" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-926" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-721" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-926" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1010" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1010" xml:id="cll_yacc-1010" />lexer_V_1010 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1010" xml:id="cll_yacc-1010" /> lexer_V_1010 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-722" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-931" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-722" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-931" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-508" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1015" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1015" xml:id="cll_yacc-1015" />lexer_W_1015 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1015" xml:id="cll_yacc-1015" /> lexer_W_1015 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-723" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-931" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-551" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-723" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-931" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-971" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-551" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1025" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1025" xml:id="cll_yacc-1025" />lexer_Y_1025 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1025" xml:id="cll_yacc-1025" /> lexer_Y_1025 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-725" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-961" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-663" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-725" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-986" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-663" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1030" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1030" xml:id="cll_yacc-1030" />time_1030 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1030" xml:id="cll_yacc-1030" /> time_1030 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-624" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-624" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1031" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1031" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1031" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1031" xml:id="cll_yacc-1031" />time_A_1031 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1031" xml:id="cll_yacc-1031" /> time_A_1031 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1032" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1034" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1032" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1034" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1032" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1032" xml:id="cll_yacc-1032" />time_B_1032 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1032" xml:id="cll_yacc-1032" /> time_B_1032 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1033" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1032" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1033" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1033" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1033" xml:id="cll_yacc-1033" />time_offset_1033 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1033" xml:id="cll_yacc-1033" /> time_offset_1033 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1035" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1035" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-624" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1034" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1034" xml:id="cll_yacc-1034" />time_interval_1034 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1034" xml:id="cll_yacc-1034" /> time_interval_1034 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-622" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-622" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1035" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1036" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-622" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1036" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-622" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1035" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1036" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1035" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1035" xml:id="cll_yacc-1035" />time_direction_1035 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1035" xml:id="cll_yacc-1035" /> time_direction_1035 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-592" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-592" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1036" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1036" xml:id="cll_yacc-1036" />time_int_props_1036 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1036" xml:id="cll_yacc-1036" /> time_int_props_1036 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1051" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1036" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1051" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1040" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1040" xml:id="cll_yacc-1040" />space_1040 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1040" xml:id="cll_yacc-1040" /> space_1040 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1042" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1041" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1042" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1041" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1041" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1041" xml:id="cll_yacc-1041" />space_motion_1041 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1041" xml:id="cll_yacc-1041" /> space_motion_1041 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-577" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1045" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1042" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1042" xml:id="cll_yacc-1042" />space_A_1042 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1042" xml:id="cll_yacc-1042" /> space_A_1042 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-613" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-613" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1043" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1043" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1043" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1043" xml:id="cll_yacc-1043" />space_B_1043 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1043" xml:id="cll_yacc-1043" /> space_B_1043 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1044" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1046" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1044" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1046" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1044" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1044" xml:id="cll_yacc-1044" />space_C_1044 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1044" xml:id="cll_yacc-1044" /> space_C_1044 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1045" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1044" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1045" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1045" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1045" xml:id="cll_yacc-1045" />space_offset_1045 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1045" xml:id="cll_yacc-1045" /> space_offset_1045 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1048" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1048" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-613" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1046" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1046" xml:id="cll_yacc-1046" />space_intval_1046 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1046" xml:id="cll_yacc-1046" /> space_intval_1046 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1047" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1047" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1048" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1049" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1047" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1049" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1047" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1048" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1049" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1047" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1047" xml:id="cll_yacc-1047" />space_intval_A_1047 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1047" xml:id="cll_yacc-1047" /> space_intval_A_1047 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-615" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-616" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-615" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-616" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1048" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1048" xml:id="cll_yacc-1048" />space_direction_1048 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1048" xml:id="cll_yacc-1048" /> space_direction_1048 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-528" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-528" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1049" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1049" xml:id="cll_yacc-1049" />space_int_props_1049 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1049" xml:id="cll_yacc-1049" /> space_int_props_1049 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1050" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1049" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1050" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1050" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1050" xml:id="cll_yacc-1050" />space_int_props_A_1050 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1050" xml:id="cll_yacc-1050" /> space_int_props_A_1050 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-530" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-1051" />
;
/* This terminal gives an interval size in space-time (VEhA), and possibly a
<!-- ^^ interval size: as context-dependent, 222; meaning as sumti tcita, 233; spatial, 506; time, 507; unspecified, 223; vague, 223 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>interval size</primary></indexterm>
dimensionality of the interval. The dimensionality may also be used
<!-- ^^ dimensionality: of walking, 224; order with size in spatial tense intervals, 224; spatial, 506 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dimensionality</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3424,21 +3424,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<indexterm type="general"><primary>interval size</primary></indexterm>
spacetime origin, then barring any overriding VIhA, a VIhA here defines
the dimensionality of the space-time being discussed. */
<!-- ^^ dimensionality: of walking, 224; order with size in spatial tense intervals, 224; spatial, 506 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dimensionality</primary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="y1051" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1051" xml:id="cll_yacc-1051" />interval_property_1051 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1051" xml:id="cll_yacc-1051" /> interval_property_1051 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-961" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-594" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-961" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-594" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-604" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-604" />
@@ -3486,21 +3486,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
word without changing its grammar.
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-601" />,
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-595" />, and
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-603" /> are metalinguistic erasers.
<!-- ^^ metalinguistic erasers: within ungrammatical-Lojban quotation, 477 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>metalinguistic erasers</primary></indexterm>
<anchor xml:id="y1100" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1100" xml:id="cll_yacc-1100" />token_1100 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1100" xml:id="cll_yacc-1100" /> token_1100 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-503" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-699" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-511" />
|
@@ -3531,21 +3531,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-612" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-515" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-581" />
;
<anchor xml:id="y1101" />
-<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1101" xml:id="cll_yacc-1101" />null_1101 :
+<anchor xreflabel="YACC rule #1101" xml:id="cll_yacc-1101" /> null_1101 :
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-698" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-601" />
| possibly_unlexable_word (PAUSE)
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-601" />
|
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-20" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-595" />
| possibly unlexable string (PAUSE)
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-595" />
erases back to the last individual token
@@ -7046,21 +7046,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>// encloses an elidable terminator, which may be omitted (without change of meaning) if no grammatical ambiguity results.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<anchor xml:id="b0" />
<anchor xreflabel="BNF rule #0" xml:id="cll_bnf-0" />
- <xref linkend="cll_yacc-0" />text
+ <xref linkend="cll_yacc-0" /> text
<subscript>0</subscript>=</term>
<listitem>
<para>[NAI ...] [CMENE ... # | (indicators & free ...)] [joik-jek] text-1
<anchor xml:id="b2" />
<anchor xreflabel="BNF rule #2" xml:id="cll_bnf-2" />
<xref linkend="cll_yacc-2" /></para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>text-1
@@ -7935,21 +7935,21 @@ the 900 series rules are found in the lexer. */
<para>(UI | CAI) [NAI] | Y | DAhO | FUhO</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>The following rules are non-formal:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<anchor xml:id="b1100" />
<anchor xreflabel="BNF rule #1100" xml:id="cll_bnf-1100" />
- <xref linkend="cll_yacc-1100" />word
+ <xref linkend="cll_yacc-1100" /> word
<subscript>1100</subscript>=</term>
<listitem>
<para>[BAhE] any-word [indicators]</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>any-word =</term>
<listitem>
<para>“any single word (no compound cmavo)”</para>
</listitem>
diff --git a/todocbook/3.xml b/todocbook/3.xml
index 9a8c8a9..ce6bb88 100644
--- a/todocbook/3.xml
+++ b/todocbook/3.xml
@@ -26,39 +26,39 @@
<quote>w</quote>.</para>
<para>The alphabetic order given above is that of the ASCII coded character set, widely used in computers. By making Lojban alphabetical order the same as ASCII, computerized sorting and searching of Lojban text is facilitated.</para>
<!-- ^^ ASCII: application to lerfu words, 425 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ alphabetic order, 29 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>alphabetic order</primary></indexterm>
<para>Capital letters are used only to represent non-standard stress, which can appear only in the representation of Lojbanized names. Thus the English name
<quote>Josephine</quote>, as normally pronounced, is Lojbanized as
<quote>DJOsefin.</quote>, pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">['dʒosɛfinʔ]</phrase>. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section2" />for an explanation of the symbols within square brackets.) Technically, it is sufficient to capitalize the vowel letter, in this case
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section2" /> for an explanation of the symbols within square brackets.) Technically, it is sufficient to capitalize the vowel letter, in this case
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>square brackets</primary></indexterm>
<quote>O</quote>, but it is easier on the reader to capitalize the whole syllable.</para>
<para>Without the capitalization, the ordinary rules of Lojban stress would cause the
<!-- ^^ capitalization: for unusual stress in names, 66; use in names, 66; use of, 66 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>capitalization</primary></indexterm>
<quote>se</quote> syllable to be stressed. Lojbanized names are meant to represent the pronunciation of names from other languages with as little distortion as may be; as such, they are exempt from many of the regular rules of Lojban phonology, as will appear in the rest of this chapter.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter3-section2">
<title>Basic Phonetics</title>
<para>Lojban pronunciations are defined using the International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, a standard method of transcribing pronunciations. By convention, IPA transcriptions are always within square brackets: for example, the word
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>square brackets</primary></indexterm>
<quote>cat</quote> is pronounced (in General American pronunciation)
<!-- ^^ General American, 42 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>General American</primary></indexterm>
<phrase role="IPA">[kæt]</phrase>.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section10" />contains a brief explanation of the IPA characters used in this chapter, with their nearest analogues in English, and will be especially useful to those not familiar with the technical terms used in describing speech sounds.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section10" /> contains a brief explanation of the IPA characters used in this chapter, with their nearest analogues in English, and will be especially useful to those not familiar with the technical terms used in describing speech sounds.</para>
<!-- ^^ technical terms, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>technical terms</primary></indexterm>
<para>The standard pronunciations and permitted variants of the Lojban letters are listed in the table below. The descriptions have deliberately been made a bit ambiguous to cover variations in pronunciation by speakers of different native languages and dialects. In all cases except
<!-- ^^ Lojban letters: IPA for pronouncing, 30; list with IPA pronunciation, 30 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Lojban letters</primary></indexterm>
<quote>r</quote> the first IPA symbol shown represents the preferred pronunciation; for
<quote>r</quote>, all of the variations (and any other rhotic sound) are equally acceptable.</para>
<informaltable>
<tgroup cols="4">
<colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" />
@@ -347,31 +347,31 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>glottal stop</primary></indexterm>
<para>Otherwise, a comma is usually only used to clarify the presence of syllabic
<quote>l</quote>,
<quote>m</quote>,
<quote>n</quote>, or
<quote>r</quote>(discussed later). Commas are never required: no two Lojban words differ solely because of the presence or placement of a comma.</para>
<para>Here is a somewhat artificial example of the difference in pronunciation between periods, commas and apostrophes. In the English song about Old MacDonald's Farm, the vowel string which is written as
<quote>ee-i-ee-i-o</quote> in English could be Lojbanized with periods as:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e3d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section3-example1" />3.1) .i.ai.i.ai.o
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section3-example1" /> 3.1) .i.ai.i.ai.o
<phrase role="IPA">[ʔi ʔaj ʔi ʔaj ʔo]</phrase>
Ee! Eye! Ee! Eye! Oh!
</programlisting>
<para>However, this would sound clipped, staccato, and unmusical compared to the English. Furthermore, although
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section3-example1" />is a string of meaningful Lojban words, as a sentence it makes very little sense. (Note the use of periods embedded within the written word.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section3-example1" /> is a string of meaningful Lojban words, as a sentence it makes very little sense. (Note the use of periods embedded within the written word.)</para>
<para>If commas were used instead of periods, we could represent the English string as a Lojbanized name, ending in a consonant:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e3d2" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section3-example2" />3.2) .i,ai,i,ai,on.
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section3-example2" /> 3.2) .i,ai,i,ai,on.
<phrase role="IPA">[ʔi jaj ji jaj jonʔ]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>The commas represent new syllable breaks, but prohibit the use of pauses or glottal stop. The pronunciation shown is just one possibility, but closely parallels the intended English pronunciation.</para>
<!-- ^^ glottal stop: as pause in Lojban, 31 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>glottal stop</primary></indexterm>
<para>However, the use of commas in this way is risky to unambiguous interpretation, since the glides might be heard by some listeners as diphthongs, producing something like</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-dQfn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e3d3" />
@@ -380,21 +380,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>.i,iai,ii,iai,ion.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which is technically a different Lojban name. Since the intent with Lojbanized names is to allow them to be pronounced more like their native counterparts, the comma is allowed to represent vowel glides or some non-Lojbanic sound. Such an exception affects only spelling accuracy and the ability of a reader to replicate the desired pronunciation exactly; it will not affect the recognition of word boundaries.</para>
<para>Still, it is better if Lojbanized names are always distinct. Therefore, the apostrophe is preferred in regular Lojbanized names that are not attempting to simulate a non-Lojban pronunciation perfectly. (Perfection, in any event, is not really achievable, because some sounds simply lack reasonable Lojbanic counterparts.)</para>
<para>If apostrophes were used instead of commas in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section3-example2" />, it would appear as:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e3d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section3-example4" />3.4) .i'ai'i'ai'on.
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section3-example4" /> 3.4) .i'ai'i'ai'on.
<phrase role="IPA">[ʔi hai hi hai honʔ]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>which preserves the rhythm and length, if not the exact sounds, of the original English.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter3-section4">
<title>Diphthongs and Syllabic Consonants</title>
<para>There exist 16 diphthongs in the Lojban language. A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements, a short vowel sound and a glide, either a labial (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[w]</phrase>) or palatal (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[j]</phrase>) glide, that either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.</para>
@@ -449,21 +449,21 @@
<phrase role="IPA">[wo]</phrase> a back mid vowel with labial on-glide
uu
<phrase role="IPA">[wu]</phrase> a back close vowel with labial on-glide
iy
<phrase role="IPA">[jə]</phrase> a central mid vowel with palatal on-glide
uy
<phrase role="IPA">[wə]</phrase> a central mid vowel with labial on-glide
</programlisting>
<para>(Approximate English equivalents of most of these diphthongs exist: see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section11" />for examples.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section11" /> for examples.)</para>
<para>The first four diphthongs above (
<quote>ai</quote>,
<quote>ei</quote>,
<quote>oi</quote>, and
<quote>au</quote>, the ones with off-glides) are freely used in most types of Lojban words; the ten following ones are used only as stand-alone words and in Lojbanized names and borrowings; and the last two (
<!-- ^^ borrowings: fu'ivla form with categorizing rafsi, 61; fu'ivla form without categorizing rafsi, 62; most common form for, 61; Stage 1, 61; Stage 2, 61; Stage 3, 61; Stage 3 contrasted with Stage 4 in ease of construction, 62; Stage 4, 62; using foreign-language name, 61; using lojbanized name, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>borrowings</primary></indexterm>
<quote>iy</quote> and
<quote>uy</quote>) are used only in Lojbanized names.</para>
<para>The syllabic consonants of Lojban,
@@ -484,21 +484,21 @@
<quote>n</quote>, or
<quote>r</quote> may be pronounced syllabically. If a syllabic consonant appears next to a
<!-- ^^ syllabic consonant: effect on stress, 65 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>syllabic consonant</primary></indexterm>
<quote>l</quote>,
<quote>m</quote>,
<quote>n</quote>, or
<quote>r</quote> that is not syllabic, it may not be clear which is which:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e4d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section4-example1" />4.1) brlgan.
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section4-example1" /> 4.1) brlgan.
<phrase role="IPA">[br̩l gan]</phrase>
or
<phrase role="IPA">[brl̩ gan]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>is a hypothetical Lojbanized name with more than one valid pronunciation; however it is pronounced, it remains the same word.</para>
<para>Syllabic consonants are treated as consonants rather than vowels from the standpoint of Lojban morphology. Thus Lojbanized names, which are generally required to end in a consonant, are allowed to end with a syllabic consonant. An example is
<!-- ^^ syllabic consonant: effect on stress, 65 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>syllabic consonant</primary></indexterm>
<quote>rl.</quote>, which is an approximation of the English name
@@ -563,38 +563,38 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e5d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section5-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>meiin.</jbo>
<en>mei,in.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section5-example1" />contains the diphthong
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section5-example1" /> contains the diphthong
<quote>ei</quote> followed by the vowel
<quote>i</quote>. In order to indicate a different grouping, the comma must always be used, leading to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-H0wB">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c3e5d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section5-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me,iin.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which contains the vowel
<quote>e</quote> followed by the diphthong
<quote>ii</quote>. In rough English representation,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section5-example1" />is
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section5-example1" /> is
<quote>May Een</quote>, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section5-example2" />is
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section5-example2" /> is
<quote>Meh Yeen</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter3-section6">
<title>Consonant Clusters</title>
<para>A consonant sound is a relatively brief speech-sound that precedes or follows a vowel sound in a syllable; its presence either preceding or following does not add to the count of syllables, nor is a consonant required in either position for any syllable. Lojban has seventeen consonants: for the purposes of this section, the apostrophe is not counted as a consonant.</para>
<para>An important distinction dividing Lojban consonants is that of voicing. The following table shows the unvoiced consonants and the corresponding voiced ones:</para>
<!-- ^^ unvoiced consonants: contrasted with voiced in allowable consonant pairs, 37 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>unvoiced consonants</primary></indexterm>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
UNVOICED VOICED
@@ -671,21 +671,21 @@
<quote>xc</quote>,
<quote>xk</quote>, and
<quote>mz</quote> are forbidden.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>These rules apply to all kinds of words, even Lojbanized names. If a name would normally contain a forbidden consonant pair, a
<quote>y</quote> can be inserted to break up the pair:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e6d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section6-example1" />6.1) djeimyz.
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section6-example1" /> 6.1) djeimyz.
<phrase role="IPA">[dʒɛj məzʔ]</phrase>
James
</programlisting>
<para>The regular English pronunciation of
<quote>James</quote>, which is
<phrase role="IPA">[dʒɛjmz]</phrase>, would Lojbanize as
<quote>djeimz.</quote>, which contains a forbidden consonant pair.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter3-section7">
@@ -765,105 +765,105 @@
<!-- ^^ doubled consonants: contrasted with consonant clusters, 35; contrasted with single consonants, 35 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>doubled consonants</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>consonant clusters</primary></indexterm>
<phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ɨ]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[ʊ]</phrase>, or even
<phrase role="IPA">[ʏ]</phrase>, but there probably is no universally acceptable buffer sound. When using a consonant buffer, the sound should be made as short as possible. Two examples showing such buffering (we will use
<phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase> in this chapter) are:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d1" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example1" />8.1) vrusi
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example1" /> 8.1) vrusi
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈvru si]</phrase>
or
<phrase role="IPA">[vɪ ˈru si]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d2" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example2" />8.2) .AMsterdam.
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example2" /> 8.2) .AMsterdam.
<phrase role="IPA">[ʔam ster damʔ]</phrase>
or
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈʔa mɪ sɪ tɛ rɪ da mɪʔ]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>When a buffer vowel is used, it splits each buffered consonant into its own syllable. However, the buffering syllables are never stressed, and are not counted in determining stress. They are, in effect, not really syllables to a Lojban listener, and thus their impact is ignored.</para>
<!-- ^^ buffer vowel, 38; and stress, 38; shortening of, 39 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>buffer vowel</primary></indexterm>
<para>Here are more examples of unbuffered and buffered pronunciations:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d3" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example3" />8.3) klama
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example3" /> 8.3) klama
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈkla ma]</phrase>
<phrase role="IPA">[kɪ ˈla ma]</phrase>
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d4" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example4" />8.4) xapcke
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example4" /> 8.4) xapcke
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈxap ʃkɛ]</phrase>
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈxa pɪ ʃkɛ]</phrase>
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈxa pɪ ʃɪ kɛ]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section8-example4" />, we see that buffering vowels can be used in just some, rather than all, of the possible places: the second pronunciation buffers the
<quote>pc</quote> consonant pair but not the
<quote>ck</quote>. The third pronunciation buffers both.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d5" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example5" />8.5) ponyni'u
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example5" /> 8.5) ponyni'u
<phrase role="IPA">[po nə 'ni hu]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section8-example5" />cannot contain any buffering vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section8-example5" /> cannot contain any buffering vowel. It is important not to confuse the vowel
<quote>y</quote>, which is pronounced
<phrase role="IPA">[ə]</phrase>, with the buffer, which has a variety of possible pronunciations and is never written. Consider the contrast between</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d6" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example6" />8.6) bongynanba
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example6" /> 8.6) bongynanba
<phrase role="IPA">[boŋ gə ˈnan ba]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>an unlikely Lojban compound word meaning
<quote>bone bread</quote>(note the use of
<!-- ^^ bone bread: example, 38 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bone bread</primary></indexterm>
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase> as a representative of
<quote>n</quote> before
<quote>g</quote>) and</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d7" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example7" />8.7) bongnanba
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example7" /> 8.7) bongnanba
<phrase role="IPA">[boŋ ˈgnan ba]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>a possible borrowing from another language (Lojban borrowings can only take a limited form). If
<!-- ^^ borrowings: fu'ivla form with categorizing rafsi, 61; fu'ivla form without categorizing rafsi, 62; most common form for, 61; Stage 1, 61; Stage 2, 61; Stage 3, 61; Stage 3 contrasted with Stage 4 in ease of construction, 62; Stage 4, 62; using foreign-language name, 61; using lojbanized name, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>borrowings</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ borrowing: four stages of, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>borrowing</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section8-example7" />were pronounced with buffering, as</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section8-example7" /> were pronounced with buffering, as</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d8" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example8" />8.8)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example8" /> 8.8)
<phrase role="IPA">[boŋ gɪ ˈnan ba]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>it would be very similar to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section8-example6" />. Only a clear distinction between
<quote>y</quote> and any buffering vowel would keep the two words distinct.</para>
<para>Since buffering is done for the benefit of the speaker in order to aid pronounceability, there is no guarantee that the listener will not mistake a buffer vowel for one of the six regular Lojban vowels. The buffer vowel should be as laxly pronounced as possible, as central as possible, and as short as possible. Furthermore, it is worthwhile for speakers who use buffers to pronounce their regular vowels a bit longer than usual, to avoid confusion with buffer vowels. The speakers of many languages will have trouble correctly hearing any of the suggested buffer vowels otherwise. By this guideline,
<!-- ^^ buffer vowel, 38; and stress, 38; shortening of, 39 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>buffer vowel</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section8-example8" />would be pronounced</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section8-example8" /> would be pronounced</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e8d9" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example9" />8.9)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section8-example9" /> 8.9)
<phrase role="IPA">[boːŋ gɪ ˈnaːn baː]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>with lengthened vowels.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter3-section9">
<title>Syllabication And Stress</title>
<para>A Lojban word has one syllable for each of its vowels, diphthongs, and syllabic consonants (referred to simply as
<!-- ^^ syllabic consonants, 34; effect on stress, 34; final in word, 34 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>syllabic consonants</primary></indexterm>
<quote>vowels</quote> for the purposes of this section.) Syllabication rules determine which of the consonants separating two vowels belong to the preceding vowel and which to the following vowel. These rules are conventional only; the phonetic facts of the matter about how utterances are syllabified in any language are always very complex.</para>
@@ -1003,37 +1003,37 @@
<en>.ARM,strong.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>This is a Lojbanized version of the name
<quote>Armstrong</quote>. The final
<!-- ^^ Armstrong: example, 40 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Armstrong</primary></indexterm>
<quote>g</quote> must be explicitly pronounced. With full buffering, the name would be pronounced:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d8" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section9-example8" />9.8)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section9-example8" /> 9.8)
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈʔa rɪ mɪ sɪ tɪ ro nɪ gɪʔ]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>However, there is no need to insert a buffer in every possible place just because it is inserted in one place: partial buffering is also acceptable. In every case, however, the stress remains in the same place: on the first syllable.</para>
<para>The English pronunciation of
<quote>Armstrong</quote>, as spelled in English, is not correct by Lojban standards; the letters
<!-- ^^ Armstrong: example, 40 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Armstrong</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ng</quote> in English represent a velar nasal (IPA
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase>) which is a single consonant. In Lojban,
<quote>ng</quote> represents two separate consonants that must both be pronounced; you may not use
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋ]</phrase> to pronounce Lojban
<quote>ng</quote>, although
<phrase role="IPA">[ŋg]</phrase> is acceptable. English speakers are likely to have to pronounce the ending with a buffer, as one of the following:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
<anchor xml:id="c3e9d9" />
-<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section9-example9" />9.9)
+<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter3-section9-example9" /> 9.9)
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈʔarm stron gɪʔ]</phrase>
or
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈʔarm stroŋ gɪʔ]</phrase>
or even
<phrase role="IPA">[ˈʔarm stro nɪgʔ]</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>The normal English pronunciation of the name
<quote>Armstrong</quote> could be Lojbanized as:</para>
<!-- ^^ Armstrong: example, 40 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Armstrong</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1107,21 +1107,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le re nobli prenu</jbo>
<en>le re NObli PREnu</en>
<jbo>le re no bliprenu</jbo>
<en>le re no bliPREnu</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>If the cmavo
<quote>no</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section9-example15" />were to be stressed, the phrase would sound exactly like the given pronunciation of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section9-example15" /> were to be stressed, the phrase would sound exactly like the given pronunciation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter3-section9-example14" />, which is unacceptable in Lojban: a single pronunciation cannot represent both.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter3-section10">
<title>IPA For English Speakers</title>
<para>There are many dialects of English, thus making it difficult to define the standardized symbols of the IPA in terms useful to every reader. All the symbols used in this chapter are repeated here, in more or less alphabetical order, with examples drawn from General American. In addition, some attention is given to the Received Pronunciation of (British) English. These two dialects are referred to as GA and RP respectively. Speakers of other dialects should consult a book on phonetics or their local television sets.</para>
<!-- ^^ television, 42 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>television</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ Received Pronunciation, 42 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Received Pronunciation</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ General American, 42 -->
diff --git a/todocbook/4.xml b/todocbook/4.xml
index 61a1841..1b22c13 100644
--- a/todocbook/4.xml
+++ b/todocbook/4.xml
@@ -188,22 +188,22 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>punctuation marks</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ prepositions: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>prepositions</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ hundred: expressing as number, 432 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>hundred</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ conjunctions: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>conjunctions</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ articles: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>articles</primary></indexterm>
<quote>selma'o</quote>, each having a specifically defined grammatical usage. The various selma'o are discussed throughout
- <xref linkend="selbri" />to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />and summarized in
+ <xref linkend="selbri" /> to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> and summarized in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter20" />.</para>
<para>Standard cmavo occur in four forms defined by their word structure. Here are some examples of the various forms:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>V-form .a .e .i</cmavo>
<selmaho>.o</selmaho>
<description>.u</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>CV-form ba ce di</cmavo>
@@ -506,21 +506,21 @@
<quote>brodu</quote>, no two gismu differ only in the final vowel. Furthermore, the set of gismu was specifically designed to reduce the likelihood that two similar sounding gismu could be confused. For example, because
<quote>gismu</quote> is in the set of gismu,
<quote>kismu</quote>,
<quote>xismu</quote>,
<quote>gicmu</quote>,
<quote>gizmu</quote>, and
<quote>gisnu</quote> cannot be.</para>
<para>Almost all Lojban gismu are constructed from pieces of words drawn from other languages, specifically Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic, the six most widely spoken natural languages. For a given concept, words in the six languages that represent that concept were written in Lojban phonetics. Then a gismu was selected to maximize the recognizability of the Lojban word for speakers of the six languages by weighting the inclusion of the sounds drawn from each language by the number of speakers of that language. See
<!-- ^^ inclusion: property of sets, 125 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>inclusion</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section14" />for a full explanation of the algorithm.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section14" /> for a full explanation of the algorithm.</para>
<para>Here are a few examples of gismu, with rough English equivalents (not definitions):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Bt49">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e4d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter4-section4-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c4e4d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter4-section4-example2" />
<anchor xml:id="c4e4d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter4-section4-example3" />
<anchor xml:id="c4e4d4" />
@@ -547,21 +547,21 @@
<en>book</en>
<jbo>patfu</jbo>
<en>father</en>
<jbo>nanmu</jbo>
<en>man</en>
<jbo>ninmu</jbo>
<en>woman</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>A small number of gismu were formed differently; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section15" />for a list.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section15" /> for a list.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section5">
<title>lujvo</title>
<para>When specifying a concept that is not found among the gismu (or, more specifically, when the relevant gismu seems too general in meaning), a Lojbanist generally attempts to express the concept as a tanru. Lojban tanru are an elaboration of the concept of
<quote>metaphor</quote> used in English. In Lojban, any brivla can be used to modify another brivla. The first of the pair modifies the second. This modification is usually restrictive - the modifying brivla reduces the broader sense of the modified brivla to form a more narrow, concrete, or specific concept. Modifying brivla may thus be seen as acting like English adverbs or adjectives. For example,</para>
<!-- ^^ adverbs: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>adverbs</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ adjectives: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>adjectives</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-xhQP">
@@ -657,38 +657,38 @@
<en>ship</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The lujvo representing a given tanru is built from units representing the component gismu. These units are called
<quote>rafsi</quote> in Lojban. Each rafsi represents only one gismu. The rafsi are attached together in the order of the words in the tanru, occasionally inserting so-called
<quote>hyphen</quote> letters to ensure that the pieces stick together as a single word and cannot accidentally be broken apart into cmavo, gismu, or other word forms. As a result, each lujvo can be readily and accurately recognized, allowing a listener to pick out the word from a string of spoken Lojban, and if necessary, unambiguously decompose the word to a unique source tanru, thus providing a strong clue to its meaning.</para>
<!-- ^^ word forms: as related to grammatical uses, 49; in Lojban (see also morphology), 49 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>word forms</primary></indexterm>
<para>The lujvo that can be built from the tanru
<quote>mamta patfu</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section5-example4" />is</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section5-example4" /> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-TCUH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e5d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter4-section5-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mampa'u</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>which refers specifically to the concept
<quote>maternal grandfather</quote>. The two gismu that constitute the tanru are represented in
<quote>mampa'u</quote> by the rafsi
<quote>mam-</quote> and
<quote>-pa'u</quote>, respectively; these two rafsi are then concatenated together to form
<quote>mampa'u</quote>.</para>
<para>Like gismu, lujvo have only one meaning. When a lujvo is formally entered into a dictionary of the language, a specific definition will be assigned based on one particular interrelationship between the terms. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" />for how this has been done.) Unlike gismu, lujvo may have more than one form. This is because there is no difference in meaning between the various rafsi for a gismu when they are used to build a lujvo. A long rafsi may be used, especially in noisy environments, in place of a short rafsi; the result is considered the same lujvo, even though the word is spelled and pronounced differently. Thus the word
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter12" /> for how this has been done.) Unlike gismu, lujvo may have more than one form. This is because there is no difference in meaning between the various rafsi for a gismu when they are used to build a lujvo. A long rafsi may be used, especially in noisy environments, in place of a short rafsi; the result is considered the same lujvo, even though the word is spelled and pronounced differently. Thus the word
<!-- ^^ noisy environments: proposed lerfu words for, 429 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>noisy environments</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ long rafsi: definition, 57 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>long rafsi</primary></indexterm>
<quote>brivla</quote>, built from the tanru
<quote>bridi valsi</quote>, is the same lujvo as
<quote>brivalsi</quote>,
<quote>bridyvla</quote>, and
<quote>bridyvalsi</quote>, each of which uses a different combination of rafsi.</para>
<para>When assembling rafsi together into lujvo, the rules for valid brivla must be followed: a consonant cluster must occur in the first five letters (excluding
@@ -1012,21 +1012,21 @@
<quote>patta'a</quote>, because
<quote>tt</quote> is not a permissible consonant pair; the lujvo must be
<quote>patyta'a</quote>. Similarly, the tanru
<quote>mudri siclu</quote>(
<quote>wooden whistle</quote>) cannot form the lujvo
<quote>mudsiclu</quote>; instead,
<quote>mudysiclu</quote> must be used. (Remember that
<quote>y</quote> is not counted in determining whether the first five letters of a brivla contain a consonant cluster: this is why.)</para>
<para>The
<quote>y</quote>-hyphen is also used to attach a 4-letter rafsi, formed by dropping the final vowel of a gismu, to the following rafsi. (This procedure was shown, but not explained, in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6-example1" />to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6-example1" /> to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6-example5" />.)</para>
<para>The lujvo forms
<quote>zunlyjamfu</quote>,
<quote>zunlyjma</quote>,
<quote>zuljamfu</quote>, and
<quote>zuljma</quote> are all legitimate and equivalent forms made from the tanru
<quote>zunle jamfu</quote>(
<quote>left foot</quote>). Of these,
<quote>zuljma</quote> is the preferred one since it is the shortest; it thus is likely to be the form listed in a Lojban dictionary.</para>
<para>The
@@ -1098,39 +1098,39 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tank</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ Sherman tank: example, 60 -->
<!-- ^^ tank: Sherman, example, 60 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tank</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Sherman tank</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ tank: Sherman, example, 60 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tank</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6-example15" />is particularly noteworthy because the phrase that would be produced by removing the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6-example15" /> is particularly noteworthy because the phrase that would be produced by removing the
<quote>zei</quote> s from it doesn't end with a brivla, and in fact is not even grammatical. As written, the example is a tanru with two components, but by adding a
<quote>zei</quote> between
<quote>by.</quote> and
<quote>livgyterbilma</quote> to produce</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Wnaz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e6d17" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter4-section6-example17" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>na'e zei .a zei na'e zei by. zei livgyterbilma</jbo>
<en>non-A-non-B-hepatitis</en>
<!-- ^^ hepatitis: example, 60 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>hepatitis</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the whole phrase would become a single lujvo. The longer lujvo of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6-example17" />may be preferable, because its place structure can be built from that of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section6-example17" /> may be preferable, because its place structure can be built from that of
<quote>bilma</quote>, whereas the place structure of a lujvo without a brivla must be constructed ad hoc.</para>
<para>Note that rafsi may not be used in
<quote>zei</quote> phrases, because they are not words. CVV rafsi look like words (specifically cmavo) but there can be no confusion between the two uses of the same letters, because cmavo appear only as separate words or in compound cmavo (which are really just a notation for writing separate but closely related words as if they were one); rafsi appear only as parts of lujvo.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section7">
<title>fu'ivla</title>
<para>The use of tanru or lujvo is not always appropriate for very concrete or specific terms (e.g.
<!-- ^^ specific terms: use of fu'ivla for, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>specific terms</primary></indexterm>
<quote>brie</quote> or
@@ -1185,21 +1185,21 @@
<para>One of these expedients is often quite sufficient when you need a word quickly in conversation. (This can make it easier to get by when you do not yet have full command of the Lojban vocabulary, provided you are talking to someone who will recognize the borrowing.)</para>
<!-- ^^ borrowing: four stages of, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>borrowing</primary></indexterm>
<para>Where a little more universality is desired, the word to be borrowed must be Lojbanized into one of several permitted forms. A rafsi is then usually attached to the beginning of the Lojbanized form, using a hyphen to ensure that the resulting word doesn't fall apart.</para>
<para>The rafsi categorizes or limits the meaning of the fu'ivla; otherwise a word having several different jargon meanings in other languages would require the word-inventor to choose which meaning should be assigned to the fu'ivla, since fu'ivla (like other brivla) are not permitted to have more than one definition. Such a Stage 3 borrowing is the most common kind of fu'ivla.</para>
<!-- ^^ jargon: use of fu'ivla for, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>jargon</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ borrowing: four stages of, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>borrowing</primary></indexterm>
<para>Finally, Stage 4 fu'ivla do not have any rafsi classifier, and are used where a fu'ivla has become so common or so important that it must be made as short as possible. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section16" />for a proposal concerning Stage 4 fu'ivla.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section16" /> for a proposal concerning Stage 4 fu'ivla.)</para>
<para>The form of a fu'ivla reliably distinguishes it from both the gismu and the cmavo. Like cultural gismu, fu'ivla are generally based on a word from a single non-Lojban language. The word is
<quote>borrowed</quote>(actually
<quote>copied</quote>, hence the Lojban tanru
<quote>fukpi valsi</quote>) from the other language and Lojbanized - the phonemes are converted to their closest Lojban equivalent and modifications are made as necessary to make the word a legitimate Lojban fu'ivla-form word. All fu'ivla:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>must contain a consonant cluster in the first five letters of the word; if this consonant cluster is at the beginning, it must either be a permissible initial consonant pair, or a longer cluster such that each pair of adjacent consonants in the cluster is a permissible initial consonant pair:
<quote>spraile</quote> is acceptable, but not
<quote>ktraile</quote> or
<quote>trkaile</quote>;</para>
@@ -1451,21 +1451,21 @@
<en>Korean (the language)</en>
<!-- ^^ Korean: example, 64 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Korean</primary></indexterm>
<jbo>kuln,r,kore,a</jbo>
<en>Korean (the culture)</en>
<!-- ^^ Korean: example, 64 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Korean</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note the commas in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section7-example12" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section7-example12" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section7-example13" />, used because
<quote>ea</quote> is not a valid diphthong in Lojban. Arguably, some form of the native name
<quote>Chosen</quote> should have been used instead of the internationally known
<quote>Korea</quote>; this is a recurring problem in all borrowings. In general, it is better to use the native name unless using it will severely impede understanding:
<!-- ^^ borrowings: fu'ivla form with categorizing rafsi, 61; fu'ivla form without categorizing rafsi, 62; most common form for, 61; Stage 1, 61; Stage 2, 61; Stage 3, 61; Stage 3 contrasted with Stage 4 in ease of construction, 62; Stage 4, 62; using foreign-language name, 61; using lojbanized name, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>borrowings</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Navajo</quote> is far more widely known than
<!-- ^^ Navajo: example, 64 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Navajo</primary></indexterm>
<quote>Dine'e</quote>.</para>
@@ -1514,21 +1514,21 @@
<!-- ^^ Catherine: example, 65 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Catherine</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note that syllabic
<quote>r</quote> is skipped in determining the stressed syllable, so
<!-- ^^ stressed syllable: compared with stressed vowel, 40 -->
<!-- ^^ stressed vowel: compared with stressed syllable, 40 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>stressed vowel</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>stressed syllable</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section8-example6" />is stressed on the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section8-example6" /> is stressed on the
<quote>ka</quote>.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-TX1F">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter4-section8-example7" />
<anchor xml:id="c4e8d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter4-section8-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>katis.</jbo>
@@ -1911,21 +1911,21 @@
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter4-section10">
<title>Considerations for making lujvo</title>
<para>Given a tanru which expresses an idea to be used frequently, it can be turned into a lujvo by following the lujvo-making algorithm which is given in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section11" />.</para>
<para>In building a lujvo, the first step is to replace each gismu with a rafsi that uniquely represents that gismu. These rafsi are then attached together by fixed rules that allow the resulting compound to be recognized as a single word and to be analyzed in only one way.</para>
<para>There are three other complications; only one is serious.</para>
<para>The first is that there is usually more than one rafsi that can be used for each gismu. The one to be used is simply whichever one sounds or looks best to the speaker or writer. There are usually many valid combinations of possible rafsi. They all are equally valid, and all of them mean exactly the same thing. (The scoring algorithm given in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section12" />is used to choose the standard form of the lujvo - the version which would be entered into a dictionary.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4-section12" /> is used to choose the standard form of the lujvo - the version which would be entered into a dictionary.)</para>
<para>The second complication is the serious one. Remember that a tanru is ambiguous - it has several possible meanings. A lujvo, or at least one that would be put into the dictionary, has just a single meaning. Like a gismu, a lujvo is a predicate which encompasses one area of the semantic universe, with one set of places. Hopefully the meaning chosen is the most useful of the possible semantic spaces. A possible source of linguistic drift in Lojban is that as Lojbanic society evolves, the concept that seems the most useful one may change.</para>
<!-- ^^ linguistic drift in Lojban: possible source of, 69 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>linguistic drift in Lojban</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ linguistic drift, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>linguistic drift</primary></indexterm>
<para>You must also be aware of the possibility of some prior meaning of a new lujvo, especially if you are writing for posterity. If a lujvo is invented which involves the same tanru as one that is in the dictionary, and is assigned a different meaning (or even just a different place structure), linguistic drift results. This isn't necessarily bad. Every natural language does it. But in communication, when you use a meaning different from the dictionary definition, someone else may use the dictionary and therefore misunderstand you. You can use the cmavo
<!-- ^^ linguistic drift, 4 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>linguistic drift</primary></indexterm>
<quote>za'e</quote>(explained in
<!-- ^^ za'e, 69, 416, 480; interaction with bu, 416; use to avoid lujvo misunderstandings, 69 -->
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index efec91e..d1982bf 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -149,41 +149,41 @@
<jbophrase>sutra</jbophrase> used to translate an adjective, whereas in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section2-example3" /> it is translating an adverb. (Another correct translation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section2-example3" />, however, would be
<quote>I am a quick runner</quote>.)</para>
<para>There are special Lojban terms for the two components of a tanru, derived from the place structure of the word
<jbophrase>tanru</jbophrase>. The first component is called the
<jbophrase>seltau</jbophrase>, and the second component is called the
<jbophrase>tertau</jbophrase>.</para>
<para>The most important rule for use in interpreting tanru is that the tertau carries the primary meaning. A
<jbophrase>pelnimre tricu</jbophrase> is primarily a tree, and only secondarily is it connected with lemons in some way. For this reason, an alternative translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section2-example1" />would be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section2-example1" /> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-hP9j">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section2-example5" />
</title>
<para>That is a lemon type of tree.</para>
</example>
<para>This
<quote>type of</quote> relationship between the components of a tanru is fundamental to the tanru concept.</para>
<para>We may also say that the seltau modifies the meaning of the tertau:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-4fvn">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section2-example6" />
</title>
<para>That is a tree which is lemon-ish (in the way appropriate to trees)</para>
</example>
<para>would be another possible translation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section2-example1" />. In the same way, a more explicit translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section2-example2" />might be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section2-example2" /> might be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-asRA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e2d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section2-example7" />
</title>
<para>John is a boy who is big in the way that boys are big.</para>
</example>
<para>This
<quote>way that boys are big</quote> would be quite different from the way in which elephants are big; big-for-a-boy is small-for-an-elephant.</para>
<para>All tanru are ambiguous semantically. Possible translations of:</para>
@@ -281,50 +281,50 @@
<quote>girl who is small</quote>. This is an ambiguity of grouping. Is
<quote>girls' school</quote> to be taken as a unit, with
<quote>little</quote> specifying the type of girls' school? Or is
<quote>little girl</quote> to be taken as a unit, specifying the type of school? In English speech, different tones of voice, or exaggerated speech rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the distinction; English writing usually leaves it unrepresented.</para>
<!-- ^^ speech rhythm: for grouping in English, 85 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>speech rhythm</primary></indexterm>
<para>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with bo</secondary></indexterm>
Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit words are used to do the work. The cmavo
<quote>bo</quote>(which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed between the two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojban translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example2" />would be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example2" /> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-nwuU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-small girl – school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example3" />might be translated:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example3" /> might be translated:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-jquh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section3-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu bo nixli ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-small – girl school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
<quote>bo</quote> is represented in the literal translation by a hyphen because in written English a hyphen is sometimes used for the same purpose:
<quote>a big dog-catcher</quote> would be quite different from a
<quote>big-dog catcher</quote>(presumably someone who catches only big dogs).</para>
<para>Analysis of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example5" />reveals a tanru nested within a tanru. In
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example5" /> reveals a tanru nested within a tanru. In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" />, the main tanru has a seltau of
<quote>cmalu</quote> and a tertau of
<quote>nixli bo ckule</quote>; the tertau is itself a tanru with
<quote>nixli</quote> as the seltau and
<quote>ckule</quote> as the tertau. In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example5" />, on the other hand, the seltau is
<quote>cmalu bo nixli</quote>(itself a tanru), whereas the tertau is
<quote>ckule</quote>. This structure of tanru nested within tanru forms the basis for all the more complex types of selbri that will be explained below.</para>
<!-- ^^ tanru nested within tanru, 86 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru nested within tanru</primary></indexterm>
@@ -337,25 +337,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section3-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu nixli ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-small girl school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The rules of Lojban do not leave this sentence ambiguous, as the rules of English do with
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example1" />. The choice made by the language designers is to say that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example6" />means the same as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example6" /> means the same as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example5" />. This is true no matter what three brivla are used: the leftmost two are always grouped together. This rule is called the
<quote>left-grouping rule</quote>. Left-grouping in seemingly ambiguous structures is quite common - though not universal - in other contexts in Lojban.</para>
<para>Another way to express the English meaning of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example5" />, using parentheses to mark grouping, is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ERBQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section3-example7" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section3-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu nixli bo ckule</jbo>
@@ -400,21 +400,21 @@
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example1" />, the selbri is a tanru with seltau
<quote>mutce bo barda</quote> and tertau
<quote>gerku bo kavbu</quote>. It is worth emphasizing once again that this tanru has the same fundamental ambiguity as all other Lojban tanru: the sense in which the
<quote>dog type-of capturer</quote> is said to be
<quote>very type-of large</quote> is not precisely specified. Presumably it is his body which is large, but theoretically it could be one of his other properties.</para>
<para>We will now justify the title of this chapter by exploring the ramifications of the phrase
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote>, an expansion of the tanru used in
<!-- ^^ pretty little girls' school: forty ways, examples, 112 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pretty little girls' school</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="three-part-tanru" />to four brivla. (Although this example has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning - it first appeared in Quine's book
+ <xref linkend="three-part-tanru" /> to four brivla. (Although this example has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning - it first appeared in Quine's book
<citation>Word and Object</citation>(1960) - it is actually a mediocre example because of the ambiguity of English
<quote>pretty</quote>; it can mean
<quote>beautiful</quote>, the sense intended here, or it can mean
<quote>very</quote>. Lojban
<quote>melbi</quote> is not subject to this ambiguity: it means only
<quote>beautiful</quote>.)</para>
<para>Here are four ways to group this phrase:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KSuA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d2" />
@@ -435,21 +435,21 @@
<en>That is a girls' school which is beautifully small.</en>
<jbo>ta melbi cmalu bo nixli ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(pretty type-of (little type-of girl)) type-of school.</gloss>
<en>That is a school for small girls who are beautiful.</en>
<jbo>ta melbi cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of (little type-of (girl type-of school)).</gloss>
<en>That is a small school for girls which is beautiful.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example5" />uses a construction which has not been seen before:
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example5" /> uses a construction which has not been seen before:
<quote>cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</quote>, with two consecutive uses of
<quote>bo</quote> between brivla. The rule for multiple
<quote>bo</quote> constructions is the opposite of the rule when no
<quote>bo</quote> is present at all: the last two are grouped together. Not surprisingly, this is called the
<quote>right-grouping rule</quote>, and it is associated with every use of
<!-- ^^ right-grouping rule: definition of, 87 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>right-grouping rule</primary></indexterm>
<quote>bo</quote> in the language. Therefore,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-snKn">
<title>
@@ -458,22 +458,22 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu bo nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-little type-of (girl type-of school).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" />, not
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example5" />. This rule may seem peculiar at first, but one of its consequences is that
<quote>bo</quote> is never necessary between the first two elements of any of the complex tanru presented so far: all of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example2" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example5" />could have
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example2" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example5" /> could have
<quote>bo</quote> inserted between
<quote>melbi</quote> and
<quote>cmalu</quote> with no change in meaning.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5">
<title>Complex tanru with
<quote>ke</quote> and
<quote>ke'e</quote></title>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with ke</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
@@ -490,21 +490,21 @@
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>There is, in fact, a fifth grouping of
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote> that cannot be expressed with the resources explained so far. To handle it, we must introduce the grouping parentheses cmavo,
<!-- ^^ pretty little girls' school: forty ways, examples, 112 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pretty little girls' school</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ grouping parentheses, 88 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>grouping parentheses</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ke</quote> and
<quote>ke'e</quote>(belonging to selma'o KE and KEhE respectively). Any portion of a selbri sandwiched between these two cmavo is taken to be a single tanru component, independently of what is adjacent to it. Thus,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example2" />can be rewritten in any of the following ways:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example2" /> can be rewritten in any of the following ways:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-cnjH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5-example2" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -512,66 +512,66 @@
<en>That is-a-( pretty little ) girl school.</en>
<jbo>ta ke ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ke'e ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-( ( pretty little ) girl ) school.</en>
<jbo>ta ke ke ke melbi cmalu ke'e nixli ke'e ckule ke'e</jbo>
<en>That is-a-( ( ( pretty little ) girl ) school ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Even more versions could be created simply by placing any number of
<quote>ke</quote> cmavo at the beginning of the selbri, and a like number of
<quote>ke'e</quote> cmavo at its end. Obviously, all of these are a waste of breath once the left-grouping rule has been grasped. However, the following is equivalent to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example4" />and may be easier to understand:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example4" /> and may be easier to understand:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-zV26">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ke'e ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-( pretty type-of ( little type-of girl ) ) type-of school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Likewise, a
<quote>ke</quote> and
<quote>ke'e</quote> version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example3" />would be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example3" /> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-AUdM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi cmalu ke nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>That is-a-(pretty type-of little) ( girl type-of school ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The final
<quote>ke'e</quote> is given in square brackets here to indicate that it can be elided. It is always possible to elide
<!-- ^^ square brackets: use of in notation, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>square brackets</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ke'e</quote> at the end of the selbri, making
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section5-example5" />as terse as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section5-example5" /> as terse as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example3" />.</para>
<para>Now how about that fifth grouping? It is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-tz0L">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of ( ( little type-of girl ) type-of school ).</gloss>
<en>That is a beautiful school for small girls.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section5-example6" />is distinctly different in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section5-example6" /> is distinctly different in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> parentheses, the left-grouping rule is applied to
<quote>cmalu nixli ckule</quote>.</para>
<para>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with ke and bo</secondary></indexterm>
It is perfectly all right to mix
<quote>bo</quote> and
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> in a single selbri. For instance,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example5" />, which in pure
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> form is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-uBS4">
@@ -720,23 +720,23 @@
<para>definitely refers to something which is both blue and is a house, and not to any of the other possible interpretations of simple
<quote>blanu zdani</quote>. Furthermore,
<quote>blanu zdani</quote> refers to something which is blue in the way that houses are blue;
<quote>blanu je zdani</quote> has no such implication - the blueness of a
<quote>blanu je zdani</quote> is independent of its houseness.</para>
<para>With the addition of
<quote>je</quote>, many more versions of
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote> are made possible: see
<!-- ^^ pretty little girls' school: forty ways, examples, 112 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pretty little girls' school</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section16" />for a complete list.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section16" /> for a complete list.</para>
<para>A subtle point in the semantics of tanru like
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example3" />needs special elucidation. There are at least two possible interpretations of:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example3" /> needs special elucidation. There are at least two possible interpretations of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-N5Bt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi je nixli ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-(beautiful and girl) type-of school.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -754,46 +754,46 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-aFxm">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>That is a school for things which are both girls and beautiful.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The interpretation specified by
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example9" />treats the tanru as a sort of abbreviation for:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example9" /> treats the tanru as a sort of abbreviation for:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-pHHw">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta ke melbi ckule ke'e je ke nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>That is-a-( beautiful type-of school ) and ( girl type-of school )</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>whereas the interpretation specified by
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example10" />does not. This is a kind of semantic ambiguity for which Lojban does not compel a firm resolution. The way in which the school is said to be of type
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example10" /> does not. This is a kind of semantic ambiguity for which Lojban does not compel a firm resolution. The way in which the school is said to be of type
<quote>beautiful and girl</quote> may entail that it is separately a beautiful school and a girls' school; but the alternative interpretation, that the members of the school are beautiful and girls, is also possible. Still another interpretation is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-2cjH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d12" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example12" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>That is a school for beautiful things and also for girls.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>so while the logical connectives help to resolve the meaning of tanru, they by no means compel a single meaning in and of themselves.</para>
<para>In general, logical connectives within tanru cannot undergo the formal manipulations that are possible with the related logical connectives that exist outside tanru; see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />for further details.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> for further details.</para>
<para>The logical connective
<quote>je</quote> is only one of the fourteen logical connectives that Lojban provides. Here are a few examples of some of the others:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-dNJF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d13" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example13" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d14" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example14" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d15" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example15" />
@@ -863,21 +863,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ricfu je blanu jabo crino bo blanu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ jabo, 91 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>jabo</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>rich and (blue or green – blue)</gloss>
<en>rich and (blue or greenish-blue)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>An alternative form of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example17" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example17" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-2WtT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d19" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example19" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ricfu je ke blanu ja crino [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>rich and (blue or green)</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -890,21 +890,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example20" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu joi xunre bolci</jbo>
<en>This is-a-(blue and red) ball.</en>
<!-- ^^ blue and red: example, 354 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>blue and red</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The ball described is neither solely red nor solely blue, but probably striped or in some other way exhibiting a combination of the two colors.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example20" />is distinct from:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section6-example20" /> is distinct from:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-NAhT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e6d21" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section6-example21" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti blanu xunre bolci</jbo>
<en>This is a bluish-red ball</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1019,21 +1019,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good house.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ good house: example, 92 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>good house</primary></indexterm>
<en>This is a good (for someone, by some standard) house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Since
<quote>xamgu</quote> has three places (x1, the good thing; x2, the person for whom it is good; and x3, the standard of goodness),
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7-example1" />necessarily omits information about the last two: there is no room for them. Room can be made, however!</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7-example1" /> necessarily omits information about the last two: there is no room for them. Room can be made, however!</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Uuio">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section7-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti xamgu be do bei mi [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<gloss>This is-a-good (for you by-standard me) house.</gloss>
<en>This is a house that is good for you by my standards.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1166,35 +1166,35 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section7-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu be ga'a mi [be'o] zdani</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue (to-observer me) house.</gloss>
<en>That is a blue, as I see it, house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The meaning of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7-example9" />is slightly different from:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7-example9" /> is slightly different from:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-63c5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section7-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu zdani ga'a mi</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue house to-observer me.</gloss>
<en>That is a blue house, as I see it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>See discussions in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />of modals and in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />of tenses for more explanations.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" /> of modals and in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter10" /> of tenses for more explanations.</para>
<para>The terminator
<quote>be'o</quote> is almost always elidable: however, if the selbri belongs to a description, then a relative clause following it will attach to the last linked sumti unless
<!-- ^^ linked sumti: definition, 93; in tanru, 93 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>linked sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>be'o</quote> is used, in which case it will attach to the outer description:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-CNY7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section7-example11" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e7d12" />
@@ -1240,22 +1240,22 @@
<selmaho>CO</selmaho>
<description>tanru inversion marker</description>
<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>The standard order of Lojban tanru, whereby the modifier precedes what it modifies, is very natural to English-speakers: we talk of
<quote>blue houses</quote>, not of
<quote>houses blue</quote>. In other languages, however, such matters are differently arranged, and Lojban supports this reverse order (tertau before seltau) by inserting the particle
<quote>co</quote>.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example2" />mean exactly the same thing:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example2" /> mean exactly the same thing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-YrRz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section8-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section8-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blanu zdani</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-blue type-of-house.</gloss>
@@ -1273,22 +1273,22 @@
<quote>zdani</quote> in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example2" />) is the tertau, and the element following
<quote>co</quote>(
<quote>blanu</quote>) in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example2" />) is the seltau.</para>
<para>The meaning, and more specifically, the place structure, of a tanru is not affected by inversion: the place structure of
<quote>zdani co blanu</quote> is still that of
<quote>zdani</quote>. However, the existence of inversion in a selbri has a very special effect on any sumti which follow that selbri. Instead of being interpreted as filling places of the selbri, they actually fill the places (starting with x2) of the seltau. In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section7" />, we saw how to fill interior places with
<quote>be ... bei ... be'o</quote>, and in fact
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example3" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example4" />have the same meaning:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example3" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example4" /> have the same meaning:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-8GVP">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section8-example3" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section8-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama be le zarci bei le zdani be'o troci</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-(goer to the market from the house) type-of trier.</gloss>
@@ -1296,21 +1296,21 @@
<!-- ^^ try to go: example, 95 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm>
<jbo>mi troci co klama le zarci le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>I am-a-trier of-type (goer to-the market from-the house).</gloss>
<en>I try to go to the market from the house.</en>
<!-- ^^ try to go: example, 95 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>try to go</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example4" />is a less deeply nested construction, requiring fewer cmavo. As a result it is probably easier to understand.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example4" /> is a less deeply nested construction, requiring fewer cmavo. As a result it is probably easier to understand.</para>
<para>Note that in Lojban
<quote>trying to go</quote> is expressed using
<quote>troci</quote> as the tertau. The reason is that
<quote>trying to go</quote> is a
<quote>going type of trying</quote>, not a
<quote>trying type of going</quote>. The trying is more fundamental than the going - if the trying fails, we may not have a going at all.</para>
<para>Any sumti which precede a selbri with an inverted tanru fill the places of the selbri (i.e., the places of the tertau) in the ordinary way. In
<!-- ^^ inverted tanru: effect on sumti after the selbri, 95; effect on sumti before the selbri, 95 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>inverted tanru</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example4" />,
@@ -1520,33 +1520,33 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section9-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. go'i troci</jbo>
<gloss>John [repeat last] are-a-tryer</gloss>
<en>John tries to.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9-example2" />is short for:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9-example2" /> is short for:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-nKQ3">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section9-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. klama be le zarci be'o troci</jbo>
<en>John is-a-goer (to the market) type-of trier.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the whole bridi of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9-example1" />has been packaged up into the single word
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9-example1" /> has been packaged up into the single word
<quote>go'i</quote> and inserted into
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9-example2" />.</para>
<para>The exceptional member of GOhA is
<quote>du</quote>, which represents the relation of identity. Its place structure is:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is identical with x2, x3, ...
</programlisting>
<para>for as many places as are given. More information on selma'o GOhA is available in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.</para>
<para>Lojban mathematical expressions (mekso) can be incorporated into selbri in two different ways. Mathematical operators such as
@@ -1619,21 +1619,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section9-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti nu zdile kei kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>This is-an-event-of amusement room.</gloss>
<en>This is an amusement room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9-example8" />is quite distinct in meaning from:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9-example8" /> is quite distinct in meaning from:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-yNSI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e9d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section9-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti zdile kumfa</jbo>
<en>This is-an-amuser room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1777,21 +1777,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re me le ci nolraitru .e la djan. [me'u] cu blabi</jbo>
<en>Two of the group
<quote>the three kings and John</quote> are white.</en>
<jbo>re me le ci nolraitru me'u .e la djan. cu blabi</jbo>
<en>Two of the three kings, and John, are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section10-example8" />the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section10-example8" /> the
<quote>me</quote> selbri covers the three kings plus John, and the indefinite description picks out two of them that are said to be white: we cannot say which two. In
<!-- ^^ indefinite description: as needing explicit outer quantifier, 132; as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier, 132; compared with restricted variable, 398; definition, 132, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ restricted variable: compared with indefinite description, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restricted variable</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indefinite description</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section10-example9" />, though, the
<quote>me</quote> selbri covers only the three kings: two of them are said to be white, and so is John.</para>
<para>Finally, here is another example requiring
<quote>me'u</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ygzq">
@@ -1904,21 +1904,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section11-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le zarci cu cadzu se klama la .alis.</jbo>
<en>The market walkingly is-gone-to by-Alice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But the tanru in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section11-example6" />may or may not have the same meaning as that in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section11-example6" /> may or may not have the same meaning as that in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section11-example3" />; in particular, because
<quote>cadzu</quote> is not converted, there is a suggestion that although Alice is the goer, the market is the walker. With a different sumti as x1, this seemingly odd interpretation might make considerable sense:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-XEnd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e11d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section11-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu cadzu se klama la .alis</jbo>
<en>John walkingly is-gone-to by Alice</en>
@@ -1954,25 +1954,25 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu na'e cadzu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Alice non- walkingly goes to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Alice doesn't walk to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>meaning that Alice does go there in some way (
<quote>klama</quote> is not negated), but by a means other than that of walking.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example1" />negates both
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example1" /> negates both
<quote>cadzu</quote> and
<quote>klama</quote>, suggesting that Alice's relation to the market is something different from walkingly-going; it might be walking without going, or going without walking, or neither.</para>
<para>Of course, any of the simple selbri types explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9" />may be used in place of brivla in any of these examples:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section9" /> may be used in place of brivla in any of these examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-YB00">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. cu na'e pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones is non-1st speaker</gloss>
<en>Jones is not the first speaker.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2006,21 +2006,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka [be'o] ke'e klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I non- ( quickly (walking using the arms) ) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, other than by walking quickly on my arms.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Now consider
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example6" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example6" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example7" />, which are equivalent in meaning, but use
<quote>ke</quote> grouping and
<quote>bo</quote> grouping respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-eHEQ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12-example6" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12-example7" />
</title>
@@ -2028,44 +2028,44 @@
<jbo>mi sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I (quickly – (walking using the arms) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both quickly walking using my arms and slowly.</en>
<jbo>mi ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka [be'o] ke'e je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I ( (quickly (walking using the arms) ) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both quickly walking using my arms and slowly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>However, if we place a
<quote>na'e</quote> at the beginning of the selbri in both
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example6" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example6" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example7" />, we get different results:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-h7Ng">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12-example8" />
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi na'e sutra cadzu be fi le birka be'o je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I ( (non- quickly) – (walking using the arms) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both walking using my arms other than quickly, and also slowly.</en>
<jbo>mi na'e ke sutra cadzu be fi le birka [be'o] ke'e je masno klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>I (non-(quickly (walking using the arms) ) and slowly) go-to the market.</gloss>
<en>I go to the market, both other than quickly walking using my arms, and also slowly.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference arises because the
<quote>na'e</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example9" />negates the whole construction from
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example9" /> negates the whole construction from
<quote>ke</quote> to
<quote>ke'e</quote>, whereas in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example8" />it negates
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example8" /> it negates
<quote>sutra</quote> alone.</para>
<para>Beware of omitting terminators in these complex examples! If the explicit
<!-- ^^ omitting terminators: perils of, 102 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>omitting terminators</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ke'e</quote> is left out in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section12-example9" />, it is transformed into:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Y53U">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e12d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section12-example10" />
@@ -2135,21 +2135,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section13-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djonz. na pamoi cusku</jbo>
<gloss>Jones (Not!) is-the-first speaker</gloss>
<gloss>It is not true that Jones is the first speaker.</gloss>
<en>Jones isn't the first speaker.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Jones may be the second speaker, or not a speaker at all;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section13-example2" />doesn't say. There are other ways of expressing bridi negation as well; the topic is explained fully in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section13-example2" /> doesn't say. There are other ways of expressing bridi negation as well; the topic is explained fully in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />.</para>
<para>Various combinations of tense and bridi negation cmavo are permitted. If both are expressed, either order is permissible with no change in meaning:</para>
<!-- ^^ negation cmavo: position relative to selbri, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>negation cmavo</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-RV4C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e13d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section13-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2198,21 +2198,21 @@
</example>
<para>Tense, modal, and negation cmavo can appear only at the beginning of the selbri. They cannot be embedded within it.</para>
<!-- ^^ negation cmavo: position relative to selbri, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>negation cmavo</primary></indexterm>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section14">
<title>Some types of asymmetrical tanru</title>
<!-- ^^ asymmetrical tanru, 104; definition, 104 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>asymmetrical tanru</primary></indexterm>
<para>This section and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section15" />contain some example tanru classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modifying seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by compounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which follow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. The tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of the languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for those tanru with no English parallel) a translation.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section15" /> contain some example tanru classified into groups based on the type of relationship between the modifying seltau and the modified tertau. All the examples are paralleled by compounds actually observed in various natural languages. In the tables which follow, each group is preceded by a brief explanation of the relationship. The tables themselves contain a tanru, a literal gloss, an indication of the languages which exhibit a compound analogous to this tanru, and (for those tanru with no English parallel) a translation.</para>
<para>Here are the 3-letter abbreviations used for the various languages (it is presumed to be obvious whether a compound is found in English or not, so English is not explicitly noted):</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
Aba = Abazin Kaz = Kazakh
Chi = Chinese Kor = Korean
<!-- ^^ Korean: example, 64 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Korean</primary></indexterm>
Ewe = Ewe Mon = Mongolian
Fin = Finnish Qab = Qabardian
Geo = Georgian Que = Quechua
Gua = Guarani Rus = Russian
diff --git a/todocbook/6.xml b/todocbook/6.xml
index 134add0..7922a37 100644
--- a/todocbook/6.xml
+++ b/todocbook/6.xml
@@ -74,60 +74,60 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section1-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>e'osai ko sarji la lojban.</jbo>
<en>Please support Lojban!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section1-example2" />exhibits
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section1-example2" /> exhibits
<quote>ko</quote>, a pro-sumti; and
<quote>la lojban.</quote>, a name.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-v1mS">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section1-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lu e'osai li'u le tcidu</jbo>
<en>I express
<quote>Please!</quote> to-the reader.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section1-example3" />exhibits
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section1-example3" /> exhibits
<quote>mi</quote>, a pro-sumti;
<quote>lu e'osai li'u</quote>, a quotation; and
<quote>le tcidu</quote>, a description.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-0YaH">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e1d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section1-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti mitre li ci</jbo>
<gloss>This measures-in-meters the-number three.</gloss>
<en>This is three meters long.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section1-example4" />exhibits
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section1-example4" /> exhibits
<quote>ti</quote>, a pro-sumti; and
<quote>li ci</quote>, a number.</para>
<para>Most of this chapter is about descriptions, as they have the most complicated syntax and usage. Some attention is also given to names, which are closely interwoven with descriptions. Pro-sumti, numbers, and quotations are described in more detail in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />respectively, so this chapter only gives summaries of their forms and uses. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section13" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section15" />for these summaries.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter19" /> respectively, so this chapter only gives summaries of their forms and uses. See
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section13" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section15" /> for these summaries.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2">
<title>The three basic description types</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the, the one(s) described as</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -182,87 +182,87 @@
<jbo>le zarci cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as
<quote>markets</quote> is/are-big.</gloss>
<gloss>The market is big.</gloss>
<en>The markets are big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that English-speakers must state whether a reference to markets is to just one (
<quote>the market</quote>) or to more than one (
<quote>the markets</quote>). Lojban requires no such forced choice, so both colloquial translations of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example2" />are valid. Only the context can specify which is meant. (This rule does not mean that Lojban has no way of specifying the number of markets in such a case: that mechanism is explained in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example2" /> are valid. Only the context can specify which is meant. (This rule does not mean that Lojban has no way of specifying the number of markets in such a case: that mechanism is explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7" />.)</para>
<para>Now consider the following strange-looking example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-PutX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe as
<quote>men</quote> are women.</gloss>
<gloss>The man is a woman.</gloss>
<en>The men are women.</en>
<!-- ^^ The men are women: example, 120 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>The men are women</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example3" />is not self-contradictory in Lojban, because
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example3" /> is not self-contradictory in Lojban, because
<quote>le nanmu</quote> merely means something or other which, for my present purposes, I choose to describe as a man, whether or not it really is a man. A plausible instance would be: someone we had assumed to be a man at a distance turned out to be actually a woman on closer observation.
<!-- ^^ observation: example, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observation</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example3" />is what I would say to point out my observation to you.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example3" /> is what I would say to point out my observation to you.</para>
<!-- ^^ observation: example, 316 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observation</primary></indexterm>
<para>In all descriptions with
<quote>le</quote>, the listener is presumed to either know what I have in mind or else not to be concerned at present (perhaps I will give more identifying details later). In particular, I might be pointing at the supposed man or men:
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example3" />would then be perfectly intelligible, since
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example3" /> would then be perfectly intelligible, since
<quote>le nanmu</quote> merely clarifies that I am pointing at the supposed man, not at a landscape, or a nose, which happens to lie in the same direction.</para>
<para>The second descriptor dealt with in this section is
<quote>lo</quote>. Unlike
<quote>le</quote>,
<quote>lo</quote> is nonspecific:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-t11z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo zarci</jbo>
<gloss>one-or-more-of-all-the-things-which-really are-markets</gloss>
<gloss>a market</gloss>
<en>some markets</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again, there are two colloquial English translations. The effect of using
<quote>lo</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example4" />is to refer generally to one or more markets, without being specific about which. Unlike
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example4" /> is to refer generally to one or more markets, without being specific about which. Unlike
<quote>le zarci</quote>,
<quote>lo zarci</quote> must refer to something which actually is a market (that is, which can appear in the x1 place of a truthful bridi whose selbri is
<quote>zarci</quote>). Thus</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-fSxN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>Some man is a woman.</gloss>
<en>Some men are women.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>must be false in Lojban, given that there are no objects in the real world which are both men and women. Pointing at some specific men or women would not make
<!-- ^^ real world: contrasted with hypothetical world, example, 320 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>real world</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example5" />true, because those specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In general,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example5" /> true, because those specific individuals are no more both-men-and-women than any others. In general,
<quote>lo</quote> refers to whatever individuals meet its description.</para>
<para>The last descriptor of this section is
<quote>la</quote>, which indicates that the selbri which follows it has been dissociated from its normal meaning and is being used as a name. Like
<quote>le</quote> descriptions,
<quote>la</quote> descriptions are implicitly restricted to those I have in mind. (Do not confuse this use of
<quote>la</quote> with its use before regular Lojbanized names, which is discussed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12" />.) For example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-PrGp">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d6" />
@@ -295,21 +295,21 @@
<jbo>la stace pu citka lo cirla</jbo>
<en>The-one-called
<quote>Honest/Frank</quote> [past] eats some cheese.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>English-speakers typically would not do this, as we tend to be more attached to the sound of our names than their meaning, even if the meaning (etymological or current) is known. Speakers of other languages may feel differently. (In point of fact,
<quote>Frank</quote> originally meant
<quote>the free one</quote> rather than
<quote>the honest one</quote>.)</para>
<para>It is important to note the differences between
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example6" />and the following:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example6" /> and the following:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-nXyo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le cribe pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-specific-things-which-I-describe-as a-bear [past] creates the story.</gloss>
<en>The bear(s) wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -320,68 +320,68 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo cribe pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-of-the-things-which-really are-bears [past] creates the story.</gloss>
<gloss>A bear wrote the story.</gloss>
<en>Some bears wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example8" />is about a specific bear or bearlike thing(s), or thing(s) which the speaker (perhaps whimsically or metaphorically) describes as a bear (or more than one);
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example9" />is about one or more of the really existing, objectively defined bears. In either case, though, each of them must have contributed to the writing of the story, if more than one bear (or
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example8" /> is about a specific bear or bearlike thing(s), or thing(s) which the speaker (perhaps whimsically or metaphorically) describes as a bear (or more than one);
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example9" /> is about one or more of the really existing, objectively defined bears. In either case, though, each of them must have contributed to the writing of the story, if more than one bear (or
<quote>bear</quote>) is meant.</para>
<para>(The notion of a
<quote>really existing, objectively defined bear</quote> raises certain difficulties. Is a panda bear a
<quote>real bear</quote>? How about a teddy bear? In general, the answer is
<quote>yes</quote>. Lojban gismu are defined as broadly as possible, allowing tanru and lujvo to narrow down the definition. There probably are no necessary and sufficient conditions for defining what is and what is not a bear that can be pinned down with complete precision: the real world is fuzzy. In borderline cases,
<!-- ^^ real world: contrasted with hypothetical world, example, 320 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>real world</primary></indexterm>
<quote>le</quote> may communicate better than
<quote>lo</quote>.)</para>
<para>So while
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example6" />could easily be true (there is a real writer named
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example6" /> could easily be true (there is a real writer named
<quote>Greg Bear</quote>), and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example8" />could be true if the speaker is sufficiently peculiar in what he or she describes as a bear,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example9" />is certainly false.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example8" /> could be true if the speaker is sufficiently peculiar in what he or she describes as a bear,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example9" /> is certainly false.</para>
<para>Similarly, compare the following two examples, which are analogous to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example8" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example9" />respectively:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example8" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example9" /> respectively:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Y0ru">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2-example10" />
<anchor xml:id="c6e2d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section2-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le remna pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<en>The human being(s) wrote the story.</en>
<jbo>lo remna pu finti le lisri</jbo>
<gloss>A human being wrote the story.</gloss>
<en>Some human beings wrote the story.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example10" />says who the author of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example10" />identifies the author as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned; whereas if the topic is a person, then
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example10" /> says who the author of the story is: one or more particular human beings that the speaker has in mind. If the topic of conversation is the story, then
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example10" /> identifies the author as someone who can be pointed out or who has been previously mentioned; whereas if the topic is a person, then
<quote>le remna</quote> is in effect a shorthand reference to that person.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example11" />merely says that the author is human.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example11" /> merely says that the author is human.</para>
<para>The elidable terminator for all descriptions is
<quote>ku</quote>. It can almost always be omitted with no danger of ambiguity. The main exceptions are in certain uses of relative clauses, which are discussed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />, and in the case of a description immediately preceding the selbri. In this latter case, using an explicit
<quote>cu</quote> before the selbri makes the
<quote>ku</quote> unnecessary. There are also a few other uses of
<quote>ku</quote>: in the compound negator
<quote>naku</quote>(discussed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15" />) and to terminate place-structure, tense, and modal tags that do not have associated sumti (discussed in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section3">
<title>Individuals and masses</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>lei</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the mass I describe as</description>
@@ -395,44 +395,44 @@
<cmavo>lai</cmavo>
<selmaho>LA</selmaho>
<description>the mass of those named</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>All Lojban sumti are classified by whether they refer to one of three types of objects, known as
<quote>individuals</quote>,
<quote>masses</quote>, and
<quote>sets</quote>. The term
<quote>individual</quote> is misleading when used to refer to more than one object, but no less-confusing term has as yet been found. All the descriptions in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2" />refer to individuals, whether one or more than one. Consider the following example:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2" /> refer to individuals, whether one or more than one. Consider the following example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-mwhq">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section3-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le prenu cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<gloss>One-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ carry the piano: example, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>carry the piano</primary></indexterm>
<en>The person(s) carry the piano.</en>
<!-- ^^ carry the piano: example, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>carry the piano</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Of course the second
<quote>le</quote> should really get the same translation as the first, but I am putting the focus of this discussion on the first
<quote>le</quote>, the one preceding
<quote>prenu</quote>. I will assume that there is only one piano under discussion.)</para>
<para>Suppose the context of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example1" />is such that you can determine that I am talking about three persons. What am I claiming? I am claiming that each of the three persons carried the piano. This claim can be true if the persons carried the piano one at a time, or in turns, or in a variety of other ways. But in order for
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example1" />to be true, I must be willing to assert that person 1 carried the piano, and that person 2 carried the piano, and that person 3 carried the piano.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example1" /> is such that you can determine that I am talking about three persons. What am I claiming? I am claiming that each of the three persons carried the piano. This claim can be true if the persons carried the piano one at a time, or in turns, or in a variety of other ways. But in order for
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example1" /> to be true, I must be willing to assert that person 1 carried the piano, and that person 2 carried the piano, and that person 3 carried the piano.</para>
<para>But suppose I am not willing to claim that. For in fact pianos are heavy, and very few persons can carry a piano all by themselves. The most likely factual situation is that person 1 carried one end of the piano, and person 2 the other end, while person 3 either held up the middle or else supervised the whole operation without actually lifting anything. The correct way of expressing such a situation in Lojban is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-eCsh">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section3-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lei prenu cu bevri le pipno</jbo>
<en>The-mass-of-one-or-more-of-those-I-describe-as persons carry the piano.</en>
<!-- ^^ carry the piano: example, 361 -->
@@ -464,37 +464,37 @@
<gloss>The lion dwells in Africa.</gloss>
<en>Lions dwell in Africa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference between
<quote>lei</quote> and
<quote>loi</quote> is that
<quote>lei cinfo</quote> refers to a mass of specific individuals which the speaker calls lions, whereas
<quote>loi cinfo</quote> refers to some part of the mass of all those individuals which actually are lions. The restriction to
<quote>some part of the mass</quote> allows statements like
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example3" />to be true even though some lions do not dwell in Africa - they live in various zoos around the world. On the other hand,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example3" />doesn't actually say that most lions live in Africa: equally true is</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example3" /> to be true even though some lions do not dwell in Africa - they live in various zoos around the world. On the other hand,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example3" /> doesn't actually say that most lions live in Africa: equally true is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JzXc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section3-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi glipre</jbo>
<gloss>cu xabju le fi'ortu'a</gloss>
<gloss>Part-of-the-mass-of-those-which-really are-English-persons</gloss>
<gloss>dwell in-the African-land.</gloss>
<en>The English dwell in Africa.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>since there is at least one English person living there.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section4" />explains another method of saying what is usually meant by
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section4" /> explains another method of saying what is usually meant by
<quote>The lion lives in Africa</quote> which does imply that living in Africa is normal, not exceptional, for lions.</para>
<para>Note that the Lojban mass articles are sometimes translated by English plurals (the most usual case), sometimes by English singulars (when the singular is used to express typicalness or abstraction), and sometimes by singulars with no article:</para>
<!-- ^^ articles: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>articles</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ article, 498; number, 435 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>article</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-yDCF">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e3d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section3-example5" />
@@ -535,21 +535,21 @@
<quote>bear</quote> [past] creates the nearby book.</gloss>
<en>The Bears wrote this book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>in a context where
<quote>la cribe</quote> would be understood as plural, would mean that either Tom Bear or Fred Bear (to make up some names) might have written the book, or that Tom and Fred might have written it as collaborators. Using
<!-- ^^ plural: Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking, 120; Lojban equivalent of, 443; meaning of le with, 123 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>plural</primary></indexterm>
<quote>la</quote> instead of
<quote>lai</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example6" />would give the implication that each of Tom and Fred, considered individually, had written it.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example6" /> would give the implication that each of Tom and Fred, considered individually, had written it.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section4">
<title>Masses and sets</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>le'i</cmavo>
<selmaho>LE</selmaho>
<description>the set described as</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -781,22 +781,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section6-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<en>You walk-on the ice.</en>
<jbo>re do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<en>Two-of you walk-on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The difference between
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example2" />is the presence of the explicit quantifier
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example2" /> is the presence of the explicit quantifier
<quote>re</quote> in the latter example. Although
<quote>re</quote> by itself means
<quote>two</quote>, when used as a quantifier it means
<quote>two-of</quote>. Out of the group of listeners (the number of which isn't stated), two (we are not told which ones) are asserted to be
<quote>walkers on the ice</quote>. Implicitly, the others (if any) are not walkers on the ice. In Lojban, you cannot say
<quote>I own three shoes</quote> if in fact you own four shoes. Numbers need never be specified, but if they are specified they must be correct.</para>
<para>(This rule does not mean that there is no way to specify a number which is vague. The sentence</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gLpy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d3" />
@@ -807,22 +807,22 @@
<en>I possess at-least three shoes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is true if you own three shoes, or four, or indeed any larger number. More details on vague numbers appear in the discussion of mathematical expressions in
<!-- ^^ vague numbers, 128 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vague numbers</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ mathematical expressions: connectives in, 361; implicit quantifier for, 142; tensed connection in, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mathematical expressions</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />.)</para>
<para>Now consider
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example1" />again. How many of the listeners are claimed to walk on the ice? The answer turns out to be: all of them, however many that is. So
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example1" /> again. How many of the listeners are claimed to walk on the ice? The answer turns out to be: all of them, however many that is. So
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example4" />:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-0qr0">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section6-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ro do cadzu le bisli</jbo>
<en>All-of you walk-on the ice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -862,29 +862,29 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section6-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku ro lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<en>I express all-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>the meaning would be something like
<quote>I say every occurrence of the sentence 'You walk on the ice'</quote>. Of course I don't say every occurrence of it, only some occurrences. One might suppose that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example5" />means that I express exactly one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unspecified, as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it at least once.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example5" /> means that I express exactly one occurrence, but it is more Lojbanic to leave the number unspecified, as with other sumti. We can say definitely, however, that I say it at least once.</para>
<para>The Lojban cmavo meaning
<quote>at least</quote> is
<quote>su'o</quote>, and if no ordinary number follows,
<quote>su'o</quote> means
<quote>at least once</quote>. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example3" />for the use of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example3" /> for the use of
<quote>su'o</quote> with an ordinary number). Therefore, the explicitly quantified version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example5" />is</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example5" /> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-P558">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e6d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section6-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku su'o lu do cadzu le bisli li'u</jbo>
<gloss>I express at-least-one-of [quote] you walk-on the ice [unquote].</gloss>
<gloss>I say one or more instances of
<quote>You walk on the ice</quote>.</gloss>
@@ -926,36 +926,36 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the dogs are-white.</gloss>
<en>Two of the dogs are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>When discussing descriptions, this ordinary quantifier is called an
<quote>outer quantifier</quote>, since it appears outside the description. But there is another possible location for a quantifier: between the descriptor and the selbri. This quantifier is called an
<quote>inner quantifier</quote>, and its meaning is quite different: it tells the listener how many objects the description selbri characterizes.</para>
<para>For example, the context of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example1" />supposedly told us that
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example1" /> supposedly told us that
<quote>le gerku</quote> referred to some three specific dogs. This assumption can be made certain with the use of an explicit inner quantifier:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-X3iY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section7-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re le ci gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>Two-of the three dogs are-white.</gloss>
<en>Two of the three dogs are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(As explained in the discussion of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example3" />, simple numbers like those in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example2" />must be exact: it therefore follows that the third dog cannot be white.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example2" /> must be exact: it therefore follows that the third dog cannot be white.)</para>
<para>You may also specify an explicit inner quantifier and leave the outer quantifier implicit:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JxzV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section7-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le ci gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>The three dogs are-white.</gloss>
<en>The three dogs are white.</en>
@@ -1118,44 +1118,44 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section7-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ci lo [ro] gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<gloss>Three-of those-which-are [all] dogs are-white.</gloss>
<en>Three dogs are white.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>looks very peculiar. Why is the number
<quote>ci</quote> found as an inner quantifier in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example4" />and as an outer quantifier in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example4" /> and as an outer quantifier in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example5" />? The number of dogs is the same in either case. The answer is that the
<quote>ci</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example4" />is part of the specification: it tells us the actual number of dogs in the group that the speaker has in mind. In
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example4" /> is part of the specification: it tells us the actual number of dogs in the group that the speaker has in mind. In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example5" />, however, the dogs referred to by
<quote>... lo gerku</quote> are all the dogs that exist: the outer quantifier then restricts the number to three; which three, we cannot tell. The implicit quantifiers are chosen to avoid claiming too much or too little: in the case of
<quote>le</quote>, the implicit outer quantifier
<quote>ro</quote> says that each of the dogs in the restricted group is white; in the case of
<quote>lo</quote>, the implicit inner quantifier simply says that three dogs, chosen from the group of all the dogs there are, are white.</para>
<para>Using exact numbers as inner quantifiers in lo-series descriptions is dangerous, because you are stating that exactly that many things exist which really fit the description. So examples like</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-uYH4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e7d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section7-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>[so'o] lo ci gerku cu blabi</jbo>
<!-- ^^ so'o, 440 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>so'o</primary></indexterm>
<en>[some-of] those-which-really-are three dogs are-white</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>are semantically anomalous;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example6" />claims that some dog (or dogs) is white, but also that there are just three dogs in the universe!</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section7-example6" /> claims that some dog (or dogs) is white, but also that there are just three dogs in the universe!</para>
<para>Nevertheless, inner quantifiers are permitted on
<quote>lo</quote> descriptors for consistency's sake, and may occasionally be useful.</para>
<para>Note that the inner quantifier of
<quote>le</quote>, even when exact, need not be truthful:
<quote>le ci nanmu</quote> means
<quote>what I describe as three men</quote>, not
<quote>three of what I describe as men</quote>. This follows from the rule that what is described by a
<quote>le</quote> description represents the speaker's viewpoint rather than the objective way things are.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section8">
@@ -1181,21 +1181,21 @@
<!-- ^^ restricted variable: compared with indefinite description, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restricted variable</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indefinite description</primary></indexterm>
<quote>lo</quote>. Indefinite descriptions were introduced into the language in order to imitate the syntax of English and other natural languages.</para>
<para>Indefinite descriptions must fit this mold exactly: there is no way to make one which does not have an explicit outer quantifier (thus
<quote>*gerku cu blabi</quote> is ungrammatical), or which has an explicit inner quantifier (thus
<quote>*reboi ci gerku cu blabi</quote> is also ungrammatical -
<quote>re ci gerku cu blabi</quote> is fine, but means
<quote>23 dogs are white</quote>).</para>
<para>Note:
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example3" />also contains an indefinite description, namely
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section6-example3" /> also contains an indefinite description, namely
<!-- ^^ indefinite description: as needing explicit outer quantifier, 132; as prohibiting explicit inner quantifier, 132; compared with restricted variable, 398; definition, 132, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ restricted variable: compared with indefinite description, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restricted variable</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indefinite description</primary></indexterm>
<quote>su'o ci cutci</quote>; another version of that example using an explicit
<quote>lo</quote> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-SMvA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e8d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section8-example2" />
@@ -1226,21 +1226,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section9-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>re do cu nanmu</jbo>
<en>Two-of you are-men.</en>
<jbo>le re do cu nanmu</jbo>
<en>The two-of you are men.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section9-example1" />simply specifies that of the group of listeners, size unknown, two are men.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section9-example1" /> simply specifies that of the group of listeners, size unknown, two are men.
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section9-example2" />, which has the sumti-based description
<!-- ^^ sumti-based description: definition, 132; inner quantifier on, 132; outer quantifier on, 132 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sumti-based description</primary></indexterm>
<quote>le re do</quote>, says that of the two listeners, all (the implicit outer quantifier
<quote>ro</quote>) are men. So in effect the inner quantifier
<quote>re</quote> gives the number of individuals which the inner sumti
<!-- ^^ inner sumti: referring to from within relative clause within relative clause, 184 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>inner sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>do</quote> refers to.</para>
<para>Here is another group of examples:</para>
@@ -1263,23 +1263,23 @@
<!-- ^^ three bears: example, 133 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>three bears</primary></indexterm>
<jbo>pa le re le ci cribe cu bunre</jbo>
<en>One-of the two-of the three bears are-brown.</en>
<!-- ^^ three bears: example, 133 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>three bears</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In each case,
<quote>le ci cribe</quote> restricts the bears (or alleged bears) being talked of to some group of three which the speaker has in mind.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section9-example3" />says that two of them (which two is not stated) are brown.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section9-example4" />says that a specific pair of them are brown.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section9-example5" />says that of a specific pair chosen from the original three, one or the other of that pair is brown.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section9-example3" /> says that two of them (which two is not stated) are brown.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section9-example4" /> says that a specific pair of them are brown.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section9-example5" /> says that of a specific pair chosen from the original three, one or the other of that pair is brown.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section10">
<title>sumti qualifiers</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>la'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>LAhE</selmaho>
<description>something referred to by</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -1353,21 +1353,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section10-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo>
<en>I see [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>But
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10-example1" />doesn't work: it says that you see a piece of text
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10-example1" /> doesn't work: it says that you see a piece of text
<quote>The Red Pony</quote>. That might be all right if you were looking at the cover of the book, where the words
<!-- ^^ Red Pony: example, 133, 182 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Red Pony</primary></indexterm>
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> are presumably written. (More precisely, where the words
<!-- ^^ Red Pony: example, 133, 182 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Red Pony</primary></indexterm>
<quote>le xunre cmaxirma</quote> are written – but we may suppose the book has been translated into Lojban.)</para>
<para>What you really want to say is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-MSVK">
<title>
@@ -1377,21 +1377,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le selsinxa be lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</jbo>
<en>I see the thing-represented-by [quote] the red small-horse [unquote].</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The x2 place of
<quote>selsinxa</quote>(the x1 place of
<quote>sinxa</quote>) is a sign or symbol, and the x1 place of
<quote>selsinxa</quote>(the x2 place of
<quote>sinxa</quote>) is the thing represented by the sign.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10-example2" />allows us to use a symbol (namely the title of a book) to represent the thing it is a symbol of (namely the book itself).</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10-example2" /> allows us to use a symbol (namely the title of a book) to represent the thing it is a symbol of (namely the book itself).</para>
<para>This operation turns out to be needed often enough that it's useful to be able to say:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Ajty">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section10-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u [lu'u]</jbo>
<!-- ^^ lu'u, 133, 267; as elidable terminator for qualified sumti, 133 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1454,21 +1454,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section10-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi troci tu'a le vorme</jbo>
<gloss>I try some-abstraction-about the door.</gloss>
<en>I try (to open) the door.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10-example6" />might mean that I try to do something else involving the door; the form is deliberately vague.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section10-example6" /> might mean that I try to do something else involving the door; the form is deliberately vague.</para>
<para>Most of the following examples make use of the cmavo
<quote>ri</quote>, belonging to selma'o KOhA. This cmavo means
<quote>the thing last mentioned</quote>; it is equivalent to repeating the immediately previous sumti (but in its original context). It is explained in more detail in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7" />.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-mchU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section10-example7" />
<anchor xml:id="c6e10d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section10-example8" />
@@ -1645,33 +1645,33 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section11-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>co'o la bab. .e la noras.</jbo>
<en>Goodbye, Bob and Nora.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11-example6" />is thus the same as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11-example6" /> is thus the same as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-3Qac">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section11-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi le xunre pastu nixli</jbo>
<en>Hello, the-one-described-as red-dress girl!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11-example5" />is the same as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11-example5" /> is the same as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-bx2C">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section11-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi la djan.</jbo>
<en>The-one-named John!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1683,22 +1683,22 @@
<!-- ^^ ordinals: utterance, 474 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ordinals</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ free modifiers: effects on elidability of terminators, 450 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>free modifiers</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18" />- metalinguistic comments - see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />- or reciprocals - see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter19" />) which must be properly separated.</para>
<para>The meaning of a vocative phrase that is within a sentence is not affected by its position in the sentence: thus
<!-- ^^ vocative phrase: as a free modifier, 135; effect of position on meaning, 137; elidable terminator for, 137; explicit quantifiers prohibited on, 136; forms of, 136; implicit descriptor on, 136; implicit quantifiers on, 136; purpose of, 136; relative clauses on, 184; with complete sumti, 136; with sumti without descriptor, 136 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vocative phrase</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11-example9" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11-example10" />mean the same thing:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11-example9" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11-example10" /> mean the same thing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-tBeK">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section11-example10" />
<anchor xml:id="c6e11d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section11-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>doi djan. ko klama mi</jbo>
<en>John, come to me!</en>
@@ -1707,34 +1707,34 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As usual for this chapter, the full syntax of vocative phrases has not been explained: relative clauses, discussed in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />, make for more possibilities.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter6-section12">
<title>Lojban names</title>
<para>Names have been used freely as sumti throughout this chapter without too much explanation. The time for the explanation has now come.</para>
<para>First of all, there are two different kinds of things usually called
<quote>names</quote> when talking about Lojban. The naming predicates of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2" />are just ordinary predicates which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a class of Lojban words which are used only to name things: these can be recognized by the fact that they end in a consonant followed by a pause. Some examples:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2" /> are just ordinary predicates which are being used in a special sense. In addition, though, there is a class of Lojban words which are used only to name things: these can be recognized by the fact that they end in a consonant followed by a pause. Some examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-u0zY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section12-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>djan. meris. djein. .alis.</jbo>
<en>John. Mary. Jane. Alice.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(Note that
<quote>.alis.</quote> begins as well as ends with a pause, because all Lojban words beginning with a vowel must be preceded by a pause. See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" />for more information.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter4" /> for more information.)</para>
<para>Names of this kind have two basic uses in Lojban: when used in a vocative phrase (see
<!-- ^^ vocative phrase: as a free modifier, 135; effect of position on meaning, 137; elidable terminator for, 137; explicit quantifiers prohibited on, 136; forms of, 136; implicit descriptor on, 136; implicit quantifiers on, 136; purpose of, 136; relative clauses on, 184; with complete sumti, 136; with sumti without descriptor, 136 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vocative phrase</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section11" />) they indicate who the listener is or should be. When used with a descriptor of selma'o LA, namely
<quote>la</quote>,
<quote>lai</quote>, or
<quote>la'i</quote>, they form sumti which refer to the persons or things known by the name.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-cX6R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d2" />
@@ -1751,26 +1751,26 @@
<en>The Joneses go to the store.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12-example2" />, the significance is that all the persons (perhaps only one) I mean to refer to by the name
<quote>djonz.</quote> are going to the store. In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12-example3" />, the Joneses are massified, and only some part of them needs to be going. Of course, by
<quote>djonz.</quote> I can mean whomever I want: that person need not use the name
<quote>djonz.</quote> at all.</para>
<para>The sumti in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12-example2" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12-example3" />operate exactly like the similar uses of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12-example2" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12-example3" /> operate exactly like the similar uses of
<quote>la</quote> and
<quote>lai</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example6" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example6" />respectively. The only difference is that these descriptors are followed by Lojban name-words. And in fact, the only difference between descriptors of selma'o LA (these three) and of selma'o LE (all the other descriptors) is that the former can be followed by name-words, whereas the latter cannot.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section2-example6" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section3-example6" /> respectively. The only difference is that these descriptors are followed by Lojban name-words. And in fact, the only difference between descriptors of selma'o LA (these three) and of selma'o LE (all the other descriptors) is that the former can be followed by name-words, whereas the latter cannot.</para>
<!-- ^^ name-words: limitations on, 138; pause requirements before, 138; permissible consonant combinations, 138 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>name-words</primary></indexterm>
<para>There are certain limitations on the form of name-words in Lojban. In particular, they cannot contain the letter-sequences (or sound-sequences)
<!-- ^^ name-words: limitations on, 138; pause requirements before, 138; permissible consonant combinations, 138 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>name-words</primary></indexterm>
<quote>la</quote>,
<quote>lai</quote>, or
<quote>doi</quote> unless a consonant immediately precedes within the name. Reciprocally, every name not preceded by
<quote>la</quote>,
<quote>lai</quote>,
@@ -1786,21 +1786,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi .djan.</jbo>
<en>Hello, John.</en>
<jbo>zo .djan. cmene mi</jbo>
<gloss>The-word
<quote>John</quote> is-the-name-of me.</gloss>
<en>My name is John.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12-example4" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12-example4" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section12-example5" />,
<quote>.djan.</quote> appears with a pause before it as well as after it, because the preceding word is not one of the four special cases. These rules force names to always be separable from the general word-stream.</para>
<para>Unless some other rule prevents it (such as the rule that
<quote>zo</quote> is always followed by a single word, which is quoted), multiple names may appear wherever one name is permitted, each with its terminating pause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-cw3p">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e12d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section12-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -2085,21 +2085,21 @@
</example>
<para>The implicit quantifier for metalinguistic pro-sumti is
<!-- ^^ metalinguistic pro-sumti, 140; implicit quantifier for, 140 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>metalinguistic pro-sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>su'o</quote>(at least one), because they are considered analogous to
<quote>lo</quote> descriptions: they refer to things which really are previous, current, or following utterances.</para>
<para>The relative pro-sumti (
<!-- ^^ relative pro-sumti, 140 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>relative pro-sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ke'a</quote>) is used within relative clauses (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />for a discussion of relative clauses) to refer to whatever sumti the relative clause is attached to.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8" /> for a discussion of relative clauses) to refer to whatever sumti the relative clause is attached to.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-sf2T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e13d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section13-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska le mlatu ku poi zo'e zbasu ke'a</jbo>
<gloss>loi slasi</gloss>
<gloss>I see the cat(s) such-that something-unspecified makes it/them (the cats)</gloss>
<gloss>from-a-mass-of plastic.</gloss>
@@ -2168,21 +2168,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku lo'u li mi le'u</jbo>
<gloss>I say the-words [quote]
<quote>li mi</quote> [unquote].</gloss>
<en>I say
<quote>li mi</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that the translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section14-example2" />does not translate the Lojban words, because they are not presumed to have any meaning (in fact, they are ungrammatical).</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section14-example2" /> does not translate the Lojban words, because they are not presumed to have any meaning (in fact, they are ungrammatical).</para>
<para>Single-word quotation quotes a single Lojban word. Compound cmavo are not allowed.</para>
<!-- ^^ word quotation: as morphologically valid, 141; internal grammar of, 141 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>word quotation</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-XqKv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e14d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section14-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi cusku zo .ai</jbo>
@@ -2229,22 +2229,22 @@
<en>2 + 2</en>
<jbo>li .abu bopi'i xy. bote'a re su'i by. bopi'i xy. su'i cy.</jbo>
<gloss>the-number a times x to-power 2 plus b times x plus c</gloss>
<en>ax</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>An alternative to
<quote>li</quote> is
<quote>me'o</quote>, also of selma'o LI. Number expressions beginning with
<quote>me'o</quote> refer to the actual expression, rather than its value. Thus
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section15-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section15-example2" />above have the same meaning, the number four, whereas</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section15-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter6-section15-example2" /> above have the same meaning, the number four, whereas</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-sW7u">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c6e15d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter6-section15-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>me'o vo</jbo>
<gloss>the-expression four</gloss>
<en>
<quote>4</quote>
diff --git a/todocbook/7.xml b/todocbook/7.xml
index 0d223db..8a35add 100644
--- a/todocbook/7.xml
+++ b/todocbook/7.xml
@@ -37,22 +37,22 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-GoqJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e1d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section1-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>John picked up a stick and shook a stick.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1-example3" />does not imply that the two sticks are necessarily the same, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1-example2" />requires that they are.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1-example3" /> does not imply that the two sticks are necessarily the same, whereas
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1-example2" /> requires that they are.</para>
<para>In Lojban, we have sumti rather than nouns, so our equivalent of pronouns are called by the hybrid term
<!-- ^^ nouns: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>nouns</primary></indexterm>
<quote>pro-sumti</quote>. A purely Lojban term would be
<quote>sumti cmavo</quote>: all of the pro-sumti are cmavo belonging to selma'o KOhA. In exactly the same way, Lojban has a group of cmavo (belonging to selma'o GOhA) which serve as selbri or full bridi. These may be called
<quote>pro-bridi</quote> or
<quote>bridi cmavo</quote>. This chapter explains the uses of all the members of selma'o KOhA and GOhA. They fall into a number of groups, known as series: thus, in selma'o KOhA, we have among others the mi-series, the ko'a-series, the da-series, and so on. In each section, a series of pro-sumti is explained, and if there is a corresponding series of pro-bridi, it is explained and contrasted. Many pro-sumti series don't have pro-bridi analogues, however.</para>
<para>A few technical terms: The term
<!-- ^^ technical terms, 5 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>technical terms</primary></indexterm>
@@ -299,21 +299,21 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>this boat</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>does not mean
<quote>this boat</quote> but rather
<!-- ^^ this boat: example, 148 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>this boat</primary></indexterm>
<quote>this one's boat</quote>,
<quote>the boat associated with this thing</quote>, as explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />. A correct Lojban translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section3-example1" />is</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section3-example1" /> is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-rfUc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e3d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section3-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le vi bloti</jbo>
<gloss>the here boat</gloss>
<en>the nearby boat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -369,42 +369,42 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section4-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>You don't like cats.</jbo>
<en>That is untrue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here
<quote>that</quote> does not refer to something that can be pointed to, but to the preceding sentence
<quote>You don't like cats</quote>. In Lojban, therefore,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section4-example1" />is rendered:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section4-example1" /> is rendered:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-nTou">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section4-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do na nelci loi mlatu .i di'u jitfa jufra</jbo>
<en>You (Not!) like the-mass-of cats. The-previous-utterance is-a-false-sentence.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Using
<quote>ta</quote> instead of
<quote>di'u</quote> would cause the listener to look around to see what the speaker of the second sentence was physically pointing to.</para>
<para>As with
<quote>ti</quote>,
<quote>ta</quote>, and
<quote>tu</quote>, the cmavo of the di'u-series come in threes: a close utterance, a medium-distance utterance, and a distant utterance, either in the past or in the future. It turned out to be impossible to use the
<quote>i</quote>/
<quote>a</quote>/
<quote>u</quote> vowel convention of the demonstratives in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section3" />without causing collisions with other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section3" /> without causing collisions with other cmavo, and so the di'u-series has a unique
<quote>i</quote>/
<quote>e</quote>/
<quote>a</quote> convention in the first vowel of the cmavo.</para>
<para>Most references in speech are to the past (what has already been said), so
<quote>di'e</quote>,
<!-- ^^ di'e, 149, 358; effect of tu'e/tu'u on, 358 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>de'e</quote>, and
<!-- ^^ de'e, 149 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>de'e</primary></indexterm>
@@ -420,21 +420,21 @@
<jbo>la saimn. cusku di'e</jbo>
<!-- ^^ di'e, 149, 358; effect of tu'e/tu'u on, 358 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>Simon expresses the-following-utterance.</gloss>
<en>Simon says:</en>
<!-- ^^ Simon says: example, 149 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Simon says</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section4-example3" />would typically be followed by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of something Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would appear after
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section4-example3" /> would typically be followed by a quotation. Note that although presumably the quotation is of something Simon has said in the past, the quotation utterance itself would appear after
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section4-example3" />, and so
<quote>di'e</quote> is appropriate.</para>
<!-- ^^ di'e, 149, 358; effect of tu'e/tu'u on, 358 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>di'e</primary></indexterm>
<para>The remaining two cmavo,
<quote>dei</quote> and
<quote>do'i</quote>, refer respectively to the very utterance that the speaker is uttering, and to some vague or unspecified utterance uttered by someone at some time:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-4RYt">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d4" />
@@ -468,21 +468,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section4-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami la djein. .i mi nelci la'e di'u</jbo>
<gloss>I love Jane. And I like the-referent-of the-last-utterance.</gloss>
<en>I love Jane, and I like that.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The effect of
<quote>la'e di'u</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section4-example6" />is that the speaker likes, not the previous sentence, but rather the state of affairs referred to by the previous sentence, namely his loving Jane. This cmavo compound is often written as a single word:
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section4-example6" /> is that the speaker likes, not the previous sentence, but rather the state of affairs referred to by the previous sentence, namely his loving Jane. This cmavo compound is often written as a single word:
<quote>la'edi'u</quote>. It is important not to mix up
<!-- ^^ la'edi'u, 149; contrasted with di'u, 149; quick-tour version, 21 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm>
<quote>di'u</quote> and
<quote>la'edi'u</quote>, or the wrong meaning will generally result:</para>
<!-- ^^ la'edi'u, 149; contrasted with di'u, 149; quick-tour version, 21 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>la'edi'u</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-68ru">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e4d7" />
@@ -523,21 +523,21 @@
goi GOI pro-sumti assignment
<!-- ^^ pro-sumti assignment: explicit cancellation of with da'o, 162; no'i effect on, 162; stability of, 162 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pro-sumti assignment</primary></indexterm>
cei CEI pro-bridi assignment
<!-- ^^ cei, 151, 154, 162; for broda-series pro-bridi assignment, 151 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>The discussion of personal pro-sumti in
<!-- ^^ personal pro-sumti, 139; implicit cancellation of by change of speaker/listener, 162; implicit quantifier for, 128, 139; stability of, 162 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>personal pro-sumti</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section2" />may have seemed incomplete. In English, the personal pronouns include not only
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section2" /> may have seemed incomplete. In English, the personal pronouns include not only
<!-- ^^ personal pronouns: with ko'a-series for he/she/it/they, 150; with mi-series for I/you, 146 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>personal pronouns</primary></indexterm>
<quote>I</quote> and
<quote>you</quote> but also
<quote>he</quote>,
<quote>she</quote>,
<quote>it</quote>, and
<quote>they</quote>. Lojban does have equivalents of this latter group: in fact, it has more of them than English does. However, they are organized and used very differently.</para>
<para>There are ten cmavo in the ko'a-series, and they may be assigned freely to any sumti whatsoever. The English word
<quote>he</quote> can refer only to males,
@@ -554,21 +554,21 @@
<en>Alice goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The English gloss
<quote>it-1</quote>, plus knowledge about the real world, would tend to make English-speakers believe that
<!-- ^^ real world: contrasted with hypothetical world, example, 320 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>real world</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ko'a</quote> refers to the store; in other words, that its antecedent is
<quote>le zarci</quote>. To a Lojbanist, however,
<quote>la .alis.</quote> is just as likely an antecedent, in which case
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5-example1" />means that Alice, not the store, is blue.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5-example1" /> means that Alice, not the store, is blue.</para>
<para>To avoid this pitfall, Lojban employs special syntax, using the cmavo
<quote>goi</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-duGR">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section5-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ko'a goi la .alis. cu blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. It-1, also-known-as Alice, is-blue.</en>
@@ -590,22 +590,22 @@
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i la .alis. goi ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. Alice, also-known-as it-1, is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>in other words,
<quote>goi</quote> is symmetrical. There is a terminator,
<quote>ge'u</quote>(of selma'o GEhU), which is almost always elidable. The details are in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />.</para>
<para>The afterthought form of
<quote>goi</quote> shown in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5-example2" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5-example3" />is probably most common in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5-example2" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5-example3" /> is probably most common in speech, where we do not know until part way through our utterance that we will want to refer to Alice again. In writing, though,
<quote>ko'a</quote> may be assigned at the point where Alice is first mentioned. An example of this forethought form of
<quote>goi</quote> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-1FJV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e5d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section5-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. goi ko'a klama le zarci .i ko'a cu blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice, also-known-as it-1, goes-to the store. It-1 is-blue.</en>
@@ -796,41 +796,41 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section6-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. sipna le ri kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>Alice sleeps-in the of-[repeat last sumti] room.</gloss>
<en>Alice sleeps in her room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The
<quote>ri</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example1" />is equivalent to repeating the last sumti, which is
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example1" /> is equivalent to repeating the last sumti, which is
<quote>la .alis.</quote>, so
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example1" />is equivalent to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example1" /> is equivalent to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-bs5R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section6-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. sipna le la .alis. kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>Alice sleeps-in the of-Alice room.</gloss>
<en>Alice sleeps in Alice's room.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
<quote>ri</quote> does not repeat
<quote>le ri kumfa</quote>, because that sumti is not yet complete when
<quote>ri</quote> appears. This prevents
<quote>ri</quote> from getting entangled in paradoxes of self-reference. (There are plenty of other ways to do that!) Note also that sumti within other sumti, as in quotations, abstractions, and the like, are counted in the order of their beginnings; thus a lower level sumti like
<quote>la alis.</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example2" />is considered to be more recent than a higher level sumti that contains it.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example2" /> is considered to be more recent than a higher level sumti that contains it.</para>
<para>Certain sumti are ignored by
<quote>ri</quote>; specifically, most of the other cmavo of KOhA, and the almost-grammatically-equivalent lerfu words of selma'o BY. It is simpler just to repeat these directly:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-CVmN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section6-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi prami mi</jbo>
<gloss>I love me.</gloss>
@@ -933,22 +933,22 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e6d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section6-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. klama le zarci .i ri goi ko'a blanu</jbo>
<en>Alice goes-to the store. It-last-mentioned also-known-as it-1 is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>allows the store to be referred to henceforth as
<quote>ko'a</quote> without ambiguity.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example7" />is equivalent to
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5-example1" />and eliminates any possibility of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example7" /> is equivalent to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5-example1" /> and eliminates any possibility of
<quote>ko'a</quote> being interpreted by the listener as referring to Alice.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>go'i</quote>,
<quote>go'a</quote>, and
<!-- ^^ go'a, 154 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>go'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>go'u</quote> follow exactly the same rules as
<!-- ^^ go'u, 154 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>go'u</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ri</quote>,
@@ -966,21 +966,21 @@
<jbo>xu zo djan. cmene do .i go'i</jbo>
<gloss>[True-false?] The-word
<quote>John</quote> is-the-name of you? [repeat last bridi].</gloss>
<en>Is John your name? Yes.</en>
<jbo>mi klama le zarci .i do go'i</jbo>
<gloss>I go-to the store. You [repeat last bridi].</gloss>
<en>I go to the store. You, too.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example9" />means the same as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example9" /> means the same as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section5-example6" />, but without the bother of assigning an actual broda-series word to the first bridi. For long-term reference, use
<quote>go'i cei broda</quote> or the like, analogously to
<!-- ^^ cei, 151, 154, 162; for broda-series pro-bridi assignment, 151 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>cei</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ri goi ko'a</quote> in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section6-example7" />.</para>
<para>The remaining four cmavo of the go'i-series are provided for convenience or for achieving special effects. The cmavo
<quote>go'e</quote> means the same as
<!-- ^^ go'e, 154 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>go'e</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1299,21 +1299,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section7-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>loi jmive cu se zbasu [zo'e] fi loi selci</jbo>
<en>The-mass-of living-things is-made [by-something] from the-mass-of cells</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>because the
<quote>zo'e</quote>, expressed or understood, in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example2" />indicates that there is still a
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example2" /> indicates that there is still a
<quote>maker</quote> in this relationship. We do not generally suppose, however, that someone
<quote>makes</quote> living things from cells. The best answer is probably to find a different selbri, one which does not imply a
<!-- ^^ living things: example, 157 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>living things</primary></indexterm>
<quote>maker</quote>: however, an alternative strategy is to use
<quote>zi'o</quote> to eliminate the maker place:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-xxm1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e7d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section7-example3" />
@@ -1345,24 +1345,24 @@
<en>The building is made out of wood.</en>
<jbo>mi zbasu zi'o loi mudri</jbo>
<gloss>I make [without-thing-made] from-some-of-the-mass-of wood.</gloss>
<en>I build using wood.</en>
<jbo>mi zbasu le dinju zi'o</jbo>
<gloss>I make the building [without-material].</gloss>
<en>I make the building.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>If
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example4" />is true, then
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example5" />through
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example7" />must be true also. However,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example3" />does not correspond to any sentence with three regular (non-
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example4" /> is true, then
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example5" /> through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example7" /> must be true also. However,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section7-example3" /> does not correspond to any sentence with three regular (non-
<quote>zi'o</quote>) sumti.</para>
<para>The pro-bridi
<quote>co'e</quote>(which by itself constitutes the co'e-series of selma'o GOhA) represents the elliptical selbri. Lojban grammar does not allow the speaker to merely omit a selbri from a bridi, although any or all sumti may be freely omitted. Being vague about a relationship requires the use of
<!-- ^^ co'e, 158, 164; as selbri place-holder, 158; rationale for word form, 158 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm>
<quote>co'e</quote> as a selbri place-holder:</para>
<!-- ^^ co'e, 158, 164; as selbri place-holder, 158; rationale for word form, 158 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>co'e</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-uy9R">
<title>
@@ -1564,21 +1564,21 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do mo</jbo>
<gloss>What predicate is true as applied to you?</gloss>
<gloss>How are you?</gloss>
<gloss>What are you doing?</gloss>
<en>What are you?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section9-example3" />is a truly pregnant question that will have several meanings depending on context.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section9-example3" /> is a truly pregnant question that will have several meanings depending on context.</para>
<para>(One thing it probably does not mean is
<quote>Who are you?</quote> in the sense
<quote>What is your name/identity?</quote>, which is better expressed by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-8HKo">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e9d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section9-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ma cmene do</jbo>
@@ -1671,21 +1671,21 @@
<gloss>I see a cat such-that the-thing-being-relativized</gloss>
<gloss>[the cat] makes a-mass-of plastic</gloss>
<en>I see a cat that makes plastic.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The anaphora cmavo
<!-- ^^ anaphora: definition, 152; pro-bridi go'i-series as, 152; pro-sumti ri-series as, 152; pro-sumti vo'a-series as, 158 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>anaphora</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ri</quote> cannot be used in place of
<quote>ke'a</quote> in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section10-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section10-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section10-example2" />, because the relativized sumti is not yet complete when the
<!-- ^^ relativized sumti: definition, 169; in relative clauses within relative clauses, 184 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>relativized sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ke'a</quote> appears.</para>
<para>Note that
<quote>ke'a</quote> is used only with relative clauses, and not with other embedded bridi such as abstract descriptions. In the case of relative clauses within relative clauses,
<quote>ke'a</quote> may be subscripted to make the difference clear (see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8" />).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section11">
@@ -1751,21 +1751,21 @@
bu'a GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-1
bu'e GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-2
<!-- ^^ bu'e, 409 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bu'e</primary></indexterm>
bu'i GOhA bu'a-series some-predicate-3
<!-- ^^ bu'i, 409 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bu'i</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>Bound variables belong to the predicate-logic part of Lojban, and are listed here for completeness only. Their semantics is explained in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />. It is worth mentioning that the Lojban translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1-example2" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section1-example2" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-6vxz">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e12d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section12-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la djan. cu lafti da poi grana ku'o gi'e desygau da</jbo>
<gloss>John raised something-1 which is-a-stick and shake-did something-1.</gloss>
<en>John picked up a stick and shook it.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1851,42 +1851,42 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section14-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ko'a mintu le nanmu</jbo>
<!-- ^^ mintu: contrasted with du, 163 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mintu</primary></indexterm>
<en>It-1 is-the-same-as the man</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is this defining nature.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section14-example1" />presumes that the speaker is responding to a request for information about what
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section14-example1" /> presumes that the speaker is responding to a request for information about what
<quote>ko'a</quote> refers to, or that the speaker in some way feels the need to define
<quote>ko'a</quote> for later reference. A bridi with
<quote>du</quote> is an identity sentence, somewhat metalinguistically saying that all attached sumti are representations for the same referent. There may be any number of sumti associated with
<quote>du</quote>, and all are said to be identical.</para>
<para>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section14-example2" />, however, predicates; it is used to make a claim about the identity of
<quote>ko'a</quote>, which presumably has been defined previously.</para>
<para>Note:
<quote>du</quote> historically is derived from
<quote>dunli</quote>, but
<!-- ^^ dunli: contrasted with du, 163, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dunli</primary></indexterm>
<quote>dunli</quote> has a third place which
<!-- ^^ dunli: contrasted with du, 163, 439 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>dunli</primary></indexterm>
<quote>du</quote> lacks: the standard of equality.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter7-section15">
<title>lujvo based on pro-sumti</title>
<para>There exist rafsi allocated to a few cmavo of selma'o KOhA, but they are rarely used. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section16" />for a complete list.) The obvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually stand as the first rafsi in their lujvo.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter7-section16" /> for a complete list.) The obvious way to use them is as internal sumti, filling in an appropriate place of the gismu or lujvo to which they are attached; as such, they usually stand as the first rafsi in their lujvo.</para>
<para>Thus
<quote>donta'a</quote>, meaning
<quote>you-talk</quote>, would be interpreted as
<!-- ^^ you-talk: example, 163 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>you-talk</primary></indexterm>
<quote>tavla be do</quote>, and would have the place structure</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-unmV">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c7e15d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter7-section15-example1" />
diff --git a/todocbook/8.xml b/todocbook/8.xml
index a4a89cb..4255072 100644
--- a/todocbook/8.xml
+++ b/todocbook/8.xml
@@ -79,21 +79,21 @@
<en>This nose is big.</en>
<jbo>ti poi ke'a nazbi kapkevna ku'o cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>This-thing such-that-(IT is-a-nose-type-of skin-hole) is-big.</gloss>
<gloss>These things which are nose-pores are big.</gloss>
<en>These nose-pores are big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In the literal translations throughout this chapter, the word
<quote>IT</quote>, capitalized, is used to represent the cmavo
<quote>ke'a</quote>. In each case, it serves to represent the sumti (in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example2" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example2" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example4" />, the cmavo
<quote>ti</quote>) to which the relative clause is attached.</para>
<para>Of course, there is no reason why
<quote>ke'a</quote> needs to appear in the x1 place of a relative clause bridi; it can appear in any place, or indeed even in a sub-bridi within the relative clause bridi. Here are two more examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-2HcI">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section1-example5" />
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section1-example6" />
@@ -135,21 +135,21 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>tu poi le mlatu pu lacpu cu ratcu</jbo>
<en>That-distant-thing which the cat [past] drags is-a-rat</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is equivalent to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example4" />.</para>
<para>As stated before,
<quote>ku'o</quote> is an elidable terminator, and in fact it is almost always elidable. Throughout the rest of this chapter,
<quote>ku'o</quote> will not be written in any of the examples unless it is absolutely required: thus,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example2" />can be written:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example2" /> can be written:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-MtNs">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section1-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ti poi prenu cu barda</jbo>
<gloss>That which is-a-person is-big.</gloss>
<en>That person is big.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -175,23 +175,23 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-J9yC">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e1d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section1-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>The building that the school was located in is large.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example10" />the relative clause is
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example10" /> the relative clause is
<quote>who was going to the store</quote>, and in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example11" />it is
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1-example11" /> it is
<quote>that the school was located in</quote>. Sometimes
<quote>who</quote>,
<quote>which</quote>, and
<quote>that</quote> are used in literal translations in this chapter in order to make them read more smoothly.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section2">
<title>Incidental relative clauses</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
@@ -201,21 +201,21 @@
<!-- ^^ incidental relative clause: as a parenthetical device, 171; definition, 171 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>incidental relative clause</primary></indexterm>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>There are two basic kinds of relative clauses: restrictive relative clauses introduced by
<!-- ^^ restrictive relative clauses: non-veridical using voi, 177; veridical using poi, 177 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restrictive relative clauses</primary></indexterm>
<quote>poi</quote>, and incidental (sometimes called simply
<quote>non-restrictive</quote>) relative clauses introduced by
<quote>noi</quote>. The difference between restrictive and incidental relative clauses is that restrictive clauses provide information that is essential to identifying the referent of the sumti to which they are attached, whereas incidental relative clauses provide additional information which is helpful to the listener but is not essential for identifying the referent of the sumti. All of the examples in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1" />are restrictive relative clauses: the information in the relative clause is essential to identification. (The title of this chapter, though, uses an incidental relative clause.)</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section1" /> are restrictive relative clauses: the information in the relative clause is essential to identification. (The title of this chapter, though, uses an incidental relative clause.)</para>
<!-- ^^ restrictive relative clauses: non-veridical using voi, 177; veridical using poi, 177 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restrictive relative clauses</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ incidental relative clause: as a parenthetical device, 171; definition, 171 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>incidental relative clause</primary></indexterm>
<para>Consider the following examples:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-IU0R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section2-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d2" />
@@ -270,57 +270,57 @@
<jbo>xu do viska le mi karce noi blabi</jbo>
<gloss>[True?] You see my car incidentally-which is-white.</gloss>
<en>Do you see my car, which is white?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example4" />, the speaker is presumed to have only one car, and is providing incidental information that it is white. (Alternatively, he or she might have more than one car, since
<quote>le karce</quote> can be plural, in which case the incidental information is that each of them is white.) Contrast
<!-- ^^ plural: Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking, 120; Lojban equivalent of, 443; meaning of le with, 123 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>plural</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example5" />with a restrictive relative clause:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example5" /> with a restrictive relative clause:</para>
<!-- ^^ restrictive relative clause: definition, 171 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restrictive relative clause</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-0qU1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section2-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do viska le mi karce poi blabi</jbo>
<gloss>[True?] You see my car which is-white.</gloss>
<gloss>Do you see my car that is white?</gloss>
<en>Do you see my white car?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the speaker probably has several cars, and is restricting the referent of the sumti
<quote>le mi karce</quote>(and thereby the listener's attention) to the white one only.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example5" />means much the same as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example5" /> means much the same as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example6" />, which does not use a relative clause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-zsQ6">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e2d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section2-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>xu do viska le mi blabi karce</jbo>
<gloss>[True?] You see my white car.</gloss>
<en>Do you see my car, the white one?</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>So a restrictive relative clause attached to a description can often mean the same as a description involving a tanru. However,
<!-- ^^ restrictive relative clause: definition, 171 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restrictive relative clause</primary></indexterm>
<quote>blabi karce</quote>, like all tanru, is somewhat vague: in principle, it might refer to a car which carries white things, or even express some more complicated concept involving whiteness and car-ness; the restrictive relative clause of
<!-- ^^ restrictive relative clause: definition, 171 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restrictive relative clause</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example5" />can only refer to a car which is white, not to any more complex or extended concept.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example5" /> can only refer to a car which is white, not to any more complex or extended concept.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section3">
<title>Relative phrases</title>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>pe</cmavo>
<selmaho>GOI</selmaho>
<description>restrictive association</description>
</cmavo-entry>
@@ -381,45 +381,45 @@
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu pe mi cu blanu</jbo>
<gloss>The chair associated-with me is-blue.</gloss>
<en>My chair is blue.</en>
<jbo>le stizu poi ke'a srana mi cu blanu</jbo>
<en>The chair such-that( IT is-associated-with me) is-blue.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example2" />, the link between the chair and the speaker is of the loosest kind.</para>
<para>Here is an example of
<quote>po</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-C88S">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section3-example3" />
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section3-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le stizu po mi cu xunre</jbo>
<en>The chair specific-to me is red.</en>
<jbo>le stizu poi ke'a se steci srana mi cu xunre</jbo>
<en>The chair such-that (IT is-specifically associated-with me) is-red.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example3" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example4" />contrast with
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example3" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example4" /> contrast with
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example2" />: the chair is more permanently connected with the speaker. A plausible (though not the only possible) contrast between
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example3" />is that
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example3" /> is that
<quote>pe mi</quote> would be appropriate for a chair the speaker is currently sitting on (whether or not the speaker owned that chair), and
<quote>po mi</quote> for a chair owned by the speaker (whether or not he or she was currently occupying it).</para>
<para>As a result, the relationship expressed between two sumti by
<quote>po</quote> is usually called
<quote>possession</quote>, although it does not necessarily imply ownership, legal or otherwise. The central concept is that of specificity (
<!-- ^^ specificity: expressing with po, 173 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>specificity</primary></indexterm>
<quote>steci</quote> in Lojban).</para>
<para>Here is an example of
<quote>po'e</quote>, as well as another example of
@@ -440,43 +440,43 @@
<!-- ^^ po'e, 173; as intrinsic possession, 173; compared with poi ke'a jinzi ke se steci srana, 173; contrasted with po, 173 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>po'e</primary></indexterm>
<en>The arm intrinsically-possessed-by me is-broken</en>
<jbo>le birka poi jinzi ke se steci srana mi cu spofu</jbo>
<en>The arm which is-intrinsically (specifically associated-with) me is-broken.</en>
<jbo>le botpi po mi cu spofu</jbo>
<en>The bottle specific-to me is-broken</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example6" />on the one hand, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example7" />on the other, illustrate the contrast between two types of possession called
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example6" /> on the one hand, and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example7" /> on the other, illustrate the contrast between two types of possession called
<quote>intrinsic</quote> and
<quote>extrinsic</quote>, or sometimes
<quote>inalienable</quote> and
<!-- ^^ inalienable: distinguishing from alienable, 173 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>inalienable</primary></indexterm>
<quote>alienable</quote>, respectively. Something is intrinsically (or inalienably) possessed by someone if the possession is part of the possessor, and cannot be changed without changing the possessor. In the case of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example5" />, people are usually taken to intrinsically possess their arms: even if an arm is cut off, it remains the arm of that person. (If the arm is transplanted to another person, however, it becomes intrinsically possessed by the new user, though, so intrinsic possession is a matter of degree.)</para>
<!-- ^^ intrinsic possession: definition, 173; expressing by using place in some selbri, 173; expressing with po'e, 173 -->
<!-- ^^ po'e, 173; as intrinsic possession, 173; compared with poi ke'a jinzi ke se steci srana, 173; contrasted with po, 173 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>po'e</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>intrinsic possession</primary></indexterm>
<para>By contrast, the bottle of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example7" />can be given away, or thrown away, or lost, or stolen, so it is possessed extrinsically (alienably). The exact line between intrinsic and extrinsic possession is culturally dependent. The U.S. Declaration of Independence speaks of the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example7" /> can be given away, or thrown away, or lost, or stolen, so it is possessed extrinsically (alienably). The exact line between intrinsic and extrinsic possession is culturally dependent. The U.S. Declaration of Independence speaks of the
<!-- ^^ extrinsic possession: definition, 173 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>extrinsic possession</primary></indexterm>
<quote>inalienable rights</quote> of men, but just what those rights are, and even whether the concept makes sense at all, varies from culture to culture.</para>
<!-- ^^ inalienable: distinguishing from alienable, 173 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>inalienable</primary></indexterm>
<para>Note that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example5" />can also be expressed without a relative clause:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example5" /> can also be expressed without a relative clause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-bF0U">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section3-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le birka be mi cu spofu</jbo>
<en>The arm of-body me is broken</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -506,21 +506,21 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>po'u</quote> does not represent possession at all, but rather identity. (Note that it means
<quote>poi du</quote> and its form was chosen to suggest the relationship.)</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example9" />, the use of
<quote>po'u</quote> tells us that
<quote>le gerku</quote> and
<quote>le mi pendo</quote> represent the same thing. Consider the contrast between
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example9" />and:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example9" /> and:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-wARJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e3d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section3-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mi pendo po'u le gerku cu cinba mi</jbo>
<en>My friend which-is the dog kisses me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -556,22 +556,22 @@
<gloss>The cup associated-with my friend is small.</gloss>
<en>My friend's cup is small</en>
<!-- ^^ friend's cup: example, 174 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>friend's cup</primary></indexterm>
<jbo>le mi pendo pe le kabri cu cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>My friend associated-with the cup is small.</gloss>
<en>My friend, the one with the cup, is small.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example14" />is useful in a context which is about my friend, and states that his or her cup is small, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example15" />is useful in a context that is primarily about a certain cup, and makes a claim about
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example14" /> is useful in a context which is about my friend, and states that his or her cup is small, whereas
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section3-example15" /> is useful in a context that is primarily about a certain cup, and makes a claim about
<quote>my friend of the cup</quote>, as opposed to some other friend of mine. Here the cup appears to
<quote>possess</quote> the person! English can't even express this relationship with a possessive -
<quote>the cup's friend of mine</quote> looks like nonsense - but Lojban has no trouble doing so.</para>
<!-- ^^ cup's friend: example, 174 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>cup's friend</primary></indexterm>
<para>Finally, the cmavo
<quote>ne</quote> and
<quote>no'u</quote> stand to
<!-- ^^ no'u, 174; compared with po'u, 174; contrasted with po'u, 175 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>no'u</primary></indexterm>
@@ -704,42 +704,42 @@
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section4-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le botpi po mi zi'e poi blanu cu spofu</jbo>
<gloss>The bottle specific-to me and which-is blue is-broken.</gloss>
<en>My blue bottle is broken.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that if the colloquial translation of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section4-example3" />were
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section4-example3" /> were
<quote>My bottle, which is blue, is broken</quote>, then
<quote>noi</quote> rather than
<quote>poi</quote> would have been correct in the Lojban version, since that version of the English implies that you do not need to know the bottle is blue. As written,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section4-example3" />suggests that I probably have more than one bottle, and the one in question needs to be picked out as the blue one.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section4-example3" /> suggests that I probably have more than one bottle, and the one in question needs to be picked out as the blue one.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-FapT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section4-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi ba zutse le stizu pe mi zi'e po do</jbo>
<gloss>zi'e poi xunre</gloss>
<gloss>I [future] sit-in the chair associated-with me and specific-to you</gloss>
<gloss>and which-is red.</gloss>
<en>I will sit in my chair (really yours), the red one.</en>
<!-- ^^ my chair: example, 176 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>my chair</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section4-example4" />illustrates that more than two relative phrases or clauses can be connected with
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section4-example4" /> illustrates that more than two relative phrases or clauses can be connected with
<quote>zi'e</quote>. It almost defies colloquial translation because of the very un-English contrast between
<quote>pe mi</quote>, implying that the chair is temporarily connected with me, and
<quote>po do</quote>, implying that the chair has a more permanent association with you. (Perhaps I am a guest in your house, in which case the chair would naturally be your property.)</para>
<para>Here is another example, mixing a relative phrase and two relative clauses, a restrictive one and a non-restrictive one:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-erma">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e4d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section4-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -812,23 +812,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<gloss>That-which-I-describe-as a-man is-a-woman.</gloss>
<en>The
<quote>guy</quote> is actually a gal.</en>
<jbo>ti voi nanmu cu ninmu</jbo>
<en>This-thing which-I-describe-as a-man is-a-woman.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>mean essentially the same thing (except that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section5-example4" />involves pointing thanks to the use of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section5-example4" /> involves pointing thanks to the use of
<quote>ti</quote>, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section5-example3" />doesn't), and neither one is self-contradictory: it is perfectly all right to describe something as a man (although perhaps confusing to the listener) even if it actually is a woman.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section5-example3" /> doesn't), and neither one is self-contradictory: it is perfectly all right to describe something as a man (although perhaps confusing to the listener) even if it actually is a woman.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section6">
<title>Relative clauses and descriptors</title>
<para>So far, this chapter has described the various kinds of relative clauses (including relative phrases). The list is now complete, and the rest of the chapter will be concerned with the syntax of sumti that include relative clauses. So far, all relative clauses have appeared directly after the sumti to which they are attached. This is the most common position (and originally the only one), but a variety of other placements are also possible which produce a variety of semantic effects.</para>
<para>There are actually three places where a relative clause can be attached to a description sumti: after the descriptor (
<quote>le</quote>,
<quote>lo</quote>, or whatever), after the embedded selbri but before the elidable terminator (which is
<quote>ku</quote>), and after the
<quote>ku</quote>. The relative clauses attached to descriptors that we have seen have occupied the second position. Thus
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section5-example1" />, if written out with all elidable terminators, would appear as:</para>
@@ -863,27 +863,27 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section6-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le poi blabi ku'o gerku cu klama</jbo>
<en>The such-that (it-is-white) dog goes.</en>
<jbo>le gerku ku poi blabi cu klama</jbo>
<en>The (dog) which is-white goes.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example1" />will seem most natural to speakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clauses after the noun phrases they are attached to;
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example1" /> will seem most natural to speakers of languages like English, which always puts relative clauses after the noun phrases they are attached to;
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example2" />, on the other hand, may seem more natural to Finnish or Chinese speakers, who put the relative clause first. Note that in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example2" />, the elidable terminator
<quote>ku'o</quote> must appear, or the selbri of the relative clause (
<quote>blabi</quote>) will merge with the selbri of the description (
<quote>gerku</quote>), resulting in an ungrammatical sentence. The purpose of the form appearing in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example3" />will be apparent shortly.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example3" /> will be apparent shortly.</para>
<para>As is explained in detail in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />, two different numbers (known as the
<quote>inner quantifier</quote> and the
<quote>outer quantifier</quote>) can be attached to a description. The inner quantifier specifies how many things the descriptor refers to: it appears between the descriptor and the description selbri. The outer quantifier appears before the descriptor, and specifies how many of the things referred to by the descriptor are involved in this particular bridi. In the following example,</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-3nJN">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e6d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section6-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -917,22 +917,22 @@
<gloss>Two of the (five persons which are-women) go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Two of the five women go to the market.</en>
<!-- ^^ five women: example, 178 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>five women</primary></indexterm>
<jbo>re le mu prenu ku poi ninmu cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>(Two of the five persons) which are-women go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Two women out of the five persons go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>As the parentheses show,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example6" />means that all five of the persons are women, whereas
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example7" />means that the two who are going to the market are women. How do we remember which is which? If the relative clause comes after the explicit
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example6" /> means that all five of the persons are women, whereas
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example7" /> means that the two who are going to the market are women. How do we remember which is which? If the relative clause comes after the explicit
<quote>ku</quote>, as in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example7" />, then the sumti as a whole is qualified by the relative clause. If there is no
<quote>ku</quote>, or if the relative clause comes before an explicit
<quote>ku</quote>, then the relative clause is understood to apply to everything which the underlying selbri applies to.</para>
<para>What about
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example5" />? By convention, it means the same as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example7" />, and it requires no
<quote>ku</quote>, but it does typically require a
<quote>ku'o</quote> instead. Note that the relative clause comes before the inner quantifier.</para>
<para>When
@@ -954,22 +954,22 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>lo prenu ku noi blabi cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>(Some persons) incidentally-which are-white go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Some people, who are white, go to the market.</en>
<jbo>lo prenu noi blabi [ku] cu klama le zarci</jbo>
<gloss>Some (persons incidentally-which are-white) go to-the market.</gloss>
<en>Some of the people, who by the way are white, go to the market.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Both
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example8" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example9" />tell us that one or more persons are going to the market. However, they make very different incidental claims. Now, what does
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example8" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example9" /> tell us that one or more persons are going to the market. However, they make very different incidental claims. Now, what does
<quote>lo prenu noi blabi</quote> mean? Well, the default inner quantifier is
<quote>ro</quote>(meaning
<quote>all</quote>), and the default outer quantifier is
<quote>su'o</quote>(meaning
<quote>at least one</quote>). Therefore, we must first take all persons, then choose at least one of them. That one or more people will be going.</para>
<!-- ^^ all persons: example, 398 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>all persons</primary></indexterm>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example8" />, the relative clause described the sumti once the outer quantifier was applied: one or more people, who are white, are going. But in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section6-example9" />, the relative clause actually describes the sumti before the outer quantification is applied, so that it ends up meaning
@@ -1037,21 +1037,21 @@
<!-- ^^ indefinite sumti: as implicit quantification, 406; compared to sumti with lo, 399; meaning when multiple in sentence, 398; multiple in sentence, 398 -->
<!-- ^^ sumti with lo: compared to indefinite sumti, 399 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sumti with lo</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>indefinite sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ku</quote>.) Use an explicit
<quote>lo</quote> instead.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section7">
<title>Possessive sumti</title>
<para>In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example4" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example4" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section2-example6" />, the sumti
<quote>le mi karce</quote> appears, glossed as
<quote>my car</quote>. Although it might not seem so, this sumti actually contains a relative phrase. When a sumti appears between a descriptor and its description selbri, it is actually a
<quote>pe</quote> relative phrase. So</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-pALv">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section7-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1075,38 +1075,38 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section7-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce pe mi cu xunre</jbo>
<en>The car associated-with me is-red.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>means the same thing as well. A sumti like the one in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section7-example1" />is called a
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section7-example1" /> is called a
<quote>possessive sumti</quote>. Of course, it does not really indicate possession in the sense of ownership, but like
<!-- ^^ possessive sumti: compared with relative phrase, 180; contrasted with relative phrases in complexity allowed, 180; definition, 180; effect on elidability of ku, 181; relative clauses on, 181; syntax allowed, 180; with relative clauses on possessive sumti, 181 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>possessive sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>pe</quote> relative phrases, indicates only weak association; you can say
<quote>le mi karce</quote> even if you've only borrowed it for the night. (In English,
<quote>my car</quote> usually means
<quote>le karce po mi</quote>, but we do not have the same sense of possession in
<quote>my seat on the bus</quote>; Lojban simply makes the weaker sense the standard one.) The inner sumti,
<!-- ^^ inner sumti: referring to from within relative clause within relative clause, 184 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>inner sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>mi</quote> in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section7-example1" />, is correspondingly called the
<quote>possessor sumti</quote>.</para>
<para>Historically, possessive sumti existed before any other kind of relative phrase or clause, and were retained when the machinery of relative phrases and clauses as detailed in this chapter so far was slowly built up. When preposed relative clauses of the
<!-- ^^ possessive sumti: compared with relative phrase, 180; contrasted with relative phrases in complexity allowed, 180; definition, 180; effect on elidability of ku, 181; relative clauses on, 181; syntax allowed, 180; with relative clauses on possessive sumti, 181 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>possessive sumti</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section7-example2" />type were devised, possessive sumti were most easily viewed as a special case of them.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section7-example2" /> type were devised, possessive sumti were most easily viewed as a special case of them.</para>
<!-- ^^ possessive sumti: compared with relative phrase, 180; contrasted with relative phrases in complexity allowed, 180; definition, 180; effect on elidability of ku, 181; relative clauses on, 181; syntax allowed, 180; with relative clauses on possessive sumti, 181 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>possessive sumti</primary></indexterm>
<para>Although any sumti, however complex, can appear in a full-fledged relative phrase, only simple sumti can appear as possessor sumti, without a
<!-- ^^ simple sumti, 119 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>simple sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>pe</quote>. Roughly speaking, the legal possessor sumti are: pro-sumti, quotations, names and descriptions, and numbers. In addition, the possessor sumti may not be preceded by a quantifier, as such a form would be interpreted as the unusual
<quote>descriptor + quantifier + sumti</quote> type of description. All these sumti forms are explained in full in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />.</para>
<para>Here is an example of a description used in a possessive sumti:</para>
<!-- ^^ possessive sumti: compared with relative phrase, 180; contrasted with relative phrases in complexity allowed, 180; definition, 180; effect on elidability of ku, 181; relative clauses on, 181; syntax allowed, 180; with relative clauses on possessive sumti, 181 -->
@@ -1160,21 +1160,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e7d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section7-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le mi karce poi sipna cu na klama</jbo>
<en>The of-me car which sleeps isn't going.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section7-example6" />uses
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section7-example6" /> uses
<quote>vau</quote> rather than
<quote>ku'o</quote> at the end of the relative clause: this terminator ends every simple bridi and is almost always elidable; in this case, though, it is a syllable shorter than the equally valid alternative,
<!-- ^^ simple bridi: terminator for, 506 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>simple bridi</primary></indexterm>
<quote>ku'o</quote>.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section8">
<title>Relative clauses and complex sumti:
<quote>vu'o</quote></title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
@@ -1235,34 +1235,34 @@
<gloss>cu zvati le vu kumfa</gloss>
<gloss>A-referent-of (which is-old) [quote] The Red Small-horse [unquote]</gloss>
<gloss>is-at the [far distance] room.</gloss>
<en>An old
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is in the far room.</en>
<!-- ^^ Red Pony: example, 133, 182 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Red Pony</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example3" />is a bit complex, and may need some picking apart. The quotation
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example3" /> is a bit complex, and may need some picking apart. The quotation
<quote>lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u</quote> means the string of words
<quote>The Red Pony</quote>. If the
<!-- ^^ Red Pony: example, 133, 182 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Red Pony</primary></indexterm>
<quote>la'e</quote> at the beginning of the sentence were omitted,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example3" />would claim that a certain string of words is in a room distant from the speaker. But obviously a string of words can't be in a room! The effect of the
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example3" /> would claim that a certain string of words is in a room distant from the speaker. But obviously a string of words can't be in a room! The effect of the
<quote>la'e</quote> is to modify the sumti so that it refers not to the words themselves, but to the referent of those words, a novel by John Steinbeck (presumably in Lojban translation). The particular copy of
<quote>The Red Pony</quote> is identified by the restrictive relative clause.
<!-- ^^ restrictive relative clause: definition, 171 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restrictive relative clause</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ Red Pony: example, 133, 182 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Red Pony</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example3" />means exactly the same as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example3" /> means exactly the same as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-yX24">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section8-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la'e lu le xunre cmaxirma li'u lu'u</jbo>
<!-- ^^ lu'u, 133, 267; as elidable terminator for qualified sumti, 133 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>lu'u</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ la'e lu: compared with me'o, 422 -->
@@ -1285,21 +1285,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c8e8d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section8-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. .e la djordj. noi nanmu cu klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank and George incidentally-who is-a-man go to-the house.</gloss>
<en>Frank and George, who is a man, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The incidental claim in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example5" />is not that Frank and George are men, but only that George is a man, because the incidental relative clause attaches only to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example5" /> is not that Frank and George are men, but only that George is a man, because the incidental relative clause attaches only to
<!-- ^^ incidental relative clause: as a parenthetical device, 171; definition, 171 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>incidental relative clause</primary></indexterm>
<quote>la djordj</quote>, the immediately preceding simple sumti.</para>
<!-- ^^ simple sumti, 119 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>simple sumti</primary></indexterm>
<para>To make a relative clause attach to both parts of the logically connected sumti in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example5" />, a new cmavo is needed,
<quote>vu'o</quote>(of selma'o VUhO). It is placed between the sumti and the relative clause, and extends the sphere of influence of that relative clause to the entire preceding sumti, including however many logical or non-logical connectives there may be.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-9XPz">
<title>
@@ -1310,22 +1310,22 @@
<jbo>la frank. .e la djordj. vu'o noi nanmu cu klama le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank and George incidentally-who are-men go to-the house.</gloss>
<en>Frank and George, who are men, go to the house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The presence of
<quote>vu'o</quote> here means that the relative clause
<quote>noi nanmu</quote> extends to the entire logically connected sumti
<quote>la frank. .e la djordj.</quote>; in other words, both Frank and George are claimed to be men, as the colloquial translation shows.</para>
<para>English is able to resolve the distinction correctly in the case of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example6" />by making use of number:
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section8-example6" /> by making use of number:
<quote>who is</quote> rather than
<quote>who are</quote>. Lojban doesn't distinguish between singular and plural verbs:
<!-- ^^ verbs: brivla as Lojban equivalents, 52 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>verbs</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ plural: Lojban contrasted with English in necessity of marking, 120; Lojban equivalent of, 443; meaning of le with, 123 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>plural</primary></indexterm>
<quote>nanmu</quote> can mean
<quote>is a man</quote> or
<quote>are men</quote>, so another means is required. Furthermore, Lojban's mechanism works correctly in general: if
<quote>nanmu</quote>(meaning
@@ -1371,79 +1371,79 @@
<en>Hello, Frank.</en>
<jbo>co'o xirma</jbo>
<en>Goodbye, horse.</en>
<jbo>fi'i la frank. .e la djordj.</jbo>
<!-- ^^ fi'i, 324 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fi'i</primary></indexterm>
<en>Welcome, Frank and George!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example2" />says farewell to something which doesn't really have to be a horse, something that the speaker simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, for example) who is named
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example2" /> says farewell to something which doesn't really have to be a horse, something that the speaker simply thinks of as being a horse, or even might be something (a person, for example) who is named
<quote>Horse</quote>. In a sense,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example2" />is ambiguous between
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example2" /> is ambiguous between
<quote>co'o le xirma</quote> and
<quote>co'o la xirma</quote>, a relatively safe semantic ambiguity, since names are ambiguous in general: saying
<quote>George</quote> doesn't distinguish between the possible Georges.</para>
<para>Similarly,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example1" />can be thought of as an abbreviation of:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example1" /> can be thought of as an abbreviation of:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-oWPU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e9d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section9-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi la frank.</jbo>
<en>Hello, the-one-named
<quote>Frank</quote>.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Syntactically, vocative phrases are a kind of free modifier, and can appear in many places in Lojban text, generally at the beginning or end of some complete construct; or, as in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example1" />to
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example1" /> to
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example3" />, as sentences by themselves.</para>
<para>As can be seen, the form of vocative phrases is similar to that of sumti, and as you might expect, vocative phrases allow relative clauses in various places. In vocative phrases which are simple names (after the vocative words), any relative clauses must come just after the names:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-xECX">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e9d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section9-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>coi. frank. poi xunre se bende</jbo>
<gloss>Hello, Frank who is-a-red team-member</gloss>
<en>Hello, Frank from the Red Team!</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The restrictive relative clause in
<!-- ^^ restrictive relative clause: definition, 171 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>restrictive relative clause</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example5" />suggests that there is some other Frank (perhaps on the Green Team) from whom this Frank, the one the speaker is greeting, must be distinguished.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example5" /> suggests that there is some other Frank (perhaps on the Green Team) from whom this Frank, the one the speaker is greeting, must be distinguished.</para>
<para>A vocative phrase containing a selbri can have relative clauses either before or after the selbri; both forms have the same meaning. Here are some examples:</para>
<!-- ^^ vocative phrase: as a free modifier, 135; effect of position on meaning, 137; elidable terminator for, 137; explicit quantifiers prohibited on, 136; forms of, 136; implicit descriptor on, 136; implicit quantifiers on, 136; purpose of, 136; relative clauses on, 184; with complete sumti, 136; with sumti without descriptor, 136 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>vocative phrase</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Aa7B">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e9d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section9-example6" />
<anchor xml:id="c8e9d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section9-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>co'o poi mi zvati ke'a ku'o xirma</jbo>
<gloss>Goodbye, such-that-(I am-at IT) horse</gloss>
<en>Goodbye, horse where I am!</en>
<jbo>co'o xirma poi mi zvati</jbo>
<en>Goodbye, horse such-that-(I am-at-it).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example6" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example7" />mean the same thing. In fact, relative clauses can appear in both places.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example6" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section9-example7" /> mean the same thing. In fact, relative clauses can appear in both places.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section10">
<title>Relative clauses within relative clauses</title>
<para>For the most part, these are straightforward and uncomplicated: a sumti that is part of a relative clause bridi may itself be modified by a relative clause:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-TGiu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c8e10d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section10-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1482,21 +1482,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter8-section10-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le prenu poi ke'a goi ko'a zo'u ko'a zvati le kumfa</jbo>
<gloss>poi ke'a goi ko'e zo'u ko'a zbasu ke'a cu masno</gloss>
<gloss>The man who (IT = it1 : it1 is-in the room</gloss>
<en>which (IT = it2 : it1 built it2) is-slow.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section10-example3" />is more verbose than
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section10-example3" /> is more verbose than
<xref linkend="cll_chapter8-section10-example2" />, but may be clearer, since it explicitly spells out the two
<quote>ke'a</quote> cmavo, each on its own level, and assigns them to the assignable cmavo
<quote>ko'a</quote> and
<quote>ko'e</quote>(explained in Chapter
<xref linkend="cll_chapter6" />).</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter8-section11">
<title>Index of relative clause cmavo</title>
<para>Relative clause introducers (selma'o NOI):</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
diff --git a/todocbook/9.xml b/todocbook/9.xml
index 9cbd376..60cbe53 100644
--- a/todocbook/9.xml
+++ b/todocbook/9.xml
@@ -77,22 +77,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section2-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi la bastn. cu klama la .atlantas. le dargu le karce</jbo>
<en>I to-Boston go from-Atlanta via-the road using-the car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>All of the variant forms in this section and following sections can be used to place emphasis on the part or parts which have been moved out of their standard places. Thus,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example2" />places emphasis on the selbri (because it is at the end);
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example3" />emphasizes
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example2" /> places emphasis on the selbri (because it is at the end);
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example3" /> emphasizes
<quote>la bastn.</quote>, because it has been moved before the selbri. Moving more than one component may dilute this emphasis. It is permitted, but no stylistic significance has yet been established for drastic reordering.</para>
<para>In all these examples, the cmavo
<quote>cu</quote>(belonging to selma'o CU) is used to separate the selbri from any preceding sumti. It is never absolutely necessary to use
<quote>cu</quote>. However, providing it helps the reader or listener to locate the selbri quickly, and may make it possible to place a complex sumti just before the selbri, allowing the speaker to omit elidable terminators, possibly a whole stream of them, that would otherwise be necessary.</para>
<!-- ^^ elidable terminators: list, 486 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>elidable terminators</primary></indexterm>
<para>The general rule, then, is that the selbri may occur anywhere in the bridi as long as the sumti maintain their order. The only exception (and it is an important one) is that if the selbri appears first, the x1 sumti is taken to have been omitted:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-aQtM">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d4" />
@@ -107,55 +107,55 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Boston from Atlanta</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the x1 place is empty: the listener must guess from context who is going to Boston. In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example4" />,
<quote>klama</quote> is glossed
<quote>a goer</quote> rather than
<quote>go</quote> because
<quote>Go</quote> at the beginning of an English sentence would suggest a command:
<quote>Go to Boston!</quote>.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example4" />is not a command, simply a normal statement with the x1 place unspecified, causing the emphasis to fall on the selbri
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example4" /> is not a command, simply a normal statement with the x1 place unspecified, causing the emphasis to fall on the selbri
<quote>klama</quote>. Such a bridi, with empty x1, is called an
<quote>observative</quote>, because it usually calls on the listener to observe something in the environment which would belong in the x1 place. The third translation above shows this observative nature. Sometimes it is the relationship itself which the listener is asked to observe.</para>
<!-- ^^ observative: contrasted with observation evidential, 316; definition, 188 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observative</primary></indexterm>
<para>(There is a way to both provide a sumti for the x1 place and put the selbri first in the bridi: see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3-example7" />.)</para>
<para>Suppose the speaker desires to omit a place other than the x1 place? (Presumably it is obvious or, for one reason or another, not worth saying.) Places at the end may simply be dropped:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-5Eqa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section2-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas.</jbo>
<en>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta (via an unspecified route, using an unspecified means).</en>
<!-- ^^ unspecified route: example, 189 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>unspecified route</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example5" />has empty x4 and x5 places: the speaker does not specify the route or the means of transport. However, simple omission will not work for a place when the places around it are to be specified: in</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example5" /> has empty x4 and x5 places: the speaker does not specify the route or the means of transport. However, simple omission will not work for a place when the places around it are to be specified: in</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-jh7T">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e2d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section2-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi klama la bastn. la .atlantas. le karce</jbo>
<en>I go to-Boston from-Atlanta via-the car.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<quote>le karce</quote> occupies the x4 place, and therefore
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example6" />means:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example6" /> means:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
I go to Boston from Atlanta, using the car as a route.
<!-- ^^ go to Boston from Atlanta: example, 187 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>go to Boston from Atlanta</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ Boston from Atlanta: example, 187 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Boston from Atlanta</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<para>This is nonsense, since a car cannot be a route. What the speaker presumably meant is expressed by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-tqoQ">
<title>
@@ -234,21 +234,21 @@
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3-example1" />, the tag
<quote>fu</quote> before
<quote>le karce</quote> clarifies that
<quote>le karce</quote> occupies the x5 place of
<quote>klama</quote>. The use of
<quote>fu</quote> tells us nothing about the purpose or meaning of the x5 place; it simply says that
<quote>le karce</quote> occupies it.</para>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3-example1" />, the tags are overkill; they serve only to make
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example1" />even longer than it is. Here is a better illustration of the use of FA tags for clarification:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example1" /> even longer than it is. Here is a better illustration of the use of FA tags for clarification:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-3CPJ">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section3-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fa mi klama fe le zdani be mi be'o poi nurma vau fi la nu,IORK.</jbo>
<en>x1= I go x2= (the house of me) which is-rural x3= New York.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -274,37 +274,37 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>klama fa mi fi la .atlantas. fu le karce fe la bastn. fo le dargu</jbo>
<gloss>go x1= I x3= Atlanta x5= the car x2= Boston x4= the road.</gloss>
<en>Go I from Atlanta using the car to Boston via the road.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that no
<quote>cu</quote> is permitted before the selbri in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3-example3" />, because
<quote>cu</quote> separates the selbri from any preceding sumti, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3-example3" />has no such sumti.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3-example3" /> has no such sumti.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-fG8R">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section3-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>fu le karce fo le dargu fi la .atlantas. fe la bastn. cu klama fa mi</jbo>
<gloss>x5= the car x4= the road x3= Atlanta x2= Boston go x1=I</gloss>
<en>Using the car, via the road, from Atlanta to Boston go I.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3-example4" />exhibits the reverse of the standard bridi form seen in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3-example4" /> exhibits the reverse of the standard bridi form seen in
<!-- ^^ standard bridi form: definition, 188 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>standard bridi form</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example1" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section2-example1" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section3-example1" />, but still means exactly the same thing. If the FA tags were left out, however, producing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-j7Nu">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e3d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section3-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le karce le dargu la .atlantas. la bastn. cu klama mi</jbo>
<gloss>The car to-the road from-Atlanta via-Boston goes using-me.</gloss>
<en>The car goes to the road from Atlanta, with Boston as the route, using me as a means of transport.</en>
@@ -499,29 +499,29 @@
<jbo>la bastn. cu se klama mi</jbo>
<gloss>Boston is-the-destination of-me.</gloss>
<gloss>Boston is my destination.</gloss>
<en>Boston is gone to by me.</en>
<jbo>fe la bastn. cu klama fa mi</jbo>
<gloss>x2 = Boston go x1=I.</gloss>
<en>To Boston go I.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example2" />mean the same thing, in the sense that there is a relationship of going with the speaker as the agent and Boston as the destination (and with unspecified origin, route, and means). Structurally, however, they are quite different.
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example2" /> mean the same thing, in the sense that there is a relationship of going with the speaker as the agent and Boston as the destination (and with unspecified origin, route, and means). Structurally, however, they are quite different.
<!-- ^^ the destination: example, 193 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>the destination</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example1" />has
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example1" /> has
<quote>la bastn.</quote> in the x1 place and
<quote>mi</quote> in the x2 place of the selbri
<quote>se klama</quote>, and uses standard bridi order;
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example2" />has
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example2" /> has
<quote>mi</quote> in the x1 place and
<quote>la bastn.</quote> in the x2 place of the selbri
<quote>klama</quote>, and uses a non-standard order.</para>
<para>The most important use of conversion is in the construction of descriptions. A description is a sumti which begins with a cmavo of selma'o LA or LE, called the descriptor, and contains (in the simplest case) a selbri. We have already seen the descriptions
<quote>le dargu</quote> and
<quote>le karce</quote>. To this we could add:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-3YoA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e4d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section4-example3" />
@@ -563,21 +563,21 @@
<en>the origin of someone's going</en>
<jbo>le ve klama</jbo>
<!-- ^^ ve klama, 193; contrasted with pluta, 193 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ve klama</primary></indexterm>
<en>the route of someone's going</en>
<jbo>le xe klama</jbo>
<en>the means by which someone goes</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example6" />does not mean
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example6" /> does not mean
<quote>the route</quote> plain and simple: that is
<quote>le pluta</quote>, using a different selbri. It means a route that is used by someone for an act of
<!-- ^^ pluta, 193; contrasted with ve klama, 193 -->
<!-- ^^ ve klama, 193; contrasted with pluta, 193 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ve klama</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pluta</primary></indexterm>
<quote>klama</quote>; that is, a journey with origin and destination. A
<quote>road</quote> on Mars, on which no one has traveled or is ever likely to, may be called
<quote>le pluta</quote>, but it cannot be
<!-- ^^ pluta, 193; contrasted with ve klama, 193 -->
@@ -611,21 +611,21 @@
<quote>zdani</quote> is:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
zdani: x1 is a house/nest/lair/den for inhabitant x2
</programlisting>
<para>The place structure of
<quote>se ke blanu zdani [ke'e]</quote> is therefore:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
x1 is the inhabitant of the blue house (etc.) x2
</programlisting>
<para>Consequently,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example8" />means:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section4-example8" /> means:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
I am the inhabitant of the blue house which is this thing.
</programlisting>
<para>Conversion applied to only part of a tanru has subtler effects which are explained in
<xref linkend="selbri" />.</para>
<para>It is grammatical to convert a selbri more than once with SE; later (inner) conversions are applied before earlier (outer) ones. For example, the place structure of
<quote>se te klama</quote> is achieved by exchanging the x1 and x2 place of
<!-- ^^ se te, 194 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>se te</primary></indexterm>
<quote>te klama</quote>, producing:</para>
@@ -715,27 +715,27 @@
<quote>modal sumti</quote>; the purely Lojban terms
<!-- ^^ modal sumti: and FA marking, 195; as first place of modal tag selbri, 195; definition (see also seltcita sumti), 195; effect on place structure, 195; leaving vague, 201; position in bridi, 195; unspecified, 201 -->
<!-- ^^ seltcita sumti: definition (see also modal sumti), 195 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>seltcita sumti</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>sumti tcita</quote> and
<quote>seltcita sumti</quote>, respectively, are also commonly used. Modal sumti may be placed anywhere within the bridi, in any order; they have no effect whatever on the rules for assigning unmarked bridi to numbered places, and they may not be marked with FA cmavo.</para>
<!-- ^^ seltcita sumti: definition (see also modal sumti), 195 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>seltcita sumti</primary></indexterm>
<para>Consider
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5-example1" />again. Another way to view the situation is to consider the speaker's left eye as a tool, a tool for seeing. The relevant selbri then becomes
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5-example1" /> again. Another way to view the situation is to consider the speaker's left eye as a tool, a tool for seeing. The relevant selbri then becomes
<quote>pilno</quote>, whose place structure is</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
pilno: x1 uses x2 as a tool for purpose x3
</programlisting>
<para>and we can rewrite
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5-example1" />as</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5-example1" /> as</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Lu15">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e5d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section5-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska do fi'o se pilno le zunle kanla</jbo>
<gloss>I see you [modal] [conversion] use: the left eye.</gloss>
<en>I see you using my left eye.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -768,21 +768,21 @@
<!-- ^^ sepi'o, 195 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sepi'o</primary></indexterm>
<para>Here
<quote>se</quote> is used before a cmavo, namely
<quote>pi'o</quote>, rather than before a brivla. The meaning of this cmavo, which belongs to selma'o BAI, is exactly the same as that of
<!-- ^^ pi'o, 195 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pi'o</primary></indexterm>
<quote>fi'o pilno fe'u</quote>. Since what we want is a tag based on
<quote>se pilno</quote> rather than
<quote>pilno</quote>- the tool, not the tool user - the grammar allows a BAI cmavo to be converted using a SE cmavo.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5-example2" />may therefore be rewritten as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section5-example2" /> may therefore be rewritten as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-N32m">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section6-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi viska do sepi'o le zunle kanla</jbo>
<!-- ^^ sepi'o, 195 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sepi'o</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>I see you with-tool: the left eye</gloss>
@@ -828,21 +828,21 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ka'a</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>Avon sells a-mass-of face paint with-goer me.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ Avon: example, 196 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Avon</primary></indexterm>
<en>I am a traveling cosmetics salesperson for Avon.</en>
<!-- ^^ Avon: example, 196 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Avon</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>(
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section6-example2" />may seem a bit strained, but it illustrates the way in which an existing selbri,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section6-example2" /> may seem a bit strained, but it illustrates the way in which an existing selbri,
<quote>vecnu</quote> in this case, may have a place added to it which might otherwise seem utterly unrelated.)</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-sE2t">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section6-example3" />
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section6-example4" />
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section6-example5" />
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d6" />
@@ -879,21 +879,21 @@
<quote>by means of</quote>. The BAI cmavo, however, are far more precise than English prepositions, because their meanings are fixed by the place structures of the corresponding gismu.</para>
<!-- ^^ prepositions: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>prepositions</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ English prepositions: contrasted with modal tags in preciseness, 196 -->
<!-- ^^ prepositions: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>prepositions</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>English prepositions</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ prepositions: cmavo as Lojban equivalents, 50 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>prepositions</primary></indexterm>
<para>All BAI cmavo have the form CV'V or CVV. Most of them are CV'V, where the C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu and the two Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The table in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section16" />shows the exceptions.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section16" /> shows the exceptions.</para>
<para>There is one additional BAI cmavo that is not derived from a gismu:
<quote>do'e</quote>. This cmavo is used when an extra place is needed, but it seems useful to be vague about the semantic implications of the extra place:</para>
<!-- ^^ do'e, 197; compared with English of, 197 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>do'e</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-2vMd">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e6d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section6-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -901,21 +901,21 @@
<!-- ^^ do'e, 197; compared with English of, 197 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>do'e</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>Some man [related to] the north came to-the city.</gloss>
<en>A man of the north came to the city.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here
<quote>le berti</quote> is provided as a modal place of the selbri
<quote>nanmu</quote>, but its exact significance is vague, and is paralleled in the colloquial translation by the vague English preposition
<quote>of</quote>.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section6-example7" />also illustrates a modal place bound into a selbri with
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section6-example7" /> also illustrates a modal place bound into a selbri with
<quote>be</quote>. This construction is useful when the selbri of a description requires a modal place; this and other uses of
<quote>be</quote> are more fully explained in
<xref linkend="selbri" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section7">
<title>Modal sentence connection: the causals</title>
<!-- ^^ causals: claiming the relation contrasted with claiming cause and/or effect and/or relation, 198; gismu, 197; modal, 197 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>causals</primary></indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
@@ -1013,26 +1013,26 @@
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ni'i</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>Socrates dead-became with-logical-justification Socrates is-human.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ Socrates: example, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Socrates</primary></indexterm>
<en>Socrates died because Socrates is human.</en>
<!-- ^^ Socrates: example, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Socrates</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example1" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example1" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example4" />, the same English word
<quote>because</quote> is used to translate all four modals, but the types of cause being expressed are quite different. Let us now focus on
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example1" />, and explore some variations on it.</para>
<para>As written,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example1" />claims that the plant grows, but only refers to the event of watering it in an abstraction bridi (abstractions are explained in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example1" /> claims that the plant grows, but only refers to the event of watering it in an abstraction bridi (abstractions are explained in
<!-- ^^ abstraction bridi: contrasted with component non-abstraction bridi in meaning, 98; effect on claim of bridi, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>abstraction bridi</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter11" />) without actually making a claim. If I express
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example1" />, I have said that the plant in fact grows, but I have not said that you actually water it, merely that there is a causal relationship between watering and growing. This is semantically asymmetrical. Suppose I wanted to claim that the plant was being watered, and only mention its growth as ancillary information? Then we could reverse the main bridi and the abstraction bridi, saying:</para>
<!-- ^^ abstraction bridi: contrasted with component non-abstraction bridi in meaning, 98; effect on claim of bridi, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>abstraction bridi</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ibro">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section7-example5" />
@@ -1086,56 +1086,56 @@
</example>
<para>The compound cmavo
<quote>.iri'abo</quote> and
<!-- ^^ iri'abo, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>iri'abo</primary></indexterm>
<quote>.iseri'abo</quote> serve to connect two bridi, as the initial
<quote>.i</quote> indicates. The final
<quote>bo</quote> is necessary to prevent the modal from
<quote>taking over</quote> the following sumti. If the
<quote>bo</quote> were omitted from
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example7" />we would have:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example7" /> we would have:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Wo6K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e7d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section7-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le spati cu banro .i ri'a do djacu dunda fi le spati</jbo>
<gloss>The plant grows. Because of you, [something] water-gives to the plant.</gloss>
<en>The plant grows. Because of you, water is given to the plant.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Because
<quote>ri'a do</quote> is a modal sumti in
<!-- ^^ modal sumti: and FA marking, 195; as first place of modal tag selbri, 195; definition (see also seltcita sumti), 195; effect on place structure, 195; leaving vague, 201; position in bridi, 195; unspecified, 201 -->
<!-- ^^ seltcita sumti: definition (see also modal sumti), 195 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>seltcita sumti</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal sumti</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example9" />, there is no longer an explicit sumti in the x1 place of
<quote>djacu dunda</quote>, and the translation must be changed.</para>
<para>The effect of sentences like
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example7" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example8" />is that the modal,
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example7" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example8" /> is that the modal,
<quote>ri'a</quote> in this example, no longer modifies an explicit sumti. Instead, the sumti is implicit, the event given by a full bridi. Furthermore, there is a second implication: that the first bridi fills the x2 place of the gismu
<quote>rinka</quote>; it specifies an event which is the effect. I am therefore claiming three things: that the plant grows, that you have watered it, and that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two.</para>
<para>In principle, any modal tag can appear in a sentence connective of the type exemplified by
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example8" />. However, it makes little sense to use any modals which do not expect events or other abstractions to fill the places of the corresponding gismu. The sentence connective
<quote>.ibaubo</quote> is perfectly grammatical, but it is hard to imagine any two sentences which could be connected by an
<quote>in-language</quote> modal. This is because a sentence describes an event, and an event can be a cause or an effect, but not a language.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8">
<title>Other modal connections</title>
<para>Like many Lojban grammatical constructions, sentence modal connection has both forethought and afterthought forms. (See
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />for a more detailed discussion of Lojban connectives.)
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7" />exemplifies only afterthought modal connection, illustrated here by:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> for a more detailed discussion of Lojban connectives.)
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7" /> exemplifies only afterthought modal connection, illustrated here by:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-2D4c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jgari lei djacu .iri'abo mi jgari le kabri</jbo>
<!-- ^^ iri'abo, 198 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>iri'abo</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>I grasp the-mass-of water with-physical-cause I grasp the cup.</gloss>
@@ -1149,21 +1149,21 @@
<quote>both</quote> and
<quote>and</quote> in the first half of this sentence represents a forethought connection (though not a modal one).</para>
<!-- ^^ forethought connection: contrasted with afterthought for grammatical utterances, 352; definition, 199; in abstractions, 365; in tenses, 363; observatives, 347; of operands, 453; of operators, 453 -->
<!-- ^^ observatives: and abstractions, 255; quick-tour version, 15 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>observatives</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought connection</primary></indexterm>
<para>To make forethought modal sentence connections in Lojban, place the modal plus
<quote>gi</quote> before the first bridi, and
<quote>gi</quote> between the two. No
<quote>.i</quote> is used within the construct. The forethought equivalent of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example1" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example1" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-d2b9">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ri'agi mi jgari le kabri gi mi jgari lei djacu</jbo>
<gloss>With-physical-cause I grasp the cup, I grasp the-mass-of water.</gloss>
<en>Because I grasp the cup, I grasp the water.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1197,22 +1197,22 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi jgari ri'agi le kabri gi lei djacu</jbo>
<en>I grasp because the cup, the-mass-of water.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example4" />means exactly the same as
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example1" />through
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example4" /> means exactly the same as
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example1" /> through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example3" />, but there is no idiomatic English translation that will distinguish it from them.</para>
<para>If the two connected bridi are different in more than one sumti, then a termset may be employed. Termsets are explained more fully in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />, but are essentially a mechanism for creating connections between multiple sumti simultaneously.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-LetE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi dunda le cukta la djan. .imu'ibo la djan. dunda lei jdini mi</jbo>
@@ -1229,49 +1229,49 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>nu'i mu'igi mi le cukta la djan. gi la djan. lei jdini mi nu'u dunda</jbo>
<en>[start] because I, the book, John; John, the-mass-of money, me [end] gives.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here there are three sumti in each half of the termset, because the two bridi share only their selbri.</para>
<para>There is no modal connection between selbri as such: bridi which differ only in the selbri can be modally connected using bridi-tail modal connection. The bridi-tail construct is more fully explained in
<!-- ^^ bridi-tail modal connection, 200 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bridi-tail modal connection</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />, but essentially it consists of a selbri with optional sumti following it.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example3" />is suitable for bridi-tail connection, and could be shortened to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7-example3" /> is suitable for bridi-tail connection, and could be shortened to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Do9b">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mu'igi viska le cukta gi lebna le cukta</jbo>
<en>I, because saw the book, took the book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Again, no straightforward English translation exists. It is even possible to shorten
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example7" />further to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example7" /> further to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-YXps">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi mu'igi viska gi lebna vau le cukta</jbo>
<en>I because saw, therefore took, the book.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>where
<quote>le cukta</quote> is set off by the non-elidable
<quote>vau</quote> and is made to belong to both bridi-tails - see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />for more explanations.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> for more explanations.</para>
<para>Since this is a chapter on rearranging sumti, it is worth pointing out that
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example8" />can be further rearranged to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example8" /> can be further rearranged to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Pxca">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e8d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section8-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi le cukta mu'igi viska gi lebna</jbo>
<en>I, the book, because saw, therefore took.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1300,53 +1300,53 @@
<en>the-number</en>
<jbo>= the-number because ( 2 + 2 ) therefore 4.</jbo>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>vei</quote> and
<quote>ve'o</quote> represent mathematical parentheses, and are required so that
<quote>ni'igi</quote> affects more than just the immediately following operand, namely the first
<quote>re</quote>. (The right parenthesis,
<quote>ve'o</quote>, is an elidable terminator.) As usual, no English translation does
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example11" />justice.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8-example11" /> justice.</para>
<para>Note: Due to restrictions on the Lojban parsing algorithm, it is not possible to form modal connectives using the
<!-- ^^ modal connectives: fi'o prohibited in, 201 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal connectives</primary></indexterm>
<quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri form of modal. Only the predefined modals of selma'o BAI can be compounded as shown in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section8" />.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section9">
<title>Modal selbri</title>
<para>Consider the example:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-bT4c">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section9-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai tu'a la frank.</jbo>
<gloss>I speak in-language Lojban with-compeller some-act-by Frank.</gloss>
<en>I speak in Lojban, under compulsion by Frank.</en>
<!-- ^^ under compulsion: example, 201 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>under compulsion</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section9-example1" />has two modal sumti, using the modals
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section9-example1" /> has two modal sumti, using the modals
<!-- ^^ modal sumti: and FA marking, 195; as first place of modal tag selbri, 195; definition (see also seltcita sumti), 195; effect on place structure, 195; leaving vague, 201; position in bridi, 195; unspecified, 201 -->
<!-- ^^ seltcita sumti: definition (see also modal sumti), 195 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>seltcita sumti</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>bau</quote> and
<quote>bai</quote>. Suppose we wanted to specify the language explicitly but be vague about who's doing the compelling. We can simplify
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section9-example1" />to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section9-example1" /> to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-dbSy">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section9-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi tavla bau la lojban. bai [ku].</jbo>
<en>I speak in-language Lojban under-compulsion.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1386,21 +1386,21 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section9-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bai tavla bau la lojban.</jbo>
<en>I compelledly speak in-language Lojban.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In this use, the modal is like a tanru modifier semantically, although grammatically it is quite distinct.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section9-example5" />is very similar in meaning to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section9-example5" /> is very similar in meaning to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-pVUT">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section9-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi se bapli tavla bau la lojban.</jbo>
<en>I compelledly-speak in-language Lojban.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1418,21 +1418,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section9-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi fi'o kanla fe'u viska do</jbo>
<gloss>I with-eye see you.</gloss>
<en>I see you with my eye(s).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>There are two other uses of modals. A modal can be attached to a pair of bridi-tails that have already been connected by a logical, non-logical, or modal connection (see
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />for more on logical and non-logical connections):</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> for more on logical and non-logical connections):</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-vCzL">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e9d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section9-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi bai ke ge klama le zarci gi cadzu le bisli [ke'e]</jbo>
<!-- ^^ bai ke, 202 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>bai ke</primary></indexterm>
<gloss>I under-compulsion (both go to-the market and walk on-the ice).</gloss>
@@ -1525,22 +1525,22 @@
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example2" />, however,
<quote>la .apasionatas.</quote> refers to the sonata as a whole, and the information that it was composed by Beethoven is merely incidental. The cmavo
<!-- ^^ Beethoven: example, 202 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Beethoven</primary></indexterm>
<quote>noi</quote>(also of selma'o NOI) expresses the incidental nature of this relationship.</para>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>pe</quote> and
<quote>ne</quote>(of selma'o GOI) are roughly equivalent to
<quote>poi</quote> and
<quote>noi</quote> respectively, but are followed by sumti rather than full bridi. We can abbreviate
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example2" />to:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example2" /> to:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JtC7">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section10-example3" />
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section10-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas pe la .artr. rubnstain. se nelci mi</jbo>
<en>The Appassionata of Arthur Rubinstein is-liked-by me.</en>
@@ -1563,22 +1563,22 @@
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example4" />), and that the relationships are respectively restrictive and incidental.</para>
<para>It happens that both
<quote>cusku</quote> and
<quote>finti</quote> have BAI cmavo, namely
<quote>cu'u</quote> and
<!-- ^^ cu'u, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>cu'u</primary></indexterm>
<quote>fi'e</quote>. We can recast
<!-- ^^ fi'e, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fi'e</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example3" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example4" />as:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example3" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example4" /> as:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-oIoY">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section10-example5" />
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section10-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .apasionatas pe cu'u la .artr. rubnstain. cu se nelci mi</jbo>
<!-- ^^ cu'u, 203 -->
@@ -1590,24 +1590,24 @@
<!-- ^^ fi'e, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>fi'e</primary></indexterm>
<en>The Appassionata, invented-by Beethoven, is-liked-by me.</en>
<!-- ^^ Beethoven: example, 202 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Beethoven</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ Appassionata: example, 202 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>Appassionata</primary></indexterm>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example5" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example6" />have the full semantic content of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example2" />respectively.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example5" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example6" /> have the full semantic content of
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example2" /> respectively.</para>
<para>Modal relative phrases are often used with the BAI cmavo
<quote>mau</quote> and
<!-- ^^ mau, 203, 432; avoiding in favor of seme'a, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mau</primary></indexterm>
<quote>me'a</quote>, which are based on the comparative gismu
<!-- ^^ me'a, 203; avoiding in favor of semau, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>me'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>zmadu</quote>(more than) and
<quote>mleca</quote>(less than) respectively. The place structures are:</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
@@ -1620,69 +1620,69 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section10-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. nelci la betis. ne semau la meiris.</jbo>
<gloss>Frank likes Betty, which-is more-than Mary.</gloss>
<en>Frank likes Betty more than (he likes) Mary.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example7" />requires that Frank likes Betty, but adds the information that his liking for Betty exceeds his liking for Mary. The modal appears in the form
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example7" /> requires that Frank likes Betty, but adds the information that his liking for Betty exceeds his liking for Mary. The modal appears in the form
<quote>semau</quote> because the x2 place of
<quote>zmadu</quote> is the basis for comparison: in this case, Frank's liking for Mary.</para>
<!-- ^^ comparison: claims related to based on form, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>comparison</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ basis: example, 317 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>basis</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-ecf1">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section10-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. nelci la meiris. ne seme'a la betis.</jbo>
<gloss>Frank likes Mary, which-is less-than Betty.</gloss>
<en>Frank likes Mary less than (he likes) Betty.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here we are told that Frank likes Mary less than he likes Betty; the information about the comparison is the same. It would be possible to rephrase
<!-- ^^ comparison: claims related to based on form, 204 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>comparison</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example7" />using
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example7" /> using
<quote>me'a</quote> rather than
<!-- ^^ me'a, 203; avoiding in favor of semau, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>me'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>semau</quote>, and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example8" />using
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example8" /> using
<quote>mau</quote> rather than
<!-- ^^ mau, 203, 432; avoiding in favor of seme'a, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mau</primary></indexterm>
<quote>seme'a</quote>, but such usage would be unnecessarily confusing. Like many BAI cmavo,
<quote>mau</quote> and
<!-- ^^ mau, 203, 432; avoiding in favor of seme'a, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>mau</primary></indexterm>
<quote>me'a</quote> are more useful when converted with
<!-- ^^ me'a, 203; avoiding in favor of semau, 203 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>me'a</primary></indexterm>
<quote>se</quote>.</para>
<para>If the
<quote>ne</quote> were omitted in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example8" />, the modal sumti (
<!-- ^^ modal sumti: and FA marking, 195; as first place of modal tag selbri, 195; definition (see also seltcita sumti), 195; effect on place structure, 195; leaving vague, 201; position in bridi, 195; unspecified, 201 -->
<!-- ^^ seltcita sumti: definition (see also modal sumti), 195 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>seltcita sumti</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal sumti</primary></indexterm>
<quote>la meiris.</quote> and
<quote>la betis.</quote> respectively) would become attached to the bridi as a whole, producing a very different translation.
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example8" />would become:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section10-example8" /> would become:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-5QHA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e10d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section10-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. nelci la meiris. seme'a la betis.</jbo>
<gloss>Frank likes Mary is-less-than Betty.</gloss>
<en>Frank's liking Mary is less than Betty.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1744,60 +1744,60 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section11-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .iki'ubo mi nelci la djein.</jbo>
<en>I like you. Justified-by I like Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The meanings of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example2" />can be simultaneously expressed by combining the two compound cmavo, thus:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example2" /> can be simultaneously expressed by combining the two compound cmavo, thus:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-W3Le">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section11-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .ijeki'ubo mi nelci la djein.</jbo>
<en>I like you. And justified-by I like Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Here the two sentences
<quote>mi nelci do</quote> and
<quote>mi nelci la djein.</quote> are simultaneously asserted, their logical connection is asserted, and their causal relationship is asserted. The logical connective
<quote>je</quote> comes before the modal
<quote>ki'u</quote> in all such mixed connections.</para>
<!-- ^^ ki'u, 197 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>ki'u</primary></indexterm>
<para>Since
<quote>mi nelci do</quote> and
<quote>mi nelci la djein.</quote> differ only in the final sumti, we can transform
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example3" />into a mixed sumti connection:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example3" /> into a mixed sumti connection:</para>
<!-- ^^ sumti connection: afterthought, 340; forethought, 341 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>sumti connection</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gE1z">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section11-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do .eki'ubo la djein.</jbo>
<en>I like you and/because Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>Note that this connection is an afterthought one. Mixed connectives are always afterthought; forethought connectives must be either logical or modal.</para>
<!-- ^^ forethought connectives: with tense, 364 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>forethought connectives</primary></indexterm>
<para>There are numerous other afterthought logical and non-logical connectives that can have modal information planted within them. For example, a bridi-tail connected version of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example4" />would be:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example4" /> would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-7LmA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e11d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section11-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do gi'eki'ubo nelci la djein.</jbo>
<en>I like you and/because like Jane.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1827,21 +1827,21 @@
<gloss>.eseri'ake le gerku .adu'ibo le mlatu [ke'e]</gloss>
<gloss>I carry the sack</gloss>
<gloss>and [effect] (the cat and/or [equal] the dog).</gloss>
<en>I carry the sack, and as a result the cat or the dog equally.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example6" />, the
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> brackets are the equivalent of the
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> brackets in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example7" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example7" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section11-example8" />, because
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> cannot extend across more than one sentence. It would also be possible to change the
<quote>.ijeseri'abo</quote> to
<quote>.ije seri'a</quote>, which would show that the
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> portion was an effect, but would not pin down the
<quote>mi bevri le dakli</quote> portion as the cause. It is legal for a modal (or a tense; see
<xref linkend="cll_chapter10" />) to modify the whole of a
<quote>tu'e ... tu'u</quote> construct.</para>
<para>Note: The uses of modals discussed in this section are applicable both to BAI modals and to
<quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri modals.</para>
@@ -1878,21 +1878,21 @@
<quote>mi</quote> and an explicit
<quote>bau</quote> place occupied by
<quote>la lojban.</quote> To exchange these two, we use a modal conversion operator consisting of
<!-- ^^ modal conversion: access to original first place with fai, 206; grammar of, 206; place structure of, 206; with no modal specified, 206 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal conversion</primary></indexterm>
<quote>jai</quote>(of selma'o JAI) followed by the modal cmavo. Thus, the modal conversion of
<!-- ^^ modal conversion: access to original first place with fai, 206; grammar of, 206; place structure of, 206; with no modal specified, 206 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal conversion</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ modal cmavo: basis in gismu place structure, 210; list of irregular derivation, 209; position relative to selbri, 104; regular form for derivation, 208; table with English equivalents, 210 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>modal cmavo</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section12-example1" />is:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section12-example1" /> is:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KjyW">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e12d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section12-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la lojban. jai bau cusku fai mi</jbo>
<en>Lojban is-the-language-of-expression used-by me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1952,40 +1952,40 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e13d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section13-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>mi nelci do mu'inai le nu do nelci mi</jbo>
<en>I like you, but not because you like me.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section13-example1" />denies that the relationship between my liking you (which is asserted) and your liking me (which is not asserted) is one of motivation. Nothing is said about whether you like me or not, merely that that hypothetical liking is not the motivation for my liking you.</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section13-example1" /> denies that the relationship between my liking you (which is asserted) and your liking me (which is not asserted) is one of motivation. Nothing is said about whether you like me or not, merely that that hypothetical liking is not the motivation for my liking you.</para>
<para>Scalar negation is achieved by prefixing
<quote>na'e</quote>(of selma'o NAhE), or any of the other cmavo of NAhE, to the BAI cmavo.</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-9WC5">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e13d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section13-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le spati cu banro na'emu'i le nu</jbo>
<gloss>do djacu dunda fi le spati</gloss>
<gloss>The plant grows other-than-motivated-by the event-of</gloss>
<en>you water-give to the plant.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section13-example2" />says that the relationship between the plant's growth and your watering it is not one of motivation: the plant is not motivated to grow, as plants are not something which can have motivation as a rule. Implicitly, some other relationship between watering and growth exists, but
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section13-example2" /> says that the relationship between the plant's growth and your watering it is not one of motivation: the plant is not motivated to grow, as plants are not something which can have motivation as a rule. Implicitly, some other relationship between watering and growth exists, but
<!-- ^^ plants: use of fu'ivla for specific, 61 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>plants</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section13-example2" />doesn't say what it is (presumably
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section13-example2" /> doesn't say what it is (presumably
<quote>ri'a</quote>).</para>
<para>Note: Modals made with
<quote>fi'o</quote> plus a selbri cannot be negated directly. The selbri can itself be negated either with contradictory or with scalar negation, however.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section14">
<title>Sticky modals</title>
<para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ki</cmavo>
@@ -2044,22 +2044,22 @@
</example>
<para>Note: Modals made with
<quote>fi'o</quote>-plus-selbri cannot be made sticky. This is an unfortunate, but unavoidable, restriction.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section15">
<title>Logical and non-logical connection of modals</title>
<!-- ^^ non-logical connection: and elidability of terminators, 354; in mathematical expressions, 361; in tanru, distinguishing from connection of sumti, 354; of individuals into mass, 355; of individuals into set, 355; of modals, 208; of operands, 455; of operators, 455; of sumti, distinguishing from connection in tanru, 354; of termsets, 357 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>non-logical connection</primary></indexterm>
<para>Logical and non-logical connectives are explained in detail in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />. For the purposes of this chapter, it suffices to point out that a logical (or non-logical) connection between two bridi which differ only in a modal can be reduced to a single bridi with a connective between the modals. As a result,
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section15-example1" />and
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section15-example2" />mean the same thing:</para>
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section15-example1" /> and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section15-example2" /> mean the same thing:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-2NAa">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c9e15d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section15-example1" />
<anchor xml:id="c9e15d2" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section15-example2" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani .ije la frank. bajra teka'a le zdani</jbo>
<gloss>Frank runs with-destination the house. And Frank runs with-origin the house.</gloss>
@@ -2075,21 +2075,21 @@
<anchor xml:id="c9e15d3" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter9-section15-example3" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la frank. bajra seka'a le zdani ce'e teka'a le zdani</jbo>
<en>Frank runs with-destination the house [joined-to] with-origin the-house.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>The cmavo
<quote>ce'e</quote> creates a termset containing two terms (termsets are explained in
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" />and
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter14" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter16" />). When a termset contains more than one modal tag derived from a single BAI, the convention is that the two tags are derived from a common event.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter9-section16">
<title>CV'V cmavo of selma'o BAI with irregular forms</title>
<para>There are 65 cmavo of selma'o BAI, of which all but one (
<quote>do'e</quote>, discussed in
<!-- ^^ do'e, 197; compared with English of, 197 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>do'e</primary></indexterm>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter9-section6" />), are derived directly from selected gismu. Of these 64 cmavo, 36 are entirely regular and have the form CV'V, where C is the first consonant of the corresponding gismu, and the Vs are the two vowels of the gismu. The remaining BAI cmavo, which are irregular in one way or another, are listed in the table below. The table is divided into sub-tables according to the nature of the exception; some cmavo appear in more than one sub-table, and are so noted.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
commit 9479823d54aec09e6c2b19f47e475bff8fa5ea3c
Author: Robin Lee Powell <rlpowell@digitalkingdom.org>
Date: Mon Dec 20 00:57:29 2010 -0800
A bit more work on chapter 5
diff --git a/todocbook/14.xml b/todocbook/14.xml
index 860e33f..be5da90 100644
--- a/todocbook/14.xml
+++ b/todocbook/14.xml
@@ -1580,25 +1580,23 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-DG5K">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu blanu je zdani prenu</jbo>
<en>Alice is-a ( blue and house ) type-of-person.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>would be true, because tanru grouping with a jek has higher precedence than unmarked tanru grouping, but:</para>
-<!-- ^^ tanru grouping: complex, 87; effect of tanru inversion on, 96; guheks compared with jeks, 350; three-part, 85; with bo, 87; with ke, 88; with ke and bo, 88 -->
-<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
-<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>effect of jeks</secondary></indexterm>
+ would be true, because tanru grouping with a jek has higher precedence than unmarked tanru grouping, but:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-eh2i">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. cu blanu prenu .ije la .alis. cu zdani prenu</jbo>
<en>Alice is-a blue person, and Alice is-a house person.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
@@ -1615,21 +1613,23 @@
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d8" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example8" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la teris. cu ricfu je nakni jabo fetsi</jbo>
<!-- ^^ jabo, 91 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>jabo</primary></indexterm>
<en>Terry is rich and ( male or female ).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>The components of tanru may be grouped with
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>guheks compared with jeks</secondary></indexterm>
+ The components of tanru may be grouped with
<quote>ke</quote> both before and after a logical connective:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-JdID">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d9" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example9" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .teris. cu [ke] ricfu ja pindi [ke'e] je ke nakni ja fetsi [ke'e]</jbo>
<en>Terry is (rich or poor) and (male or female).</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1660,25 +1660,23 @@
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-mjog">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d10" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example10" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>la .alis. gu'e ricfu gi fetsi</jbo>
<en>Alice is both rich and female.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note that giks are used with guheks in exactly the same way they are used with geks. Like jeks, guheks bind more closely than unmarked tanru grouping does:</para>
-<!-- ^^ tanru grouping: complex, 87; effect of tanru inversion on, 96; guheks compared with jeks, 350; three-part, 85; with bo, 87; with ke, 88; with ke and bo, 88 -->
-<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
-<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary></indexterm>
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>guheks compared with jeks</secondary></indexterm>
+ Note that giks are used with guheks in exactly the same way they are used with geks. Like jeks, guheks bind more closely than unmarked tanru grouping does:</para>
<!-- ^^ guheks: connecting operators, 361; syntax of, 350 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>guheks</primary></indexterm>
<!-- ^^ giks: syntax of, 340 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>giks</primary></indexterm>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-Gyrc">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c14e12d11" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter14-section12-example11" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/20.xml b/todocbook/20.xml
index 6d82d68..c1b1922 100644
--- a/todocbook/20.xml
+++ b/todocbook/20.xml
@@ -99,21 +99,21 @@
<xref linkend="GAhO" />.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
mi ca sanli la drezdn. bi'i la frankfurt.
I [present] stand-on-surface Dresden [interval] Frankfurt.
I am standing between Dresden and Frankfurt.
<!-- ^^ between Dresden and Frankfurt: example, 359, 360, 361 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>between Dresden and Frankfurt</primary></indexterm>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
<anchor xml:id="BO" />selma'o BO (
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3" />,
+ <xref linkend="three-part-tanru" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter15-section6" />,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter18-section17" />)</bridgehead>
<para>Joins tanru units, binding them together closely. Also used to bind logically or non-logically connected phrases, sentences, etc.
<xref linkend="BO" />is always high precedence and right-grouping.</para>
<programlisting xml:space="preserve">
ta cmalu nixli bo ckule
That is-a-small type-of (girl type-of school).
That is a small school for girls.
</programlisting>
<bridgehead>
diff --git a/todocbook/5.xml b/todocbook/5.xml
index 0d8acc0..efec91e 100644
--- a/todocbook/5.xml
+++ b/todocbook/5.xml
@@ -229,28 +229,25 @@
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>are parallel tanru, in the sense that the relationship between
<jbophrase>barda</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase> is the same as that between
<jbophrase>cmalu</jbophrase> and
<jbophrase>prenu</jbophrase>.
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section14" /> and
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section15" /> contain a partial listing of some types of tanru, with examples.</para>
</section>
- <section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section3">
+ <section xml:id="three-part-tanru">
<title>Three-part tanru grouping with
-<!-- ^^ tanru grouping: complex, 87; effect of tanru inversion on, 96; guheks compared with jeks, 350; three-part, 85; with bo, 87; with ke, 88; with ke and bo, 88 -->
-<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
-<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary></indexterm>
<quote>bo</quote></title>
- <para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
+ <indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>three-part</secondary></indexterm>
+ <para>The following cmavo is discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>bo</cmavo>
<selmaho>BO</selmaho>
<description>closest scope grouping</description>
</cmavo-entry>
</cmavo-list>
<para>Consider the English sentence:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-gCLr">
<title>
@@ -280,21 +277,23 @@
<quote>a school where girls are the students</quote>, and not
<quote>a school where girls are the teachers</quote> or
<quote>a school which is a girl</quote>(!). Likewise, we understand that
<quote>little girl</quote> means
<quote>girl who is small</quote>. This is an ambiguity of grouping. Is
<quote>girls' school</quote> to be taken as a unit, with
<quote>little</quote> specifying the type of girls' school? Or is
<quote>little girl</quote> to be taken as a unit, specifying the type of school? In English speech, different tones of voice, or exaggerated speech rhythm showing the grouping, are used to make the distinction; English writing usually leaves it unrepresented.</para>
<!-- ^^ speech rhythm: for grouping in English, 85 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>speech rhythm</primary></indexterm>
- <para>Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit words are used to do the work. The cmavo
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with bo</secondary></indexterm>
+ Lojban makes no use of tones of voice for any purpose; explicit words are used to do the work. The cmavo
<quote>bo</quote>(which belongs to selma'o BO) may be placed between the two brivla which are most closely associated. Therefore, a Lojban translation of
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example2" />would be:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-nwuU">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e3d4" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta cmalu nixli bo ckule</jbo>
<en>That is-a-small girl – school.</en>
@@ -378,24 +377,21 @@
<jbo>ta klama bo jubme</jbo>
<en>That is-a goer–table.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>is a legal Lojban bridi that means exactly the same thing as
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section2-example8" />, and is ambiguous in exactly the same ways. The cmavo
<quote>bo</quote> serves only to resolve grouping ambiguity: it says nothing about the more basic ambiguity present in all tanru.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section4">
<title>Complex tanru grouping</title>
-<!-- ^^ tanru grouping: complex, 87; effect of tanru inversion on, 96; guheks compared with jeks, 350; three-part, 85; with bo, 87; with ke, 88; with ke and bo, 88 -->
-<!-- ^^ tanru inversion, 95; definition, 95; effect on tanru grouping, 96; in complex tanru, 96; multiple, 96; rule for removing, 96; where allowed, 96 -->
-<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru inversion</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary></indexterm>
+ <indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>complex</secondary></indexterm>
<para>If one element of a tanru can be another tanru, why not both elements?</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-m5SD">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d1" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section4-example1" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>do mutce bo barda gerku bo kavbu</jbo>
<gloss>You are-a-(very type-of large) (dog type-of capturer).</gloss>
<en>You are a very large dog-catcher.</en>
@@ -404,21 +400,21 @@
<para>In
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example1" />, the selbri is a tanru with seltau
<quote>mutce bo barda</quote> and tertau
<quote>gerku bo kavbu</quote>. It is worth emphasizing once again that this tanru has the same fundamental ambiguity as all other Lojban tanru: the sense in which the
<quote>dog type-of capturer</quote> is said to be
<quote>very type-of large</quote> is not precisely specified. Presumably it is his body which is large, but theoretically it could be one of his other properties.</para>
<para>We will now justify the title of this chapter by exploring the ramifications of the phrase
<quote>pretty little girls' school</quote>, an expansion of the tanru used in
<!-- ^^ pretty little girls' school: forty ways, examples, 112 -->
<indexterm type="general"><primary>pretty little girls' school</primary></indexterm>
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3" />to four brivla. (Although this example has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning - it first appeared in Quine's book
+ <xref linkend="three-part-tanru" />to four brivla. (Although this example has been used in the Loglan Project almost since the beginning - it first appeared in Quine's book
<citation>Word and Object</citation>(1960) - it is actually a mediocre example because of the ambiguity of English
<quote>pretty</quote>; it can mean
<quote>beautiful</quote>, the sense intended here, or it can mean
<quote>very</quote>. Lojban
<quote>melbi</quote> is not subject to this ambiguity: it means only
<quote>beautiful</quote>.)</para>
<para>Here are four ways to group this phrase:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-KSuA">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e4d2" />
@@ -472,20 +468,21 @@
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example2" />through
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example5" />could have
<quote>bo</quote> inserted between
<quote>melbi</quote> and
<quote>cmalu</quote> with no change in meaning.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5">
<title>Complex tanru with
<quote>ke</quote> and
<quote>ke'e</quote></title>
+ <indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with ke</secondary></indexterm>
<para>The following cmavo are discussed in this section:</para>
<cmavo-list>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke</cmavo>
<selmaho>KE</selmaho>
<description>start grouping</description>
</cmavo-entry>
<cmavo-entry>
<cmavo>ke'e</cmavo>
<selmaho>KEhE</selmaho>
@@ -563,21 +560,23 @@
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta melbi ke cmalu nixli ckule [ke'e]</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-pretty type-of ( ( little type-of girl ) type-of school ).</gloss>
<en>That is a beautiful school for small girls.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para>
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section5-example6" />is distinctly different in meaning from any of Examples 4.2 through 4.5. Note that within the
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> parentheses, the left-grouping rule is applied to
<quote>cmalu nixli ckule</quote>.</para>
- <para>It is perfectly all right to mix
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>with ke and bo</secondary></indexterm>
+ It is perfectly all right to mix
<quote>bo</quote> and
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> in a single selbri. For instance,
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section4-example5" />, which in pure
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> form is</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-uBS4">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e5d7" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section5-example7" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
@@ -1330,23 +1329,25 @@
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section8-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta nixli [bo] ckule co cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>That (is-a-girl type-of school) of-type little.</gloss>
<en>That's a girls' school which is small.</en>
</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
- <para>Note that the
+ <para>
+ <indexterm type="general"><primary>tanru grouping</primary><secondary>effect of tanru inversion on</secondary></indexterm>
+ Note that the
<quote>bo</quote> of
- <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" />is optional in
+ <xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section3-example4" /> is optional in
<xref linkend="cll_chapter5-section8-example5" />, because
<quote>co</quote> groups more loosely than any other cmavo used in tanru, including none at all. Not even
<quote>ke ... ke'e</quote> parentheses can encompass a
<quote>co</quote>:</para>
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-y501">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e8d6" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section8-example6" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
diff --git a/todocbook/TODO b/todocbook/TODO
index a056f5f..d2919a6 100644
--- a/todocbook/TODO
+++ b/todocbook/TODO
@@ -1,19 +1,24 @@
==================
Instructions For Helpers
==================
Most of the below is intended to be done as needed as you review a
particular chapter/section. It looks like more complexity than it
actually is; you'll get used to it.
+ SAY HERE WHAT YOU'VE DONE, including parts you haven't completed
+ (like index work).
+
+Robin Powell: 5.1, 5.2
+
------
Ignore Chapter 2 for now.
------
Fix the chapter name so it's just the second part, i.e.
<title>Chapter 5
<quote>Pretty Little Girls' School</quote>: The Structure Of Lojban selbri</title>
@@ -54,40 +59,75 @@ not worth spending time on for the first pass.
The important thing here is that *NOTHING* mentions a fixed number!
*NOWHERE* in the docbook should *ANYTHING* be aware that it is in
chapter 20 or section 7 or anything like that. This is to give us
the freedom to move things around later.
Numeric-based stuff will all be autogenerated during processing,
based on the current state of the docs.
------
+With the caveat that indexterm entries for examples should look
+exactly like this:
+
+<indexterm><primary>[item]</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
+
+, do feel free to add index entries where they seem useful. It's
+unlikely that we can ever have a too-thorough index (and it's a lot
+easier to cut the thing down than to grow it anyways).
+
+ ------
+
+Feel free to do visual cleanup *of the source*; don't worry about
+how crappy the *output* looks, we're only doing data structures
+right now. In particular, there are a lot of elements with no space
+after their terminators; it doesn't really matter, but it's
+annoying.
+
+ ------
+
+If you see a <quote>...</quote> around Lojban text, replace it with
+<jbophrase>...</jbophrase>. There are lots of these.
+
+ ------
+
+If an example/interlinear-gloss consists solely of English, replace
+the <interlinear-gloss>...</interlinear-gloss> with <para>...</para>
+
+ ------
+
Deal with index entries already in the text, like these:
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-UMjE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section1-example5" />
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ta blotrskunri</jbo>
<gloss>That is-a-(boat)-schooner.</gloss>
<!-- ^^ schooner: example, 83 -->
<indexterm><primary>schooner</primary></indexterm>
-There are three steps:
+There are several steps:
1. Add a <secondary> tag as appropriate. In this case, "example".
2. Move it to somewhere that seems aesthetically pleasing, is
accepted by docbook (try running "make" to check), and is very near
the text in question. For examples, this is just after the title.
+Just inside a <para> (move the actual text after the <indexterm>) is
+often a good choice.
+
+ YOU MAY NEED A COPY OF THE RED BOOK to do this part effectively,
+ because you should be tagging the same bits of text as it is
+ (along with others if you wish).
3. Check, and possibly remove, other instances of the same index
word.
The result here is:
<example role="interlinear-gloss-example" xml:id="random-id-UMjE">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c5e1d5" />
<anchor xml:id="cll_chapter5-section1-example5" />
@@ -104,55 +144,40 @@ with all other instances removed. To find them, try:
grep "<indexterm><primary>schooner<" [0-9]*.xml
or similar.
Please use *exactly* that
<indexterm><primary>[item]</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
format for examples, as we might want to automatically munge it
later.
- ------
-
-With the caveat that indexterm entries for examples should look
-exactly like this:
-
-<indexterm><primary>[item]</primary><secondary>example</secondary></indexterm>
-
-, do feel free to add index entries where they seem useful. It's
-unlikely that we can ever have a too-thorough index (and it's a lot
-easier to cut the thing down than to grow it anyways).
-
- ------
-
-Feel free to do visual cleanup *of the source*; don't worry about
-how crappy the *output* looks, we're only doing data structures
-right now. In particular, there are a lot of elements with no space
-after their terminators; it doesn't really matter, but it's
-annoying.
-
- ------
+4. Make sure that all the *other* options listed for the keyword
+exist somewhere. For example, given:
-If you see a <quote>...</quote> around Lojban text, replace it with
-<jbophrase>...</jbophrase>. There are lots of these.
+ <!-- ^^ tanru grouping: complex, 87; effect of tanru inversion on, 96; guheks compared with jeks, 350; three-part, 85; with bo, 87; with ke, 88; with ke and bo, 88 -->
- ------
+that all 7 of those entries actually have referents somewhere in the text.
-If an example/interlinear-gloss consists solely of English, replace
-the <interlinear-gloss>...</interlinear-gloss> with <para>...</para>
+ YOU MAY NEED A COPY OF THE RED BOOK to do this part effectively,
+ because you should be tagging the same bits of text as it is
+ (along with others if you wish).
------
NON-CHATPER work: Add index entries based on TODO-index. Pick a
point in the middle somewhere, please, and *especially* for this
work, check in often.
+You will almost certainly need a physical copy of the red book to do
+this effectively.
+
There are two kinds of entries in that file:
animals -- has count 11, skipping -- animals: use of fu'ivla for specific, 61
Means that "animals" had more than 10 matches, so the automatic
marker assumed that there was a problem.
anomalous ordering of lujvo places -- has count 0, skipping -- anomalous ordering of lujvo places, 283
Means that "anomalous ordering of lujvo places" had 0 matches, so
diff --git a/todocbook/make_index.sh b/todocbook/make_index.sh
index a0c4fc0..3ab4ef7 100755
--- a/todocbook/make_index.sh
+++ b/todocbook/make_index.sh
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
#!/bin/bash
IFS='
'
for line in $(cat origcllindex.txt | grep -v '^\s*#')
do
item=$(echo $line | sed 's/[(,:].*//' | sed 's/^\s*//' | sed 's/\\/\\\\/g')
-# echo $item
+# echo "line: $line"
+# echo "item: $item"
count=$(grep "\<$item\>" [0-9]*.xml | wc -l)
if [ "$count" -le 0 ]
then
echo "$item -- has count $count, skipping -- $line"
continue
fi
if [ "$count" -ge 10 ]
then
echo "$item -- has count $count, skipping -- $line"
continue
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